Goals for Chapter 5

• To use Newton’s first law for bodies in

Chapter 5 equilibrium
• To use Newton’s second law for
Applying Newton’s accelerating bodies
Laws • To study the types of friction and fluid
resistance
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman • To solve problems involving circular
Lectures by Wayne Anderson motion
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Introduction Using Newton’s First Law when forces are in equilibrium

• We’ll extend the problem-solving skills we began to • A body is in equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with constant velocity in an
inertial frame of reference.
develop in Chapter 4. • Follow Problem-Solving Strategy 5.1.

• We’ll start with equilibrium, in which a body is at rest or

moving with constant velocity.
• Next, we’ll study objects that are not in equilibrium and
deal with the relationship between forces and motion.
• We’ll analyze the friction force that acts when a body
slides over a surface.
• We’ll analyze the forces on a body in circular motion at
constant speed.

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HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

 One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a massless rope One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a rope with mass

• A gymnast hangs from the end of a massless rope. • What is the tension in the previous example if the
• Follow Example 5.1. rope has mass?
• Follow Example 5.2.

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Two-dimensional equilibrium A car on an inclined plane

• A car engine hangs from several chains. • An car rests on a slanted ramp.
• Follow Example 5.3.
• Follow Example 5.4.

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 Bodies connected by a cable and pulley Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
• A cart is connected to a bucket by a cable passing over a • Apply Newton’s second law in component form.
pulley. • Fx = max Fy = may
• Draw separate free-body diagrams for the bucket and the cart. • Follow Problem-Solving Strategy 5.2.
• Follow Example 5.5.

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A note on free-body diagrams Straight-line motion with constant force

• Refer to Figure 5.6. • The wind exerts a constant horizontal force on the boat.
• Only the force of • Follow Example 5.6.
gravity acts on the
falling apple.

• ma does not belong in
a free-body diagram.

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 Straight-line motion with friction Tension in an elevator cable

• For the ice boat in the previous example, a constant • The elevator is moving downward but slowing to a stop.
horizontal friction force now opposes its motion. • What is the tension in the supporting cable?
• Follow Example 5.7. • Follow Example 5.8.

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Apparent weight in an accelerating elevator Acceleration down a hill

• A woman inside the elevator of the previous example is standing
on a scale. How will the acceleration of the elevator affect the
• What is the acceleration of a toboggan sliding down a
scale reading? friction-free slope? Follow Example 5.10.
• Follow Example 5.9.

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 Two common free-body diagram errors Two bodies with the same acceleration
• The normal force must be perpendicular to the surface. • We can treat the milk carton and tray as separate bodies,
• There is no “ma force.”  or we can treat them as a single composite body.

• See Figure 5.13. • Follow Example 5.11.

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Two bodies with the same magnitude of acceleration Frictional forces

• The glider on the air track and the falling weight move in different • When a body rests or
directions, but their accelerations have the same magnitude.
slides on a surface, the
• Follow Example 5.12 using Figure 5.15.
friction force is parallel
to the surface.

• Friction between two

surfaces arises from
interactions between
molecules on the
surfaces.

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 Kinetic and static friction Static friction followed by kinetic friction
• Kinetic friction acts when a body slides over a • Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to slide,
kinetic friction acts.
surface.
• The kinetic friction force is fk = µkn.
• Static friction acts when there is no relative motion
between bodies.
• The static friction force can vary between zero and
its maximum value: fs ≤ µsn.

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Some approximate coefficients of friction Friction in horizontal motion

• Before the crate moves, static friction acts on it.
After it starts to move, kinetic friction acts.
• Follow Example 5.13.

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 Static friction can be less than the maximum Pulling a crate at an angle
• The angle of the pull affects the normal force,
• Static friction only has its maximum value just which in turn affects the friction force.
before the box “breaks loose” and starts to slide.
• Follow Example 5.15.
• Follow Example 5.14.

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Motion on a slope having friction Fluid resistance and terminal speed

• The fluid resistance on a body
• Consider the toboggan depends on the speed of the
from Example 5.10, body.
but with friction. • A falling body reaches its
Follow Example 5.16 terminal speed when the
resisting force equals the
and Figure 5.22. weight of the body.
• Consider the toboggan • The figures at the right
illustrate the effects of air
on a steeper hill, so it drag.
is now accelerating.
• Follow Example 5.18.
Follow Example 5.17
and Figure 5.23.

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 Dynamics of circular motion What if the string breaks?
• If a particle is in • If the string breaks, no net force acts on the ball, so it
uniform circular obeys Newton’s first law and moves in a straight
motion, both its line.
acceleration and the
net force on it are
directed toward the
center of the circle.
• The net force on the
particle is Fnet = mv2/R.

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Avoid using “centrifugal force” Force in uniform circular motion

• Figure (a) shows the • A sled on frictionless ice is kept in uniform circular
correct free-body motion by a rope.
diagram for a body in • Follow Example 5.19.
uniform circular
motion.
• Figure (b) shows a
common error.
• In an inertial frame of
reference, there is no
such thing as
“centrifugal force.”

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 A conical pendulum A car rounds a flat curve
• A bob at the end of a wire moves in a horizontal • A car rounds a flat unbanked curve. What is its
circle with constant speed. maximum speed?
• Follow Example 5.20. • Follow Example 5.21.

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A car rounds a banked curve Uniform motion in a vertical circle

• At what angle should a curve be banked so a car can • A person on a Ferris wheel moves in a vertical circle.
make the turn even with no friction? • Follow Example 5.23.
• Follow Example 5.22.

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 The fundamental forces of nature
• According to current understanding, all forces are
expressions of four distinct fundamental forces:
• gravitational interactions
• electromagnetic interactions
• the strong interaction
• the weak interaction
• Physicists have taken steps to unify all interactions
into a theory of everything.

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HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 10