Sub: Product Design and Development

Unit 4 - Concept Exploration & Development

Solid Modelling of Part and Assembly
CAD solid model programs use a database of primitive forms of solid geometry like cubes, cones,
cylinders, pyramids, spheres, etc. These are combined in a variety of forms (adding or subtracting)
to produce more models that arecomplex.
The solid models are representing the geometry and can be the base for engineering analysis
because the geometry is well defined. This integration between CAD and Engineering is very
important in Concurrent Engineering because it makes more iteration steps possible during the
design.Various changes during the design process are possible. This will help to optimize the
product, which will give an increasing product quality and a reduction in the product development
time. This gives a well-defined model. A volumes, surfaces and angles are well defined and known
unlike surface modelers or wire frame modelers.
Since all solids are represented inside the system as combinations of primitives or parts of
primitive’s task like calculating the volume of a complex space present few problems. It is just a
question of taking the volumes of the constituent primitives and adding or subtracting them as
appropriate.So, volumes and weights are well known in the beginning of the design process and lead
no room for misinterpretation.To save time and costs 3-D solid model files are electronically
transferred to moulders, and used to cut tools directly (CAD/CAM); the same files can alsobe used
for rendering and analysis to reduce the riskof failure.
Primitives Used in Solid Modeling
Solid Modeling of Part and Assembly

Product Architecture
Product architect ting is generation of effective layout of components and subsystems where
different tasks are completed bysubsets of the product development team. The product architecting
is the act which concentrates on transforming product function to product form. This focus assumes
that theproper level of effort has been taken for mapping customer needs to a functional model of a
product. We can get answers to thequestions like what is the different alternative architecture exists,
how the subsystems will interact and how will the subsystem bedivided and interfaced.

Types of Product Architecture

1) Integral product architecture
These are physical structures where all of the sub-functions map to a single or very small number of
physical elements. This definitionstates that the individual physical elements include and perform a
large number of functions. Here no any attempt has been made todifferentiate individual functions
into isolated components or subsystems.
Example, Box containing knife, nails and screw driver here each component in the product
performs many functions. Integral productarchitectures are applied on very high volume products.
2) Modular product architecture
Product modules are defined as integral physical product substructures. Those have a one-to-one
correspondence with a subset offunctional model of productExample, Machines, assemblies, or
components that perform an overall function through the combination of distinct building blocksor
modules.

Introduction to Product Portfolio Architecture

Product portfolios are the combined set of different product offerings that a company provides. It
makes each product unique;it can make the product share a common system. There are cost
advantages and market to any approach.Product Portfolio Architecture is the system scheme for
laying out (arranging) components and systems on multiple products tosatisfy current and future
market needs.
Costs and revenue are two objectives considered developing product portfolio architecture.
Revenuesincrease with expanded offerings in large portfolio. Costs rise due to added complexity of
manufacturing, developing and supporting of larger set of different products. If we choose a
portfolio with numbers of unique products which willcreate high revenue from multiple market
segments but at the other hand manufacturing cost increases due to production complexity.Single
product portfolio has low production cost but also limited market satisfaction.
Portfolio Architecture Types:
Digital Product Design of Part and Assembly with Respect to Engineering
Drawing Definition
Understanding Model-based Definition (DigitalProduct Design of Parts)
Model-based definition (MBD) which is also known as Digital Product Design and is the practice
of using 3D models such assolid models, 3D PMI and associated metadata within 3D CAD
software to define the manufacturing data that is needed tomake individual components and
product assemblies. The types of information included are Geometric Dimensioning
andTolerancing (CD&T) data, component level materials, assembly level bills of materials, etc.
Modern 3D CAD applications allow for the insertion of engineering information such as
dimensions, GD&T, notes and otherproduct details within the 3D digital data set for components
and assemblies, Digital Product Design uses such capabilities toestablish the 3D digital data set as
the source of these specifications and design authority for the product. The 3D digital data setmay
contain enough information to manufacture and inspect product without the need for engineering
drawings.
Use of information from a rich 3D digital data set allows for rapid prototyping of product via
various processes, such as 3Dprinting. A manufacturer may be able to feed 3D digital data directly
to manufacturing devices such as CNC machines and toCMM machines for
inspection.Implementing Digital Product Design at the beginning of the product lifecycle and re-
using it throughout an organization and itssupply chain enables quick, seamless and cost-effective
development and delivery of products.
Digital Product Design sometimes called as Model Based Definition (MBD) is the practice of using
3D models (such as solidmodels, 3D PMI and associated metadata) within 3D CAD software to
define (provide specifications for) individual components andproduct assemblies. The types of
information included are geometric dimensioning and tolerance (GD&T), componentlevel
materials, assembly level bills of materials, engineering configurations, design intent, etc. By
contrast, other methodologieshave historically required accompanying use of 2D engineering
drawings to provide such details.
Modern 3D CAD applications allow for the insertion of engineering information such as
dimensions, GD&T, notes and otherproduct details within the 3D digital data set for components
and assemblies. MBD uses such capabilities to establish the 3Ddigital data set as the source of
these specifications and design authority for the product. The 3D digital data set may
containenough information to manufacture andinspect product without the need for engineering
drawings. Engineering drawings have traditionally contained such information.In many instances,
use of some information from 3D digital data set (Ex. the solid model) allows for rapid prototyping
of productvia various processes, such as 3D printing. A manufacturer may be able to feed 3D
digital data directly to manufacturing devicessuch as CNC machines to manufacture the final
product.

Classification of Engineering Drawing

Mechanical Engineering Drawing is a communication tool in the engineering world that is used to
express ideas or ideas in the form ofa combination of meaningful lines and symbols in accordance
with agreed rules. In mechanical engineering, engineering drawings aregrouped into several types.
This time we will discuss the classification of mechanical engineering drawings, including:

1)Machine Drawing: Machine drawings are images relating to machine parts or components,
usually, machine drawings are presented with an orthographicview, by being presented with an
orthographic or projection view, the shape and size of the components can be fully understood.
Partdrawings and assembly drawings are included in the Machine Drawing classification.
2) Working Drawing: Production drawings are also called working drawings, in these working
drawings must have completeinformation. The required information, among others; dimensions or
sizes, general tolerances, special tolerances, custom tolerances, geometry tolerances, and special
finishing processes.

3) Part Drawings or Component Drawings: Thedetailed drawings of components to facilitate

their manufacture.The principle of orthographic projection should be clear and graphic
representation techniques should be followed tocommunicate the details in the part drawing. Very
detailed and detailed part drawings are Production drawings.
Elements of Production Drawing
Following are the basic elements of a production drawing.
1) Format of drawing sheet
2) Size and shape of the component,
3) Projection method,
4) Material specification and shape such as castings, forgings, plates, rounds, etc.
5) Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments, if any,
6) Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form, and position,
7) Production method,
8) Process sheet,
9) Specification of standard components,
10) Conventions used to represent certain machine components, and Inspection and testing
methods.
Drawing Sheet Sizes

Drawing Sheet layout

The layout of a drawing sheet should, by the clarity and neatness of its appearance, facilities the
reading of the drawing. It shouldalso facilitate essential references to be located easily.
Title block: Frame for limiting the drawing space,centering marks, and
Optional features: Metric reference graduation, ii) grid reference system, and iii) trimming marks.
Title of the drawing
Sheet number,
Scale (s),
Symbol, denoting the method of projection,
Name of the firm, and
Initials of the staff designed, drawn, checked and approved.
Information on a Drawing:
Every drawing should be numbered. Some companies use serial numbers such as 70524 or a
number with prefix or suffix, K2-70524 or 70524-K2. Many different numbering systems
are in use, in which various digits of the drawing numbers indicate differentthings, such as
model number of the machine and the general nature or use of the part. If all the drawings
are made to the same scale, the scale should be indicated in or near the title block.
Otherwise, theindividual scales should be indicated below the respective drawings.
General notes can be given on the working drawings to specify the tolerances of dimensions.
According to the BIS SP:46-1988, Engineering drawing practice for schools and colleges;
first angle projection method only, isrequired to be followed.Specifications regarding
general notes, material, heat treatment, finish, general tolerances and number required are
located on or nearthe title block.

Bill of Material
Bill of materials consists of list various components these components together creat a
product. Ex. Computer.
Stepwise procedure to prepare BOM: (Bill of materials)
(1) Realize what we are going to build: BOM is complete in the final stage of design. At
last it is a documentation processyou can start Preparing BOM in the early phases of
design.
(2) Prepare a list of components in your Assembly: it is very essential to prepare
complete and thorough list of components required for assembly.
(3) Label component of part numbers to each of the item is the Assembly: we should
avoid creation of multiple parts. We should maximize use of standards parts such as
electrical components, fasters connectors. We need to label a part number it already their
exist manufacturers part number.
(4) Each labeled component should be with some specification which specifies whether that
component to be purchased or fabricated. It should be clear in the database.
(5) Label the item numbers: There should be proper labeling of assigned numbers to the
items in BOM. It there is drawing ofassembly then item numbers in the drawing must
match with numbering in database.
 (6) Prepare exact list of quantities required of each of item on BOM: Which items we
are going to purchase their quantity along with unit of measure must be clear like (How
many quantities along with unit - feet, inches, meters)
(7) Arrange multiple levels in BOM: There should be proper arrangement of sub-
assemblies inside the main assembly while preparing BOM.
(8) We should use proper reference to prepare the BOM.
(9) BOM must be proper documentation of assembly rather it may be schematic or drawing
of assembly.
(10) There should be proper arrangement in BOM to facilitate various documents related
to assembly to make them available to viewers.

Types of Dimensions
Dimension is a numerical value expressed appropriate units of measurement and used to define the
size, location, orientation, form orother geometric characteristics of a part in other words, indicating
on a drawing, the sizes of the object and the other details essential forits construction and function
using lines, numerals, symbols, notes, etc., is called dimensioning.
System of Dimensions:
1) Unidirectional Method: This method mostly used in dimensioning. In this method, the entire
dimensions are written in one direction throughout the drawing. The direction is usually
perpendicular.
2) Align method:

(a) Unidirectional system

 (b) Aligned system
3) Base Line method: In this dimensioning method, the baseline is used to write the dimensions of
the different parts of the drawing. Then all dimensionsare written parallel to the baseline.In the
writing dimension, the smallest one is written on the side of the object, and the largest one is written
on the outer side of the object. All other dimensions are written in between them. In this system, the
chances of mistakes are very less.
Arrangement of Dimensioning
1) Chain dimensioning: This consists of chains of simple dimensions being used where the
possible accumulation of tolerances does not endanger the functional requirement of the part.

Chain Dimensioning

2) Parallel Dimensioning: This consists of placement of numbers of single dimensions lines,

parallel to one another and spaced to write the dimensions easily. Superimposed running
dimensioning may be used.

3) Combining Dimensioning: Single dimensions, chain dimensioning and dimensioning from

a common feature may be combined on a drawing.
 Combining Dimensioning

Staggering Dimensions

Redundant Dimensions

Principles of Dimensioning
A detail drawing is expected to provide not only the complete shape description of the part, but also
furnish size description. This is provided in the form of distance between the surfaces, location of
holes, kind of finish, type of material, etc. These features are illustrated on a drawing by the use of
lines, symbols, figures, and notes, called dimensioning. Proper dimensioning requires engineering
judgment and thorough knowledge of the practices and requirement of the production department.

Principles of Dimensioning
The following are the basic principles of dimensioning:
All dimensional information necessary to define a part clearly and completely shall be shown
directly on a drawing, unless this information is specified in associated documentations. Each
feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing. Dimensions shall be placed on the view or
section that shows clearly, the corresponding features

Placement of Dimensions where the shape is best shown

Placement of Dimensions outside the view

 Marking of Dimensions from the visible outlines

Avoiding Dimensioning to the centre lines

Limits, Fits and Tolerance

1) Limits
Hole: It is a term used to specify the internal features of parts.
Shaft: It is a term used to specify the external features of parts.
Size: It is the numerical value of a linear dimension in a particular unit
Basic Size: It is the standard size of a part, with reference to which, all the limits of variations of
size are determined.
Actual Size: It is the measured size of job. The difference between the basic size and the actual size
should not exceed a certain limit.
Zero Line : The line corresponding to basic size is called as zero line. It is the line of zero
deviation.
Basic Shaft : It is the shaft, whose upper deviation is zero or whose maximum limit of size is equal
to basic size.
Basic Hole : It is the hole, whose lower deviation is zero or whose minimum limit of size is equal to
basic

Basic shaft and Basic Hole

Maximum Limit of Size: It is the term maximum limit of size referred to the maximum or greatest
permissible size of a feature.
Minimum Limit of Size: It is the term minimum limit of size referred to the minimum or smallest
permissible size of a feature.

Deviation:
It is the amount by which the size of a part deviates from its basic size. Hence, it is the algebraic
difference between actual size and basic size. The upper deviation is the algebraic difference
between the maximum limit and the basic size.
 Deviation
Allowance:
Allowance is the prescribed difference between the hole dimension and shaft dimension for any type
of nt. It is the intentional difference between the lower limit of the hole and higher limit of the shaft.
An allowance can be either positive or negative according to the type of fit required. If the condition
in which, the shaft is smaller than the hole is called positive allowance. And if the shaft is larger
than the hole is called negative allowance. The positive allowance is also called as clearance and
negative allowance is called as interference.

Positive Allowance (Clearance)

 Negative Allowance (Interference)
Limits of Size:
The limits are two extreme permissible sizes for a dimension, there being a higher limit and a lower
limit The greater of these two sizes is called maximum limit or high limit of size, while the smaller
size is the minimum limit or low limit of size

Limits of Sizes

Fits:
When two parts are to be assembled the relation resulting from the difference between their sizes
before assembly is called a fit. The fit signifies the range of tightness or looseness which may result
from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating
parts.
Types of Fits

Types of Fits

Deposition of Tolerance zones for the three classes of fits

There are three general types of fit between the mating parts:
1. Clearance Fit : A clearance fit is one having limits of size so prescribed that a clearance always
results when mating parts are assembled.
2. Interference FIt : An interference fit is one having limits of size so prescribed that an
interference always results when mating parts are assembled.
3. Transition Fit : A transition fit is one having limits of size so prescribed that either a clearance
or interference may always result when mating parts are assembled.
Terminology:

Machining Symbols
During the manufacture of a machine, some surfaces of a component are to be machined, which are
required to be indicated in the drawing. This will enable the pattern maker to provide machining
allowance on that surface. Similarly, the grade of surface finish is required to be indicated on the
surface to enable the machinist to carry out the job accordingly.

Symbols used for Indications Surface Roughness.

Geometric Tolerances:
GD and T is a systematic and symbolic way to representing tolerances on drawings. It is an
important tool which effectively communicates the design Intention to or purpose of inspection and
manufacturing. GD and T systematically define a way to represent location, orientation, size form of
a part feature. GD and T is a set of definition.

6±0.15 – It is size tolerance of features

 Table showing symbols and Geometric Characteristics and
explanation of GD & T.

Datum System
A clear reference is necessary for specifying a target’s orientation tolerance, location tolerance, and
profile tolerance that clear reference is the datum. A datum is a theoretical, ideal feature such as
plane, line, or point, which does not actually exist: this makes it difficult to understand.
Nevertheless, the understanding of datum is a necessity to understanding GD&T. This section
introduces the characteristics of datum and the basics of common d Mums and datum systems, both
of which are made up of multiple datum.
1) Datum Plane
A datum plane is a plane on the target that is established as a datum. It can be a target’s external
plane (datum plane)or center plane (datum center plane). “Datum plane" is defined as follows in
ISO and ASME standards:
ISO 5459 : 2011 : A datum that is a theoretically exact plane.
ASME Vl'+.5-2009 : The plane of a datum feature simulator established from the datum feature.
Datum Plane
A datum plane is a datum established on an external surface of a target. To use a flat surface as a
datum, the following indication symbol is used:

Indication Symbols

2) Datum Line:
A datum line is the theoretical straight line established on the center of a cylinder bore or cylinder
shaft, or a ridge such as the target’s edge. A datum line can be a datum axis or datum axis line. A
Datum line is generally established on the center of a target’s cylinder bore or cylinder shaft, and is
rarely established on a ridge. This section explains cases where a datum axis is target’s edge on a
cylinder bore and on a cylinder axis. "Datum axis” is defined as follows in ISO and ASME
standards

Indication Symbols
3) Point: A datum point established on the center of a spherical target is indicated using the
following symbols.

Indication Symbols

4) Datum System: It is a group of datum created by combining more than one individual’s
datum in order to use. It is a reference for tolerance features.

Indication symbols
Design for Assembly
DFA guidelines is a set of instructions if we will implement it we will get a fare design with detailed
analysis. These instructions are categorized further as system design guidelines, guidelines for ease
handling and finally guidelines for ease of attachment.

Guidelines:
1. Number of part count in assembly should be minimized by combining different functions in to
single function.
2. Different parts should be combined in to single sub assembly.
3. We should perform assembly in open space, it should not carried out in closed space.
4. Detect the parts regarding it’s orientation for Insertion.
5. Parts should be standardized to reduce the variety.
6. Maximum numbers of parts should be symmetrical.
7. If the parts are non symmetric then design in terms of geometric properties.
8. Remove the angling parts.
9. Different parts but with similar shapes must be color coded.
10. Avoid the nesting of parts.
11. Orientation features should be given to nonsymmetrical parts.
12. Mating parts should be designed for sack of easy insertion.
13. Alignment features should be provided,
14. New parts in the assembly should be inserted from above.
15. This insertion should be in same direction, and assembly should never be turned over.
16. Fasteners should be removed.
17. Location of fasteners should be obstruction.
18. Flats portions should be provided for sack of easy and uniform fastening.
19. Allowance for fastening tools should be provided with the help of accurate spacing.
20. For sack of easy access of fastening tools the deep channels should be sufficiently wide.

System Guidelines:
In this set of guidelines, detect each and every part in such a way that part function can instead be
performed by neighboring part. Secondly number of parts should be reduced through assembly
modularity. The parts which are difficult to manipulate and assemble should be combined together
into single board so that it can be easily manipulated and assembled.

Handling guidelines:
The parts which we are going to assemble must be handled. Handling includes taking the parts from
the location, convey these parts from location to the point where we are going to assembly for
insertion and orient the parts for assembly.

Joining Guidelines:
Inserted parts in the assembly must be closely attached with the help of joining process. This can be
done with the help of some fasteners, adhesives and welds. There should be minimum numbers of
fasteners.

Theoretical Minimum Numbers of Parts:

It is very important to realize the fact about assembly is that we should combine multiple parts in to
single part on a single platform. We must simplify our design by removing all unnecessary separate
parts. There is no any better option of simplifying the assembly step than to remove it. Major
sections of DFMA system

Design for Manufacturing

Design for manufacture and assembly analysis is a part of design process and applied to many
phases of product design. It can be used in benchmarking analysis, simplifying new concepts which
are not finalized, and simplifying fully embodied designs.
DFMA
1. Lower assembly cost: By eliminating unique parts and use less nos. of parts it automatically
decreases amount of labor for assembly.
2. Shorter Assembly timing: it utilizes standard assembly practices such as vertical assembly and
self aligning parts.
3. Increment in reliability: It increases the reliability by lowering the numbers of parts and thus
decreasing chances of failure.
4. It shortens total time required to take the product to the market
Advantages of DFMA
1. It reduces numbers of parts and total parts count.
2. IT reduces assembly operation.
3. It reduces total lead time of product.
4. It reduces packaging time.
5. It reduces material cost
6. It reduces overall Product cost.
7. It improves Productivity and efficiency.
8. It improves quality and reliability.

Considerations (DFM Guidelines)

1) Materials:
While thinking about DFM guidelines and materials taking in to considerations we should first
decide about whether material available in standard stock configurations or not ? (i.e. in terms of bar
stock, sheet and standard extrusion). Also we should think about compatibility of material with
chosen desirable manufacturing process. (i.e. ease of forming & casting of machining).

2) Fabricated Parts
While thinking about fabricated parts we should consider whether parts configuration minimize the
need for special processes and special tooling. Whether surfaces, data points and tooling points are
clearly accessible or not, whether attainable tolerances lie within normal capability of
manufacturing process to be used or not.

3) Product Assembly
It deals with series of issues related to assembly, whether the parts are easily accessible for
assembly or not, whether we can go for testing without disassembling the product or not.
– Also it highlights about internal wiring whether the internal wiring is critical or simplified.
Design for Processes
DFA is only one aspect of easing the manufacturing. The other aspect is to make each part easy to
produce. It is very difficult to formulate general design guidelines. It is really simple and easy to
align guidelines with the processes used to make each part Sheet metal DFM guidelines are not
related to plastic part DFM guidelines. The best way is to consult production engineer in the process
to be used and ask them for advised on the design of the part.

Cast Part Design Guidelines:

1. Avoid sharp corner.
2. Provide a draft angle to help removal a mold.
3. Maintain uniform section thickness,
4. Non-uniform section thickness causes hot spots which will produce shrinkage defects. Design T
junctions to produce hot spots.
5. Avoid abrupt changes in section thickness.
6. Don’t restrain a part of the casting which produces tensile stress which can results in hot air.
7. Design bosses with uniform thickness.

Design for Remanufacturing

1. Design for remanufacturing is where one designs a product so that it’s component are
disassembled can be easily cleaned and inspected.
2. Remanufacturing is an end of life strategy where the product is taken to a central facility and
disassembled. Here interest is not in the recycling of the material content but the parts are sorted,
cleaned to some extent and then inspected.

Product Design Steps

Requirement of product Design
As for the requirements for product design, it all depends on the chosen target audience. There are
two options: the first is when the product is designed for the widest possible audience, and it is
almost impossible to determine who exactly will use it”. For example, the product must be
compatible with the latest versions of popular operating systems, be compact, work quickly, etc.
The second option implies the existence of clear customer requirements for product design
presented in the usually, the development company needs to submit several wireframes of the
possible design that would correspond to all requirements, in order for the customer to choose the
option they like most.

Objectives of product Design:

Now, let’s discuss the goals that should be pursued by the team while developing the product
design. Without underestimation, we can say that design determines the value in the context of
solving some problems or achieving some goals, functionality and usefulness of the product itself.
In turn, from the point of view of the manufacturer, the product should be manufactured as quickly,
cheaply, and accurately as possible. As practice shows, providing a balanced compromise between
the goals of consumers and the manufacturer is not so easy, especially when it comes to a startup.

Steps of product Design process:

1. Brainstorming
2. Define the product
3. Conducting the user research
4. Sketching
5. Prototyping
6. Compiling Specifications
7. Producing the factory samples
8. Samples Testing.
9. Starting the production/Developments
10. Providing the Quality Assurance.

Introduction of Ergonomics in Product Design

Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and systems so that they
fit the people who use them. Most people have heard of ergonomics and think it is something to do
with seating or with the design of car controls and instruments and it is, but it is so much more.
Ergonomics applies to the design of anything that involves people - workspaces, sports and leisure,
health and safety. Ergonomics or 'human factors’ as it is referred as a branch of science that aims to
learn about human abilities and limitations, and then apply this learning to improve people’s
interaction with products, systems and environments. Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces and
environments to minimize risk of injury or harm. So as technologies change, need to ensure that the
tools we access for work, rest and play are designed for our body’s requirements. Testing samples
allows you to timely identify the flaws of the product or inconsistencies with the requirements. That
is before you even begin an expensive (as a rule) procedure of its implementation. Manufacturing
and testing the samples can be iterated as much as needed until they correspond to all the
requirements and gain enough of the positive feedback from customers.
The following are some of the main benefits of ergonomics product design:
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Enjoyment

Important Factors for Good Ergonomic Product Design: Now that you understand ergonomic
product design, we can move on to the tips! We have expert knowledge of design processes and
understand how to implement ergonomic product design and development. The following are 11
tips that we feel can be of great benefit:
1. Consider Ergonomics Early in the Design Process
2. Find Your Target Customer before Considering Ergonomics
3. Gather Statistical Data from Customers Relating to Previous Product Versions
4. Look at Competitors' Designs for Inspiration and Ergonomic Analysis
5. Consider which type of ergonomics applied to product design.
6. Find out What Common Problems Customers Have Encountered When Using This Type of
Product.
 7. Ensure our Team Understands the Basics of Ergonomics
8. Create Product Design Goals to Give Focus and Drive.
9. Create Product Prototypes to Test Ergonomic Viability.
10. Conventional designs are not always Ergonomics-Go against the Grain.
11. Do Not Compromise to Create a Product That Is Cheap to Produce

Design Review/Part Print Analysis

The ideas of product designer are conveyed to those concerned with transforming them into the
physical product using part drawings/blueprints/part prints. Part prints offer greater information in
the manufacturing.
The process engineer must study the part print to understand what is wanted in the final product. A
detail study of part drawing for the manufacturing of the part is called as a Print Analysis. The
process engineer must consider the following two important questions in making his preliminary
part print analysis.

Objectives:
After studying this unit, you should be able to
(a) Provide the detailed information from the part print,
(b) Identify the functional surfaces of the work place,
(c) Determine the area’s best qualified for locating, supporting and holding and,
(d) Decide the sequence of operations to be performed on the work piece.
This section discusses about the importance of part print analysis and the problems associated in
understanding the part drawings. A detail study of Part drawings for the manufacturing of the part is
called as Part Print Analysis. Part print analysis leads to nature of work to be performed. This, in
turns, points to the sequence of operations that must be performed onto the work piece to produce
the part to its print specifications and cost effective. However, due to these non-standardization
practices, the process engineers may confuse with notations and other details on the part drawings
from an outside firm. The preliminary step to extract more detailed information from the part print
is to establish the general characteristics of the work piece. The best method for manufacturing a
product has not yet been discovered, nor can it be said that a job can be performed in only one way.
The possibility of generating alternate process operations come as a result of combination of
information gleaned from the part print, imagination, and the process engineer’s knowledge of
known processes.
This unit also discusses about the functional surfaces. The surfaces, which must be developed on the
work piece in the process of manufacturing, are known as the functional surfaces. The areas, which
must be machined, are identified from the part prints in three major ways like surface finish, basic
geometry and tolerances. Specifications on the part print provide information relating to both
general and specific characteristics of the work piece that are not provided within the conventional
dimensioning system. Specifications usually pertain to the material, its heat treatment or finish,
general tolerance level to be attained, references to other drawings, notations that cannot be included
as part of the dimensions, and other instructions. Specifications are either explicit or implied.
Ultimately, an examination of the part print leads to the nature of the work to be performed. This, in
turn, points to the sequence of operations that must be performed on the work piece to produce the
part to its print specifications.

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