PORTAL FRAME TUTORIAL QUESTION

For the pitched roof portal frame shown in Figure 1 determine the following:
a) The ultimate bending moment diagram resulting from combined permanent plus variable load
b) The ultimate bending moment diagram resulting from combined permanent plus wind load
c) A suitable section size for the portal rafters
d) A suitable section size for the portal frame columns

Gk=0.3kN/m2
Qk=0.6kN/m2

3.5m

2 2
Wk=0.6kN/m Wk=0.6kN/m

7.0m
2 2
Wk=0.6kN/m Wk=0.6kN/m

30.0
m
Figure 1
m
m
In undertaking the above checks assume the following:

 Steel strength, fy = 355N/mm2

 The haunch is 3.0m long
 Frames are at 6.0m centres
 The frame is a 3-pinned arch
 The haunch 1.0m deep at its intersection with the column
 Purlins are spaced at 1.5m centres along the top flange of the rafter from the end of the haunch
 Sheeting rails are spaced at 1.5m centres down from the underside of the haunch
 Rafter stays are installed to the purlins/sheeting rails at the end/bottom of the haunch
1
 The non-dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional bucking as 𝜆 ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑇 = 𝑈𝑉𝜆̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤 where U=0.9, V=1.0
√𝐶1
and βw = 1.0.
 Consider minor axis buckling only
a) Ultimate bending moment diagram resulting from combined permanent plus variable load

Ultimate load/m2 due permanent plus variable load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= (1.350.3)+(1.50.6) = 1.305kN/m2

Ultimate load/m due permanent plus variable load = 1.3056.0 = 7.83kN/m

7.83kN/m

7Sin13.134 = 1.591m

C
HC
3.5m
B

7.0m
α = Tan-1(3.5/15) = 13.134°
HA A

VA

15m
MA 10.5×HC = 7.83×15²/2 HC = 83.9KN

V VA = 7.83×15.0 VA = 117.5kN

H HC = HA HA = 83.9kN

Maximum bending moment occurs at position of zero shear

Resolving perpendicular to the rafter to the right of the position of zero shear, where
this point occurs at a distance ’𝑥’ from C;
 C
7.83Cos13.134 =7.63kN/m
77.637.63kN/m1.591m

83.9Sin13.134=19.1kN

7.63𝑥 -19.1=0 ➔ 𝑥 = 2.50m

2
BM at 𝑥 = 83.9Sin13.134 𝑥 ‒ 7.83 Cos13.134 𝑥 /2

2
= 83.9Sin 13.1342.50 ‒ 7.83 Cos 13.134 2.50 /2 = 23.8kNm

2
BM is zero at a distance 𝑦 from C where M = (83.9Sin 13.134 𝑦) ‒ (7.83 Cos13.134 𝑦 /2) = 0 ➔ 𝑦 = 5.0m

83.97.0 = 586.9

23.8kNm

586.9/2 = 293.5
BMD (kNm)

b) Ultimate bending moment diagram resulting from combined permanent plus wind load

Consider load case 1.0Gk + 1.5Qk.wind

Ultimate load/m on rafter due to permanent load (on plan) = 1.0Gk =1.00.36 = 1.8kN/m ()

Ultimate load/m on rafter due to wind load (on slope) = 1.5Qk.wind = (1.50.66) = 5.4kN/m ()

Ultimate horizontal load/m on column due to 1.0Gk + 1.5Qk.wind = (1.00)+(1.50.66.0) = 5.4kN/m ()
 7Sin13.134 = 1.591m

1.8kN/m

HC
C 1.75m
3.5m 3.5m
B 1.75m
7.0m 5.4kN/m

7.0m 5.4kN/m

HA
A
α = Tan-1(3.5/15) = 13.134°

VA

15m

MA (10.5×HC)+(1.8×15²/2) = (5.4×7.0²/2) + (5.4×15. 4×(7.7+1.591)) HC = 66.9KN

V VA = (5.4×15.4×Cos13.134) ‒ (1.8×15) VA = 54.0kN

H HA = 66.9 ‒ (5.4×7.0) ‒ (5.4×15.4×Sin13.134) HA = 10.2kN

Check (MC) (5.4×15.4²/2) + (5.4×7.0×7.0) + (10.2×10.5) = (54.0×15)+(1.8×15²/2)

1012.0 = 1012.0 ✓ O.K.

Maximum bending moment occurs at position of zero shear.

For rafter, zero shear occurs at a distance 𝑥 from C where;

66.9Sin13.134 +1.8Cos13.134 𝑥 ‒5.4 = 0 ➔ 𝑥 = 4.17m

2 2
BM at 𝑥 = (66.9Sin13.1344.17)+(1.8Cos13.1344.17 /2)‒( 5.44.17 /2) = 31.7kNm

BM is zero at a distance 𝑦 from C where

2 2
M = (66.9Sin13.134 𝑦) +(1.8Cos13.134 𝑦 /2)‒ (5.4 𝑦 /2) = 0 ➔ 𝑦 = 8.33m
 31.7kNm

5.47.02/2 + 10.27.0 = 203.7kNm

2
5.43.5 /2 + 10.23.5
BMD (kNm)
= 68.8kNm

c) Suitable section size for portal rafter

By inspection largest moment in rafter will occur at end of haunch under load combination 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

At end of haunch 𝑥 = 15.4‒3.0 = 12.4m

2
Ultimate BM at 𝑥 = 83.9Sin13.134 𝑥 ‒ 7.83 Cos13.134 𝑥 /2

2
= 83.9Sin13.134 12.4 ‒ 7.83 Cos13.134 12.4 /2 = ‒349.8kNm

Try trial section using an fy of 355N/mm2

6 3
Wpl req’d = M/f = 349.810 /35510 = 985cm3

From P363 try 45719167UKB (Wpl,y = 1470cm3)

From P363 maximum section thickness < 16mm assumption of fy = 355N/mm2 O.K.

i) Check section of rafter between end of haunch and point of contraflexure under load case 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

By inspection this 7.4m will be critical since the bottom flange will be unrestrained from the end of the haunch
(where there is a rafter stay) to the point of contraflexure. From the point of contraflexure to the apex, the 5m
long section of the top flange will be in compression but is restrained by purlins at 1.5m centres. Since it is also
subject to a much smaller moment than the 7.4m long section, by inspection this is not critical under this load
case.
349.8

BMD (kNm)
 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Check using interaction equation 6.62, abbreviated due to zero z-z axis bending; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑 < 1
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

Axial load in rafter at end of haunch, NEd = 83.89Cos 13.134 + 7.83(15.4‒3.0)Sin 13.134 = 103.8kN

Design Moment, My,Ed = 349.8kNm

NRk = Afy/γM0 = 8550 × 0.355/1.0 = 3035.3kN

My,Rk = Wplfy/γM0 = 1470 × 0.355/1.0 = 521.9kNm

Flexural Buckling (cl.6.3.1.3)

𝐸 210×103 𝐿𝑐𝑟 7400

𝛌1 = 𝜋√ =√ = 76.4 → ̅̅̅
𝛌𝑧 = = = 2.351
𝑓𝑦 355 𝑖𝑧 𝛌1 41.2×76.4

ℎ 457
= = 2.4 > 1.2, 𝑡𝑓 < 40𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 191

From Table 6.2 use buckling curve b. From Table 6.1, α = 0.34.

Using buckling curve formulae from 6.3.1.2

𝜙 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 0.2) + ̅̅̅̅

𝜆𝑧 2 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(2.351 − 0.2) + 2.3512 ] = 3.629

Bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.156
3.629 + √3.6292 − 2.3512
𝜙 + √𝜙 2 − ̅̅̅
𝜆2

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cl. 6.3.2.3)

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = ̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤
𝑈𝑉𝜆 where U=0.9, V=1.0 and βw = 1.0
√𝐶1

Calculate C1 from SN003

0 𝑞𝐿2 7.83 × 7.42

Ψ= =0 μ= = = 0.153
349.8 8𝑀 8 × 349.8

q/m

Since M and transverse load bend the beam in opposite directions μ is –ve therefore μ = –0.153
From Fig. 3.3 of SN003, C1 = 2.2

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.9 × 1.0 × 2.351√1.0 = 1.426
√2.2
ℎ 457
= = 2.39 > 2.0
𝑏 191

From Table 6.5 use buckling curve c From Table 6.3, α = 0.49

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅2 ]
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 𝜆̅𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽𝜆 𝐿𝑇

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(2.351 − 1.426) + 0.75 × 1.4262 ] = 1.489

Lateral torsional bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.431
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅2 1.489 + √1.4892 − 0.75 × 1.4262
𝜙𝐿𝑇 + √𝜙𝐿𝑇 − β𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Modification factor for 𝜒𝐿𝑇 , f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ kc)[1‒ 2(𝜆̅𝐿𝑇 ‒ 0.8)²] (cl. 6.3.2.3(2))

From Table 6.6, kc =0.752 (conservative)

f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ 0.751)[1‒ 2(1.426‒ 0.8)²] =0.967

0.431
𝜒𝐿𝑇(𝑚𝑜𝑑) = = 0.446
0.967

Determine Kzy from Table B2 of BS EN 1993-1-1

The bending moment between the purlin restraint at the end of the haunch and the point of contraflexure is
considered when determining Cmy.

349.8

BMD (kNm)

In this case consider the bending moment shape shown shaded in the above BMD to be a triangle. This will yield a
slightly conservative result.

Loading is uniform, therefore, from Table B3, CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4Ψ

Ψ = 0  CmLT = 0.6

From Table B2, kzy is the largest of:

 ̅̅̅𝑧
0.1𝜆 𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 (𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘

0.1 × 2.351 103.8 0.1 103.8

[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(0.6 − 0.25) 0.156 × 3035.3 (0.6 − 0.25) 0.156 × 3035.3

= 0.853 or 0.937, therefore, kzy = 0.937

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Interaction equation, 6.62; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

103.8 0.937×349.8
0.156×3035.3
+ 0.446×521.9 = 0.219 + 1.408 = 1.627 > 1.0 Not O.K.

We will now reduce the effective length of the compression flange by introducing a rafter stay at the second
purlin away from the end of the haunch (i.e. 3m from the end of the haunch). The BM diagram for the rafter will
now be as follows

At new rafter stay 𝑥 = 4.4+5.0 = 9.4m

2
Ultimate BM at 𝑥 = 83.9Sin13.134 𝑥 ‒ 7.83 Cos13.134 𝑥 /2

2
= 83.9Sin13.134 9.4 ‒ 7.83 Cos13.134 9.4 /2 = ‒157.7kNm

157.7

BMD (kNm)

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑

Check using interaction equation 6.62, abbreviated due to zero z-z axis bending; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+𝜒 <1
𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑦𝑅𝑘

Axial load in rafter at end of haunch, NEd = 83.89Cos 13.134 + 7.83(15.4‒6.0)Sin 13.134 = 98.4kN

Design Moment, My,Ed = 157.7kNm

NRk = 3035.3kN

My,Rk = 521.9kNm

Flexural Buckling (cl.6.3.1.3)

𝐸 210×103 𝐿𝑐𝑟 4400

𝛌1 = 𝜋√ =√ = 76.4 → ̅̅̅
𝛌𝑧 = = = 1.398
𝑓𝑦 355 𝑖𝑧 𝛌1 41.2×76.4

ℎ 457
= = 2.4 > 1.2, 𝑡𝑓 < 40𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 191
From Table 6.2 use buckling curve b. From Table 6.1, α = 0.34.

Using buckling curve formulae from 6.3.1.2

𝜙 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 0.2) + ̅̅̅̅

𝜆𝑧 2 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(1.398 − 0.2) + 1.3982 ] = 1.681

Bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.382
1.681 + √1.6812 − 1.3982
𝜙 + √𝜙 2 − ̅̅̅
𝜆2

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cl. 6.3.2.3)

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = ̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤
𝑈𝑉𝜆 where U=0.9, V=1.0 and βw = 1.0
√𝐶1

Calculate C1 from SN003

0 𝑞𝐿2 7.83 × 4.42

Ψ= =0 μ= = = 0.120
157.7 8𝑀 8 × 157.7

q/m

Since M and transverse load bend the beam in opposite directions μ is –ve therefore μ = –0.120

From Fig. 3.3 of SN003, C1 = 2.1

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.9 × 1.0 × 1.398√1.0 = 0.868
√2.1
ℎ 457
= = 2.39 > 2.0
𝑏 191

From Table 6.5 use buckling curve c From Table 6.3, α = 0.49

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅2 ]
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 𝜆̅𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽𝜆 𝐿𝑇

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.398 − 0.868) + 0.75 × 0.8682 ] = 0.912

Lateral torsional bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.700
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅2 0.912 + √0.9122 − 0.75 × 0.8682
𝜙𝐿𝑇 + √𝜙𝐿𝑇 − β𝜆 𝐿𝑇
Modification factor for 𝜒𝐿𝑇 , f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ kc)[1‒ 2(𝜆̅𝐿𝑇 ‒ 0.8)²] (cl. 6.3.2.3(2))

From Table 6.6, kc =0.752 (conservative)

f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ 0.751)[1‒ 2(0.868‒ 0.8)²] =0.877

0.700
𝜒𝐿𝑇(𝑚𝑜𝑑) = = 0.798
0.877

Determine Kzy from Table B2 of BS EN 1993-1-1

By inspection, since we are using the same bending moment diagram as the previous calculation (i.e. for the 7.4m
long unrestrained length) where CmLT = 0.6, CmLT = 0.6

From Table B2, kzy is the largest of:

̅̅̅𝑧
0.1𝜆 𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 (𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘

0.1 × 1.398 98.4 0.1 98.4

[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(0.6 − 0.25) 0.382 × 3035.3 (0.6 − 0.25) 0.382 × 3035.3

= 0.966 or 0.956, therefore, kzy = 0.956

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Interaction equation, 6.62; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

98.4 0.956×157.7
0.382×3035.3
+ 0.798×521.9 = 0.085 + 0.362 = 0.447 < 1.0 ✓ O.K.

Check 3.0m long section of rafter from end of haunch to new purlin restraint

157.7kNm

349.8kNm

3m

Flexural Buckling (cl.6.3.1.3)

𝐸 210×103 𝐿 3000
𝛌1 = 𝜋√𝑓 = √ = 76.4 → ̅̅̅
𝛌𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑐𝑟 = 41.2×76.4 = 0.953
𝑦 355 𝛌 𝑧 1

ℎ 457
= = 2.4 > 1.2, 𝑡𝑓 < 40𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 191

From Table 6.2 use buckling curve b. From Table 6.1, α = 0.34.

Using buckling curve formulae from 6.3.1.2

𝜙 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 0.2) + ̅̅̅̅

𝜆𝑧 2 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.953 − 0.2) + 0.9532 ] = 1.082

Bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.627
1.082 + √1.0822 − 0.9532
𝜙+ √𝜙 2 − ̅̅̅
𝜆2

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cl. 6.3.2.3)

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = ̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤
𝑈𝑉𝜆 where U=0.9, V=1.0 and βw = 1.0
√𝐶1

Calculate C1 from SN003

157.7
Ψ= = 0.451
349.8

From Table 3.1 of SN003, C1 = 1.352

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.9 × 1.0 × 0.953√1.0 = 0.737
√1.352
ℎ 457
= = 2.39 > 2.0
𝑏 191

From Table 6.5 use buckling curve c From Table 6.3, α = 0.49

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅2 ]
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 𝜆̅𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽𝜆 𝐿𝑇

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(0.737 − 0.4) + 0.75 × 0.7372 ] = 0.786

Lateral torsional bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.803
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅2 0.786 + √0.7862 − 0.75 × 0.7372
𝜙𝐿𝑇 + √𝜙𝐿𝑇 − β𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Modification factor for 𝜒𝐿𝑇 , f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ kc)[1‒ 2(𝜆̅𝐿𝑇 ‒ 0.8)²] (cl. 6.3.2.3(2))

From Table 6.6, kc =0.752 (conservative)

f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ 0.752)[1‒ 2(0.737‒ 0.8)²] =0.877

0.803
𝜒𝐿𝑇(𝑚𝑜𝑑) = = 0.916
0.877

Determine Kzy from Table B2 of BS EN 1993-1-1

From Table B3, CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4Ψ

Ψ = 0.451  CmLT = 0.780

From Table B2, kzy is the largest of:

̅̅̅𝑧
0.1𝜆 𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 (𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘

0.1 × 0.953 98.4 0.1 98.4

[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(0.78 − 0.25) 0.627 × 3035.3 (0.78 − 0.25) 0.627 × 3035.3
= 0.991 or 0.990, therefore, kzy = 0.991
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Interaction equation, 6.62; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

98.4 0.991×349.8
0.627×3035.3
+ 0.803×521.9 = 0.052 + 0.827 = 0.879 < 1.0 ✓ O.K.

ii) Check section of rafter between apex and point of contraflexure under load case 1.0Gk + 1.5Qk,wind

31.7kNm
203.7

BMD (kNm)

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Check using interaction equation 6.62, abbreviated due to zero z-z axis bending; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑 < 1
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

Axial load in rafter at point of 31.7kNm moment, NEd = 83.89Cos 13.134 + 7.83(4.165)Sin 13.134 = 89.1kN

Design Moment, My,Ed = 31.7kNm

NRk = Afy/γM0 = 8550 × 0.355/1.0 = 3035.3kN

My,Rk = Wplfy/γM0 = 1470 × 0.355/1.0 = 521.9kNm

Flexural Buckling (cl.6.3.1.3)

𝐸 210×103 𝐿 8330
𝛌1 = 𝜋√𝑓 = √ = 76.4 → ̅̅̅
𝛌𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑐𝑟 = 41.2×76.4 = 2.646
𝑦 355 𝛌 𝑧 1

ℎ 457
= = 2.4 > 1.2, 𝑡𝑓 < 40𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 191

From Table 6.2 use buckling curve b. From Table 6.1, α = 0.34.

Using buckling curve formulae from 6.3.1.2

𝜙 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 0.2) + ̅̅̅̅

𝜆𝑧 2 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(2.646 − 0.2) + 2.6462 ] = 4.416

Bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.126
4.416 + √4.4162 − 2.6462
𝜙 + √𝜙 2 − ̅̅̅
𝜆2

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cl. 6.3.2.3)

 1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = ̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤
𝑈𝑉𝜆 where U=0.9, V=1.0 and βw = 1.0
√𝐶1

Determine C1 from SN003

From Table 3.2 of SN003, C1 = 1.127

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.9 × 1.0 × 2.646√1.0 = 2.113
1.127
ℎ 457
= = 2.39 > 2.0
𝑏 191

From Table 6.5 use buckling curve c From Table 6.3, α = 0.49

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅2 ]
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 𝜆̅𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽𝜆 𝐿𝑇

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(2.646 − 2.113) + 0.75 × 2.1132 ] = 2.305

Lateral torsional bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.270
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅2 2.305 + √2.3052 − 0.75 × 2.1132
𝜙𝐿𝑇 + √𝜙𝐿𝑇 − β𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Modification factor for 𝜒𝐿𝑇 , f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ kc)[1‒ 2(𝜆̅𝐿𝑇 ‒ 0.8)²] (cl. 6.3.2.3(2))

From Table 6.6, kc =0.94

f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ 0.94)[1‒ 2(2.113‒ 0.8)²] =1.07 but f ≤1.0 ∴ 𝜒𝐿𝑇(𝑚𝑜𝑑) = 𝜒𝐿𝑇 = 0.270

Determine Kzy from Table B2 of BS EN 1993-1-1

The bending moment between the purlin restraint at the end of the haunch and the point of contraflexure is
considered when determining Cmy.

31.7kNm

BMD (kNm)

Loading is uniform, therefore, from Table B3, CmLT = 0.95 + 0.05αh

αh = 0  CmLT = 0.95

From Table B2, kzy is the largest of:

̅̅̅𝑧
0.1𝜆 𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 (𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
 0.1 × 2.646 89.1 0.1 89.1
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(0.95 − 0.25) 0.126 × 3035.3 (0.95 − 0.25) 0.126 × 3035.3

= 0.912 or 0.967, therefore, kzy = 0.967

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑

Interaction equation, 6.62; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+𝜒
𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑦𝑅𝑘

89.1 0.967 × 31.7

+ = 0.233 + 0.217 = 0.450 < 1.0 ✓ 𝑂. 𝐾.
0.126 × 3035.3 0.270 × 521.9

∴ 457×191×67 UKB Acceptable

d) Suitable section size for portal column

By inspection largest moment in column occurs under load combination 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

586.9
1.0
A
6.0586.9/7.0 1.5
Assume rafter stay
B
= 503.1 at fist purlin below
4.5586.9/7.0 4.5 haunch
= 377.3

C
BMD (kNm)

Try trial section using an fy of 355N/mm2

6 3
Wpl req’d = M/f = 503.110 /35510 = 1417cm3

From P363 try 53321092UKB (Wpl,y = 1100cm3)

From P363 maximum section thickness < 16mm assumption of fy = 355N/mm2 O.K.

i) Check section of column between A and B

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Check using interaction equation 6.62, abbreviated due to zero z-z axis bending; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑 < 1
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

Axial load in column, NEd = 117.5kN

Design Moment, My,Ed = 503.1kNm

NRk = Afy/γM0 = 11700 × 0.355/1.0 = 4153.5kN

My,Rk = Wplfy/γM0 = 2360 × 0.355/1.0 = 837.8kNm

Flexural Buckling (cl. 6.3.1.3)

𝐸 210×103 𝐿 1500
𝛌1 = 𝜋√𝑓 = √ = 76.4 → ̅̅̅
𝛌𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑐𝑟 = 45.1×76.4 = 0.435
𝑦 355 𝛌
𝑧 1
ℎ 533
= = 2.54 > 1.2, 𝑡𝑓 < 40𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 210

From Table 6.2 use buckling curve b. From Table 6.1, α = 0.34.

Using buckling curve formulae from 6.3.1.2

𝜙 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 0.2) + ̅̅̅̅

𝜆𝑧 2 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.435 − 0.2) + 0.4352 ] = 0.635

Bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.911
0.635 + √0.6352 − 0.4352
𝜙 + √𝜙 2 − ̅̅̅
𝜆2

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cl. 6.3.2.3)

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = ̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤
𝑈𝑉𝜆 where U=0.9, V=1.0 and βw = 1.0
√𝐶1

Determine C1 from SN003

377.3
Ψ= = 0.756
503.1

From Table 3.1 of SN003, C1 = 1.14

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.9 × 1.0 × 0.435√1.0 = 0.367
√1.14
ℎ 533
= = 2.54 > 2.0
𝑏 210

From Table 6.5 use buckling curve c From Table 6.3, α = 0.49

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅2 ]
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 𝜆̅𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽𝜆 𝐿𝑇

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(0.435 − 0.367) + 0.75 × 0.3672 ] = 0.567

Lateral torsional bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.965
̅̅̅̅̅̅2 0.567 + √0.5672 − 0.75 × 0.3672
𝜙𝐿𝑇 + √𝜙𝐿𝑇 2 − β𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Modification factor for 𝜒𝐿𝑇 , f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ kc)[1‒ 2(𝜆̅𝐿𝑇 ‒ 0.8)²] (cl. 6.3.2.3(2))

1 1
From Table 6.6, 𝑘𝑐 = = = 0.925
1.33 − 0.33Ψ 1.33 − 0.33 × 0.756

f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ 0.925)[1‒ 2(0.367‒ 0.8)²] =0.977

0.965
𝜒𝐿𝑇(𝑚𝑜𝑑) = = 0.988
0.977
Determine Kzy from Table B2 of BS EN 1993-1-1

From Table B3, CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 Ψ = 0.6 + 0.4(0.756) = 0.902

From Table B2, kzy is the largest of:

̅̅̅𝑧
0.1𝜆 𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 (𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘

0.1 × 0.435 117.5 0.1 117.5

[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(0.902 − 0.25) 0.911 × 4153.5 (0.902 − 0.25) 0.911 × 4153.5

= 0.998 or 0.995, therefore, kzy = 0.998

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑
Interaction equation, 6.62; +
𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑦𝑅𝑘

117.5 0.998×503.1
+ = 0.031 + 0.607 = 0.638 < 1.0 ✓ O.K.
0.911×4153.5 0.988×837.8

ii) Check section of column between B and C

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑

Check using interaction equation 6.62, abbreviated due to zero z-z axis bending; + <1
𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑀𝑦𝑅𝑘

Axial load in column, NEd = 117.5kN

Design Moment, My,Ed = 377.3kNm

NRk = 4153.5kN

My,Rk = 837.8kNm

Flexural Buckling (cl. 6.3.1.3)

𝐸 210×103 𝐿 4500
𝛌1 = 𝜋√𝑓 = √ = 76.4 → ̅̅̅
𝛌𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑐𝑟 = 45.1×76.4 = 1.306
𝑦 355 𝛌
𝑧 1

ℎ 533
= = 2.54 > 1.2, 𝑡𝑓 < 40𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 210

From Table 6.2 use buckling curve b. From Table 6.1, α = 0.34.

Using buckling curve formulae from 6.3.1.2

𝜙 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 0.2) + ̅̅̅̅

𝜆𝑧 2 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(1.306 − 0.2) + 1.3062 ] = 1.541

Bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.424
1.541 + √1.5412 − 1.3062
𝜙+ √𝜙 2 − ̅̅̅
𝜆2

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cl. 6.3.2.3)

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = ̅̅̅𝑧 √𝛽𝑤
𝑈𝑉𝜆 where U=0.9, V=1.0 and βw = 1.0
√𝐶1
Determine C1 from SN003

Ψ=0

From Table 3.1 of SN003, C1 = 1.77

1
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = 0.9 × 1.0 × 1.306√1.0 = 0.883
√1.77
ℎ 533
= = 2.54 > 2.0
𝑏 210

From Table 6.5 use buckling curve c From Table 6.3, α = 0.49

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅2 ]
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5 [1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅𝑧 − 𝜆̅𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽𝜆 𝐿𝑇

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.306 − 0.883) + 0.75 × 0.8832 ] = 0.896

Lateral torsional bucking reduction factor,

1 1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.734
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅2 0.896 + √0.8962 − 0.75 × 0.8832
𝜙𝐿𝑇 + √𝜙𝐿𝑇 − β𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Modification factor for 𝜒𝐿𝑇 , f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ kc)[1‒ 2(𝜆̅𝐿𝑇 ‒ 0.8)²] (cl. 6.3.2.3(2))

1 1
From Table 6.6, 𝑘𝑐 = = = 0.752
1.33 − 0.33Ψ 1.33 − 0.33 × 0

f = 1 ‒ 0.5(1‒ 0.752)[1‒ 2(0.883‒ 0.8)²] =0.878

0.734
𝜒𝐿𝑇(𝑚𝑜𝑑) = = 0.836
0.878

Determine Kzy from Table B2 of BS EN 1993-1-1

From Table B3, CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 Ψ = 0.6 + 0.4(0) = 0.6

From Table B2, kzy is the largest of:

̅̅̅𝑧
0.1𝜆 𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘 (𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 − 0.25) 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘

0.1 × 1.306 117.5 0.1 117.5

[1 − ] 𝑜𝑟 [1 − ]
(0.6 − 0.25) 0.424 × 4153.5 (0.6 − 0.25) 0.424 × 4153.5

= 0.975 or 0.981, therefore, kzy = 0.981

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑘 𝑀
Interaction equation, 6.62; 𝜒𝑧 𝑁𝑅𝑘
+ 𝜒𝑧𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝐸𝑑
𝐿𝑇 𝑦𝑅𝑘

117.5 0.981×377.3
0.424×4153.5
+ 0.836×837.8 = 0.067 + 0.528 = 0.595 < 1.0 ✓ O.K.

∴ 533×310×92 UKB Acceptable