WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
STREAM: CONTROL ENGINEERING
INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE: DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION

BY:
GROUP MEMBERS ID NO:

1) LEMI DEGAGA WCU1201656

2) AYUB EDAO WCU1200144

HOSTING COMPANY: EEU HOSSANA DISTRICT

Advisor’s Name: Tsion (MSc)
Supervisor’s Name: Henok A. (Manager of Distribution Construction)
:_____________( Manager of Transformer and Switchgear)

JANUARY, 2024 G.C

HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
Table of Contents
Declaration.................................................................................................................... iii
Executive summary ...................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... 1
List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Background of company .......................................................................................... 3
1.2 Mission of company ................................................................................................ 3
1.3 vision of company.................................................................................................... 4
1.4 values of the company ............................................................................................. 4
1.5 Main products or services of company .................................................................... 4
1.5.1 Distribution of electricity through the country ......................................................................................... 4
1.5.2 Selling electric power to the customer .................................................................. 4
1.6 Main customers or end users ................................................................................... 5
1.7 Organizational structure of company....................................................................... 6
1.8 Work flow of company ............................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 10
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ................................................................. 10
2.1 Objective of internship.............................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 How we joined the company..................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 The section of company we have been working ....................................................................................... 11
2.4 How does the work flow in section looks like? ........................................................................................ 11
2.5 Work piece or work tasks we have been executing................................................................................... 11
2.6 Working principle of transformer ............................................................................................................. 11
2.7 Silicagel(breather) .................................................................................................................................... 16
2.8 Transformer taps ....................................................................................................................................... 16
2.9 Fuse .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.10 Circuit breaker ........................................................................................................................................ 18
2.11 Lighting Arrester .................................................................................................................................... 18
2.12 Insulators ................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.13 Conductor ............................................................................................................................................... 20
2.14 Cables ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.15 Distribution Network Design .................................................................................................................. 21
2.16 Earthling ................................................................................................................................................. 22

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2.17 Procedure we used while performing our task ........................................................................................ 23
2.18 Maintenance............................................................................................................................................ 23
2.19 How good we have been in performing in our tasks ............................................................................... 28
2.20 Challenges we face in Performing Tasks ................................................................................................ 28
2.21 Measures Taken to Overcome Challenges .............................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................... 30
OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP ................................... 30
3.1 Improving our practical skill..................................................................................................................... 30
3.2 Upgrading our theoretical knowledge ....................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Improving our interpersonal communication skills ................................................................................... 31
3.4 Improving team playing skills .................................................................................................................. 32
3.5 Improving leadership Skills ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Understanding related issues about work ethics ....................................................................................... 33
3.7 Entrepreneurship skills ............................................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................... 35
PROJECT ON DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION ...................... 35
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 35
4.2 Problem statements ................................................................................................................................... 36
4.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 37
4.4 Significance of the project ........................................................................................................................ 38
4.5 Scope of the project .................................................................................................................................. 38
4.6 Limitation of the project ........................................................................................................................... 38
4.7 Literature review ....................................................................................................................................... 39
4.8 Methodology and Design of the project required information................................................................... 41
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................... 47
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................... 47
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 47
5.2 Recommendation ...................................................................................................................................... 47
5.2.2 Recommendation for the University ...................................................................................................... 48
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 49

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Declaration
we declare that this work which is being presented in the report on internship at Ethiopian electric
utility (EEU), HOSSANA district for the compilation of internship program, carried out from
December 26/2014 E.C to March 26/2014 E.C under the supervision of Electrical and computer
Engineering in Wachemo University, in an independent work of us. All writing in this document
contains things that we did in the company. All relevant resources of information used in this
paper have been duly acknowledged.

Name ID No Signature

1. Lemi Degaga WCU1201656 ____________

2. Ayub Edao WCU1200144 _____________

We clarify that the internship report is original work and compiled according to the guideline
provided by the department as far as our knowledge is concerned. This report has been submitted
for presentation with our approval.

Advisor’s Name Signature Date

Ms. Tsion ___________ ____________

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Executive summary
An internship is a short-term, mentored work experience related to a student’s field that
allows the student to bridge from academic study to industrial application. Internships
provide real world experience to those looking to explore or gain the relevant knowledge
and skills required to enterin to a particular career field.
Internships are relatively short term in nature with the primary focus on getting some on
the job training and taking what’s to solve some problems by meeting and applying it to
the real world.
This report discus our overall internship experience. It has five main portions. The first
chapter discusses the company’s brief history, its main products and services, main
customers and end users. The second chapter contains which section and what types of
work we were performing, the flow of work and the procedure we follow while we do our
job.

The third chapter focuses overall benefit we gained in terms of improving our practical
skills; theoretical knowledge; communication and leadership skills etc.…from the
internship program. The fourth chapter contain project on distribution transformer
protection and the fifth chapter includes recommendation from the experience and
conclusion.

iv
Acknowledgement
First of all, we would like to thanks the almighty God, who helped us in accomplishment
of this Internship. Next, we would like to thanks Wachemo University, College of
Engineering and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering for
preparing such program which is really helpful for students to gain an insight to the
practical world comparing with the theoretical knowledge gained in normal classes.
Our deepest thanks are also addressed to Mr. _______ (Manager of Transformer and
Switchgear), Mr. Henok Amesalu (Manager of Distribution Construction)
and to Ms. Tsion (MSc) who follow-up, advise, help and visit us while we were practicing
at Ethiopian Electric Utility in Hossana district. We also grateful for having a chance to
meet so many professionals those who led us through this internship program.
We use this opportunity to express our deepest gratitude and special thanks to all the
company’s member for their follow-up, encouragement, insight, valuable guidance, and
professional expertise and allowing us to carry out the internship period at their respected
company.

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List of Acronyms

AAC Aluminum Conductor

EELPA Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority”
EEP Ethiopian Electric Power
EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
EEU Ethiopian electric utility
EMF electromotive force
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
KVA kilovolt ampere
KW kilowatt
SNNP South Nations Nationalities and peoples

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of company
Electric power was introduced to Ethiopia in the late 19th century during the regime of
Menelik. The first generator was given to Menelik around the Year 1898 to light the
palace. The first Hydro Power Plant was constructed on Akaki River in the year 1912 in
order to supply power to small factories.
In the year 1955 “Ethiopian Electric Light and Power” was established. After eight
months of its establishment, the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power was transformed to
the “Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority” (EELPA).
In order to accommodate the new changes in the environment and economy, the
Ethiopian Electric light and Power Authority was transformed to the Ethiopian Electric
Power Corporation (EEPCO)as public electric utility enterprise is named in 1997.
Currently the corporation is split in to two companies namely Ethiopian Electric Power
(EEP) and Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) under council of Ministers. EEP is
responsible for design and development of electric power generation,transmission, and
substations and all operational and maintenance tasks. The EEU held at different regions
to distribute and sell electric power to the customers according to the need of customers
depending up on the load. Ethiopian electric utility (EEU) has great contribution to the
development of the country and for the realization of development plan by providing
electric power to customer and collect appropriate revenue.

1.2 Mission of company

 To be a world-class utility and contribute towards nation building by ensuring
delivery of cost effective, safe, reliable and high-quality power and to enable
interconnections across the African Continent for exporting surplus power.

 EEU shall strive towards achieving international standards of customer care

through sustained capacity building, operational and financial excellence, state of
the art technologies while ensuring highest standards of corporate governance and
Ethics.

 To provide adequate and quality electricity through continuous improvement of

utility management, practices responsive to the socio-economic development and

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 environmental protection need of the pulic.

1.3 vision of company

"Energizing Ethiopia's sustainable growth and enabling it to be power hub of Africa".

1.4 values of the company

 Transparency and accountability

 Accessibility

 Electricity for all

 Security at work

 Self-correcting solution

 Professional ethics

 Customer-centric service Collaborate and Work intensity

1.5 Main products or services of company

Ethiopian electric utility (EEU) has great contribution to the development of the country
and for the realization of the five-year transformation and development plan by providing
electric power to customer and collect appropriate revenue.

1.5.1 Distribution of electricity through the country

Power distribution at a primary voltage of 33kv and 15kv lines, consisting entirely of 3-
phase, 3- wire feeders and is stepped down to a utilization voltage of 380/220(3-phase, 4-
wire) using 3- phase transformer. Thus, transformer can have different capacity which
depends up on the power demand by the customer.

1.5.2 Selling electric power to the customer

The other main service of Ethiopian electric utility is selling electric power to the
customer by ensuring delivery of cost-effective, safe, reliable and high-power quality.

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1.6 Main customers or end users
 Households or residential

 Industries

 Commercial centers

 Religious institutes

 Enterprises

 All organizations which need electricity

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1.7 Organizational structure of company
The Ethiopian electric power corporation (EEPCO) is divided in to two separates entitles,
the Ethiopian electric power (EEP) and Ethiopian electric utility (EEU). The corporations
power supply and electricity delivery services will be divided between the two companies.
Accordingly, the Ethiopian electric power will be responsible for the power supply while
EEU will be responsible for delivering electricity service and selling a power.

According to officials of the corporation, the new re-organization will help the corporation
to be efficient in distributing electric power to the public and selling. The EEU held at
different regions to distribute and sell electric power to the customers according to the
need of customers. Depending up on the load each region is distributing electric power to
the customers according to their need and collecting money.
Under Hossana district there are 30 customer service. These are:
1. Hosana no. 1 16. Dalocha
2. Hosana no. 2 17.Lera
3. Wolkite 18.Gimbichu
4. Butajira 19.Mudula
5. Worabe 20.Angacha
6. Buee 21.Alem gabeya
7. Agena 22.Fonko
8. Emdibir 23.Gombora
9. Saja 24.Hawareyat
10. Darge 25.Arekete
11. Doyogena 26.Morsuto
12. . Shinshicho 27.Buie Tera 1
13. Durame 28. Buie Tera 2
14. Gunchire 29.Buie Kela 1
15. Tora 30. Buie Kela 2

Substation and feeder that feed for above customer service

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Hossana Wolkite Butajira Alaba Adamtulu Buie
substation substation substation substation substation substation

Angacha Wolkite Worabe Durame Tora feeder Buie feeder

feeder 15kv feeder feeder ketema 15kv 15kv
15kv 33kv feeder
15kv
Gimbichu Wolkite Butajira Durame Butagira Kela feeder
feeder 15kv university feeder water feeder 33kv 15kv
feeder 15kv feeder
15kv 15kv
Lera feeder Emdiber Kela feeder Kela feeder
15kv feeder 15kv 33kv
15kv
Hossana Emdiber Wita Tera feeder
town 15kv feeder feeder 15kv
33kv 33kv
Wachemo Agena Industry Tera feeder
university feeder feeder 33kv
feeder 15kv 33kv 15kv
Fonko Gunchire -----------
feeder 15kv feeder
33kv
Hayse Zebidar -----------
feeder 33kv feeder
33kv
Wasgebeta Industry ------------
feeder 33kv feeder
15kv
Balesa ------------- ------------
feeder 33kv

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1.8 Work flow of company
The Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) is organized from different staffs/department that all
together to fulfill the consumer’s need and to overcome the problems in the distribution
system.
The Hossana electric utility is composed from four different staffs which have their own
work tasks. Those are: -

a) Network plan design

 Designing a network sketch

 Feasibility study

 Cost estimation

b) Construction staff

 Installation of the transformers in the place where power is to be distributed and

testing the transformer before energized.

 Tapping the medium voltage lines to the transformers that is stepped down to
low voltage level
i.e. (400/ 380)V 3-phase and 220V 1-phase).

 Loading and reloading the poles and lines depending on the customers need (1-
phase or 3-phase).

 Digging holes to plant poles (wooden or concrete) depending on the amount of

voltage.

c) Maintenance staff

 Repairing the failed components like pole, line conductor, transformer, dropout
fuse, fuse and fusebox, lighting arrester and all protection equipment.

 Switching stations

 MV and LV lines

 Transformer and protection devices

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d) Retail business

The electric power consumers have the responsibility to pay for what they consumed to
fulfill their need. Retail business have the authority to collect the money from the
consumers.
This is done by using different metering system like: -

 Analog energy meter

 Digital energy meter

e) Operational staff: the staff in which changes the damaged material and repair its.

operational

staff

Figure 1.1 Work flow of EEU HOSSANA District

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 CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Objective of internship
2.1.1 General objective
The aims of the internship program enable engineering students under the institute to
relate their theoretical knowledge with the real world. Means to relate theoretical
knowledge interacting with practical knowledge.

2.1.2 Specific objective

Internship are aimed to play a great role in improving their practical, theoretical,
interpersonal communications, team playing, entrepreneurship and leader ship skills,
understanding about work ethics related issues and responsibility.
In addition to this: -

 To develop leadership skill and interaction with co-workers

 To relate practical knowledge interacting with theoretical knowledge

 To develop professionalism

 To be familiar with different instruments with their application

2.2 How we joined the company

From our previous knowledge and orientation given by our institute to the student, we
convinced our self that we should enroll in a company that provide us smooth working
environment. With this in our mind, we searched all available companies. The industry
linkage of Wachemo university college of engineering and technology gives our option to
choose from different companies it is linked in. our choose was the EEU from the given
option since it is the huge company in our country.
After we had released from university, we directly go to MENEHARIA head office of
EEU to submit our sending paper. Then, the head office was forwarding us to the SNNP
region of Ethiopian electric utility. Finally, we went to HOSSANA and the company was
accepted for four-month internship program.

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2.3 The section of company we have been working
During our four-month internship program we had been working in different sections of
the company and we had been executing different work tasks. we spent our time by
observing the operation process of electric power, observing the materials which are
found in a substation and also, we had seen that the working of distribution transformers.

2.4 How does the work flow in section looks like?

Even every department in the EEU has their own responsibility their work has been
dependent on each other. As the network design plan department responsible for putting
designing network on paper, the construction department is responsible to put the
installation work on ground correctly and while any problem happens to the network the
maintenance department repair the problem depending on the rating given before. If one
of them make a mistake the customer doesn’t satisfied also, danger might have happened.

2.5 Work piece or work tasks we have been executing

During our four-month internship stay ours able to participate in maintenance staff at
transformer workshop and operational staff. In the transformer workshop a lot of
transformers. For example: current transformer, voltage transformer and distributed
transformer were their which requires maintenance. So, by testing their problems we had
maintain a lot of transformers with employers.

2.6 Working principle of transformer

Transformers are used for conversion of voltage and current from high to low and vice
versa. A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors of the transformer's coils.

A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the
secondary, an electric current primary circuit through the transformer to the load.

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 Figure 2.1 Schematic symbol of transformer

For transmission and distribution networks to transfer large amounts of alternating

current electricity over long distances with minimum losses and least cost, different
voltage levels are required in the various parts of the networks.

2.6.1 Parts of distribution transformer

The purpose of this transformer is to reduce the primary voltage of the electric distribution
system to the utilization voltage serving the customer. Distribution transformer are
classified in to different categories based on certain factors such as mounting location,
type of insulation, number of phase and voltage class.

Depending on Mounting location: -pole and pad.

Distribution transformers above 400KVA are mounted on a concrete pad ground level and
below 400 KVA is mounted on an overhead pole.

Figure 2.2 Pole mounted transformer

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Depend on type of insulation: - liquid immersed or dry type.
Depend on Number of phases: -single and three phase.
Depend on voltage class: - In hossana Distribution there are so many distribution
transformers. These transformers are varying based on their rating capacity. There is also
pole mounted and pad mounted transformer. And all hossana city distribution
transformers are oil immersed.

2.6.2 Cooling System of Transformer

In transformers, the cooling has a special importance to ensure safe operation and to
increase the life time of the transformer. The heat occurred in the transformers is
dissipated at the cooling unit by the help of oil. The simplest and mostly used cooling
system is ONAN (Natural Air Cooling with Radiators). ONAF (Radiators Additionally
Cooled by Fans) cooling system, in which cooling air is blown to the radiators by fans, is
also used

2.6.2.1 Oiling System

In transformers, the cooling has a special importance to ensure safe operation and to
increase the lifetime of the transformer. The heat occurred in the transformers is
dissipated at the cooling unit by the help of oil.
Oil in transformer has the following function
Insulation
Cooling

2.6.2.2 Radiator and fun

An electric transformer is loaded the current starts flowing through its windings. Due to
this flowing electric current heat is produced in the windings this heat ultimately rises the
temperature of transformer oil. Hence if the temperature rise of the transformer insulating
oil is controlled the capacity or rating of transformer can be extended up to significant
rang. The radiator of the transformer accelerates the cooling rate of transformer. Thus, it
plays vital role in increasing loading capacity of an electrical transformer. Again, heat
may not be removed rapidly enough so cool air is blown by fans across these radiators.

13
 Figure 2.3 radiator

2.6.2.3 Oil Temperature Meter

This Oil temperature meter is specially designed for protection of transformer indicates
the temperature of transformer oil. If temperature crosses a predetermined level, then it
makes an alarm in the really room. Temperature indicator of the transformer can also trip
the circuit breakers associated with the power transformer, when the temperature of oil or
windings reaches pre-determined limit.

Figure 2.4 Temperature meter

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2.6.2.4 Oil level meter
This device is used to indicate the position of the transformer insulation oil level in the
conservator of transformer. If oil is low than a certain amount it makes an alarm that
means that transformer have to feed oil.

Figure 2.5 Oil level meter

2.6.2.5 Conservator tank

A conservator tank is connected by piping to the main transformer tank that is filled with
oil at all time, permitting expansion and contraction. The advantage of this system is that
the oil in the maintransformer is not in contact with the atmosphere air.

Figure 2. 6 Conservator Tank

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2.7 Silicagel (breather)
In order to take care of the expansion and contraction of cooling liquid with varying
temperature, unit have an air space above the oil which is connected to the atmosphere by
breather. There has a little amount oil under the silicagel which suck the moisture of air
and further sends this air to silicagel which further sucks the rest of the moisture of the
air.

Figure 2.7 silicagel

2.8 Transformer taps

Most distribution transformers have taps on either primary or secondary windings to vary
the number of turns and, thus, the output voltage. The percentage of voltage change
above or below normal between different tap positions varies in different transformers.
This is accomplished by means of a motor that may be control either manually or
automatically but distribution transformer this is accomplished in manual manner.

Figure 2.8 Transformer Tap

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2.9 Fuse
A fuse is one type of over current device that is designed to be a sacrificial element in an
electrical power system. Fuses are designed to open circuits when excessive currents are
present due to overloads or faults and to prevent further damage to the system.
There are many types of fuses but in our internship program we have seen two types of
fuses.

2.9.1 High Rupturing Capacity (H.R.C) Fuse

The primary objection of low and uncertain breaking capacity of semi-enclosed reliable
fuses is overcome in H.R.C cartridge fuse. It consists of a heat resisting ceramic body
having metal end caps to which is welded silver current-carrying element. The space
within the body surrounding the element is completely packed with a filling powder. The
filling material may be chalk, plaster of Paris, quartz or marble dust and acts as an arc
quenching and cooling medium.

Figure 2. 9 H.R.C Fuse

2.9.2 Cut-out fuse.

In electrical distribution a cut out fuse is a combination of a fuse and switch, used in
primary overhead feeder lines and taps to protect distribution transformer from current
surges and over loads. An over current caused by a fault in transformer or customer
circuit will cause the fuse to melt, disconnecting the transformer from the line. It can
also be opened manually by utility linemen standing on the ground and using a long
insulating stick called hot stick.

Figure 2.10 Cut out Fuse

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2.10 Circuit breaker
Circuit breakers are a piece of electrical device that make or break a circuit either
manually or by remote control under normal conditions, break a circuit automatically
under fault conditions.

2.11 Lighting Arrester

It discharges an electric voltage between clouds and Earth. Lightning arrestor is a devise
used to protect poles, wires, cables, transformers and other electrical equipment from
lightning surges by carrying the charges to the ground through less resistance path
provided by the arrestor.

Figure 2.11 Lightning arrestor

2.12 Insulators
The overhead line conductors should be supported on the poles or towers in such a way
that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports i.e., line conductors
must be properly insulated from supports. This is achieved by securing line conductors to
supports with the help of insulators. The insulators provide necessary insulation between
line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to
earth.
In general, the insulators should have the following desirable properties:-
High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to earth.
High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is high.

2.12.1 Types of Insulators

The successful operation of an overhead line depends to a considerable extent upon the
proper selection of insulators. There are several types of insulators but the most
commonly used are pin type and suspension type insulator.

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2.12.1.1 Pin type Insulator
As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the pole.
There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. The
conductor passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same
material as the conductor Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of
electric power at voltages up to 33kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type
insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

Figure2. 12 Pin type insulator

2.12.1.2 Suspension type Insulator

The cost of pin type insulator increases rapidly as the working voltage is increased.
Therefore, this type of insulator is not economically beyond 33 kV.
For high voltages (>33 kV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators. They
consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a
string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string. While, the other end
of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low
voltage, say 11 kV. The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the
working voltage. For instance, if the working voltage is 66 kV, then six discs in series
will beprovided on the string.

Figure 2. 13 Suspension type insulators

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2.13 Conductor
2.13.1 Concentric lay stranded Aluminum Conductor (AAC)
All aluminum conductors are made up of one or more strands of aluminum wire.
Conductors are used in low, medium and high voltage overhead lines. AAC has seen
extensive use in urban areas. Because, the spans are usually short but high conductive.
The excellent corrosion resistance of aluminum has made AAC a conductor of choice in
coastal areas. Because of its relatively poor strength to weight ratio, AAC had limited use
in transmission lines and rural distribution because of long spans utilized

Figure2. 14 Stranded Aluminum Conductor

2.14 Cables
2.14.1 Arial Bunch Cable
It is a very innovative concept for overhead power distribution as compared to the
conventional bare conductor overhead distribution system. It provides higher level of
safety and reliability, lower power losses and ultimate system economy by reducing
installation, maintenance & operation cost. It is also much lighter, economically feasible
and higher current rating.

Figure2. 15 ABC Cable

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2.15 Distribution Network Design
 In design of Distribution Network, the following should be considered

 Determination of line route

 Estimation of loads

 Determination of load center and size of transformer

 Determination of short circuit, voltage drop, conductor size and sag

 Selection of protective device

 Earthling

2.15.1 Design of LV network

Required information

A Single line Diagram Includes: - houses, Service center, another special load.
Load data:

 Average load of consumers, according to the statistics and measured information

and Street lighting data.

 Estimation of load growth

 Increase in consumer amount and

 Increase average load of consumer

Estimation of the loads
The peak load of one household (a few lamps and radio) is estimated to be 2000 W in
rural town. For other consumers, the peak load must be estimated depend up on the
average consumers’ load.

For the case of service center like clinic and school the peak load is estimated to be
3000W. As all the loads are not 100% at the same time, the peak load of the network is
smaller than the sum of individual peak loads. This coincidence effect is taken into
account by a diversity factor, which shows the relation of the real maximum network load
to the sum of the maximum consumer loads connected to the network.

21
The coincidence effect must be considered when defining the loads of the lines and
transformers, in order not to get too big cross-sections and transformer sizes. The
diversity factor varies depending on the number and type of consumers, being normally
0.7 ... 0.85

Location of Transformer

The transformer density should be defined so that the line distance from the MV/LV
transformer to the furthest consumer should not be longer than 750m, to avoid problems
in protection and voltage level.

Determination of Line route

The MV-line routes should approximately follow roads, in order to make the line
construction and maintenance works easier. However, angles should be avoided when
reasonably possible and LV- line routes should be defined so that all consumers requiring
electricity are considered. The straightest routes are preferred in order to save cable and
facilitate the installation work.

Required LV Transformer capacity

The total load of the transformer's LV network is calculated taking in to account the
diversity factor and growth factor. After the load has been calculated, the "next bigger"
transformer size is chosen,
i.e., 50 KVA, 100kVA, 200 KVA or 400KVA.

2.16 Earthling
Earthling means connection of the neutral point of a supply system or the non-current
carrying parts of electrical apparatus such as metallic frame work, metallic covering of
cables, metal covers of switches, metal casing of portable apparatus, frame of every
generator and motor etc. to the general mass of earth in such a manner that at all times an
immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place without danger. The neutral of the
LV-network should be earthed at the distribution transformer substation and on the line at
250m intervals.
Earthling of the LV-network is made in order to:

 limit the increase of the voltage in fault cases,

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  prevent the transfer of the voltage from one system to another,

 Enable proper earth fault protection.

2.17 Procedure we used while performing our task

Once we involved to any section of the work, we are not directly start work. We have
taken care ofthe following procedure before we perform:

 Getting to know the task we are going to perform

 Taking a note from what the employee of company doing

 Asking the employee what they are doing

 Getting familiarized with the material that is necessary for work. Start to work
with them as we are good enough for work.

2.18 Maintenance
Maintenance also divided in to different work type classes

 MV (Medium voltage) Line Maintenance

 LV (Low voltage) Line Maintenance

 Street light Maintenance

 Transformer and Switchgear

2.18.1 MV-line Maintenance

In MV Line maintenance mainly maintenance, will be done on 15kv line with program
like primitive maintenance, with emergency service report if problems happens on the
MV-Line in the goal to maintain uninterrupted, healthy, reliable and sustainable power
supply to customer

23
In the case of taking maintenance work on faulty MV-Line, there are two types of faults
namely

 Short circuit and

 Earth fault

 The cause of short-circuit and earth fault can be external and

internal
External Factors are

 Rain

 Wind

 Other climatically influence

 Different Mechanical damage on line-wires and supporting poles, like car

accident

 Falling dawn of trees on the line.

Due to above mentioned external factors it may happens short circuit fault and earth fault
by connecting the lines to each other’s and touches foreign body likes wood, cross-arms
and some metallic accessories which not allow to come in contact to the line wire b y
screwed out the insulator from the wooden pole, by broking and falling dawn of poles

Internal Factors are

 Ageing of distribution lines and poles

 Using of bad quality materials

 Improper installing and using of lines and materials

 Not take action to primitive maintenance in proper time

Short circuit

The cause for short circuit is as we know the majority MV lines are overhead lines
therefore the line affected mostly with external factors and internal factors. With wind,
rain the lines comes to contact to each other.

24
Earth fault L-G

The earth fault occurs on MV-Line due to breaking of wire and touch ground or other
objects pole, trees buildings, cross-arm, bodies which is not part to conduct power.

Figure2. 17 earthling Fault

The below pictures are maintenance group workers on maintenance work

Figure2. 18 MV Maintenance

Figure 2.19 Transformer Maintenance

25
2.18.2 LV Maintenance
The maintenance will be done on the line single phase and three phases from the output
of the transformer up to the end customer service point. The main task of LV-
maintenance is to maintain sustainable uninterrupted supply to end customers with
required voltage level.
As we mentioned in MV-maintenance there is external and internal factor there is also in
LV maintenance those factors;
Due to external factors
Wind, rain, tree falling on the line, Truck and car disaster on line and poles, and in new
area some construction material, like wood and scaffold, falling on the line.

Due to internal factor

 When the network is not updated

 The aging of poles and distribution lines

 LV Line installation without EEU standards.

Short circuit fault in LV –Line

Due to tilted pole, improper sagging of the line, by falling or breaking of poles, with
aging or external influence like wind tree and internal factor like un proper sagging,
incorrect erecting of pole expansion of line out of standard and beyond capacity of
transformer leading to short circuit and over load lines. This problems lead to occurring
of interruption.

 To avoid or minimize the frequently of interruption of power and to maintain

sustainable power to customer the following action to be taken

 First when new line installed it must do under EEU standard and avoid negligence
of worker on their work make capacity building on them, Supervision work must
be done periodically.

 Primitive maintenance and rehabilitation work must be done with this work the
aged pole and line must be changed with new and upgrade the power capacity of
the network according to increasingof customer demand

26
In some area the distribution transformer capacity and the demand on customer side are
not match. It leads to interruption of power with overload Protection and control device
are damaged such as fuse box.

2.18.3 Transformer and Switchgear

The problem or interruption happens on the MV Line and LV Line due to distribution
transformer and cable the maintenance testing of transformer and cable will be done with
transformer and switchgear section
There are two type of transformer testing when the problem is happened on the
distribution transformer

 Short circuit test

 Earthling test

Short circuit test

Primary winding test- The instrument name to take measurement is Abometer. With
this meter the ohm value of the primary winding will be tested between R-S, R-T and S-T.
If the testing value between the windings is equal there is no short circuit between the
windings. If unequal ohm value between the windings, there is short circuit between
different value having windings.
Primary to ground test- The testing is taken between ground and each windings it
means R-G, S-G and T-G. The measured ohm value must be indicating Grater than 100
mega ohm or open to take the transformer their no grounding problem on the primary
side.
Secondary Winding- The testing is taken between the secondary windings and ground,
R-G, S- G, T-G and N-G. To determine this transformer weather working or damaged.
Working transformer must have the measured value Grater than 100 mega ohms or open.
Pole to Pole test- The testing of winding taken between primary and secondary windings
terminals it means R-r, S-s and T- t. The measured ohm value must be greater than 100
mega ohms. If the measured ohm value less than 100 mega ohm there is a problem on the
transformer oil. The oil test with laboratory may be the oil viscosity below normal value,
also there is carbon or moisture in the oil that decrease the insulation property of the oil.

27
Cable test

The testing of cable also done by transformer and switchgear section. If the power
interruption is happened due to power cable problem, the damaged cable is disconnected
from the line and cable test will be done. If the measured value less than 250 mega ohm
there is short circuit in the cable. The measurement is taken phase to phase test and phase
to ground.

2.19 How good we have been in performing in our tasks

We believe that during internship period and also in class everyone must work hard for
sake of himself, family and also for his country. During this period, we were very interested
to do whatever task is given to me because we want to get knowledge of both the
practical world and theoretical to be competent and confident worker after my
graduation.

2.20 Challenges we face in Performing Tasks

 Slow speed and lack of efficiency in performing tasks due to absence of
experience

 Many peoples take our responsibility but they are busy with their office work and
some of them are not interested to help us

 There is no scheduled program for the internship students in the company

 There is no workshop in the company for internship students

 The company has not enough service of transport for the site work

 Not having enough number of skilled or learned manual labors

 Repetition of work is the main problem which occurs daily. Most of the time
maintenance and operation are the only task which was performed daily and
weekly.

28
2.21 Measures Taken to Overcome Challenges
To overcome the challenges, we are doing all the things that was expected from us the
first thing is communicating with our supervisors. We have done all of our best to pass all
the challenges that faced us during our internship period and getting any practical
knowledge as much as we can. The measures we have taken to overcome this challenge
are as follows:

 We can develop our experience by working again and again without boring

 To overcome the transportation problem we have used taxi rather than waiting for
company car.

 Reading instructions of electrical equipment’s

 Following senior and formal electricians before we have done something

29
CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP
3.1 Improving our practical skill
As the proverb ‘’Practice makes you perfect’’ reflects, practical knowledge is
essential. Even though we have been thought lessons theoretically in class, without the
support of practical experience it is almost difficult to understand. That is why we have
been able to expand our theoretical knowledge through practice.
In class, some lecturers took the initiative and tried to illustrate the practical part of this
field by displaying different graphic images in their lecture or suggested materials that
were more or less illustrative way. Sure, we have all good with the numbers and
calculations but solving real life problems and solving these mathematical equations are
two different things. In all my learning years, our knowledge has been limited with
theoretical. However, this program has been connect with the reality and developed our
practical knowledge, which helped us to build and improve our confidence.

This program gave many opportunities to us to test and refine our skills. In all learning
years our knowledge has been theoretical. This program has changed and now we have
developed practical knowledge which helped to build and improve our confidence.
Generally during our internship program in this company, we have got so many practical
skills that are essential to us in future life in the field of engineering.

3.2 Upgrading our theoretical knowledge

Internship program is the most valuable things which improve our theoretical knowledge
by revising the previous course and change them to practical works and also by searching
different sources so as to solve the problem on the company. In general internship plays a
prominent role for improving theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The internship
helps to upgrade our theoretical knowledge. In addition, we learn different words we use
to communicate for first time. It’s hard to familiarize with them. It was a new and
challenging experience until we became familiar with the words. However, learning the
word has a great importance because it surely avoids communication barriers between
professionals and us, which we are working with.

30
3.3 Improving our interpersonal communication skills
Having a great interpersonal communication skill requires too happy & enjoyable.
Interpersonal communication is the ongoing process of interaction between individuals
who build bonding. As professional interpersonal communication skill is very vital in
working together specially a work that have a lot of risk like we have taken care of. Due
to the job’s character, we supposed to meet different personnel for the successful
accomplishment of tasks, a good communication is mandatory. At first, we have been
somewhat passive in communications because of we are not familiar with them and
material we work with. But after our take some time with them our communication skill
began to improve and we realized interpersonal communication skills necessary so we
start to work on it. In work, relationship good communication is important because it
helps to work done on time.
The main barriers of effective interpersonal communication skill such as:

 Truthfulness and Honesty

 Being respectful

 Fair and rational

We believe that we have improved our interpersonal communication skill as we have
learned the barriers of effective communication. In addition, we have also learnt that one
of the most significant ways to influence others in a positive way is by effectively
listening to them. The benefits we gained staying focused, listening carefully, ask for help
if we need it, it helped us in getting more confidence while we communicating with other
people.

31
3.4 Improving team playing skills
Engineering is not a one man’s assignment. It is a team work; a one who has a good
interpersonal communication skill definitely will be a good team player. Team playing is
a process where a group of people analyzes their group strengths, weakness, capacity and
potential in order to achieve and improve effectiveness. During my internship time we
have the opportunity to team up with other intern students while performing different tasks
and doing our project.
From my team playing we gained:

 High level of interdependence

 Willing to share information and experience

 Each member have his or her own role to accomplish

 Correcting individual’s error without making personnel attack

Besides knowing how to develop a healthy group climate we also need to know how to
function together so that we productive and accomplished my tasks effectively. We
exhibit these skills:
Because we have understood the following while taking care of my tasks:

 Individual responsibility and accountability

 Constructive feedback &problem solving

3.5 Improving leadership Skills

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organized
goal or mission. It is decision-making process might make big consequences positively
or negatively. To be an effective leader one must continually exercise good leadership
skills. Slow progress of the project and conflicts arise mostly due to ineffective leadership
skill.
During our stay in EEU, we have developed our leadership skills by requiring high level
commitment to learn from each experience we faced. we have observed that a good
leader is well principal individual who focuses on a common goal and eliminate fear and
doubt from his employees and from himself. During that time we have been able to
observe that one should have great skill to be a good leadership are:

32
  Communicate effectively

 Take owner ship and responsibility

 Great listening skill

 Encourage others through positivity

 Good management skill

 Commitment, integrity and passionate

Some of the values we have gained from the internship in terms of improving my
leadership skills:

 Remain honest when speaking with employees

 Take responsibility when something happen

 Be clear when giving directions & instructions

3.6 Understanding related issues about work ethics

Work ethics play a significant role in the overall system as they provide a safe
environment for work. During our internship, we have proved that proper application of
ethical values benefits both the company and the employees.
Some of the work ethics we able to develop:

 Punctuality

 Reliability

 Honesty

 Loyalty

 Trustworthiness

 Proper use of material in work place

 Respect between workers

 Active participation in affairs concerning the work place

33
3.7 Entrepreneurship skills
Entrepreneurship is the ability to create and build something practically from nothing. It
is initiating, doing, achieving and building an enterprise or organization rather than just
watching, analyzing or describing one. It is the ability to build a founding team to
complement your own skills and talents. It is one of the aims of internship program to
improve entrepreneurship skills of students. To be an entrepreneur, you should have a
vision about things of the past. Many transformers in the company operate in different
working principles and mechanisms these are backward and analog. Therefore, we must
have to advance these systems to digital one. The internship program enables us to
identify and extract problems present on machines, so we try to design or create an idea
on how to support or upgrade them for production.

34
CHAPTER FOUR
PROJECT ON DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
PROTECTION
4.1 Introduction
The transformers are one of the most expensive components in this network which makes it
another reason for being very important. As an important component the study of the
faults and failures of the transformer is also very important. Chances of fault occurrences
are very rare since they are static devices, enclosed totally and oil immersed. But the
damage caused by the faults usually takes more time and money to repair them are
required to repair the damage caused by faults on the lines. This necessitates to provide
adequate automatic protection against possible faults. it is protected by the main circuit
breaker thus there is almost no possibility of external fault to it other than internal faults
like open circuit fault, over heating fault and winding short circuit fault.

Open circuit fault occurs when one phase of transformer become open which is relatively
harmless just cause temperature rise that can be detected by temperature alarm and
disconnect the transformer. Short circuit fault is relatively dangerous and need extra
caution. Winding short circuits or internal faults (earth fault, phase-to-phase and inter-
turn faults) on the transformer arise from deterioration of winding insulation due to
overheating or mechanical injury. Therefore, relay protection is absolutely necessary for
internal faults. Overheating-usually caused by sustained overloads or short-circuits and
very occasionally by the failure of the cooling system.
A combination of protection system is needed for the complete protection of transformer.
The deciding factors of requiring protection system are
1. Size of transformer
2. Type of cooling system
3. Transformer location in the network
4. Load type & Nature
5. Importance of transformer

35
4.2 Problem statements
The Hossana distribution network does not have Standard designed Transformer data.
This has an enormous problem on the company, customer and in the country’s economy.
And also, many customers are waiting to get new transformer instead of burned
transformer but the company cannot supply this. Power interruption becomes a serious
problem in the city in everywhere.
The number of outages is very high and it takes long time for service restoration. Due to
this every aspect of business and non-business activities and day to day lives of the city
residents are negatively affected and highly complained with this problem.
Moreover, the power interruptions cause wastage of power or power losses significantly
so the customer of the company is not satisfied with this Situation. This makes the
workers to estimate the transformers load rather than working with standard. Every
transformer is installed with estimation of load because the distribution system has no
systemized or computerized controlling system of this estimation. This estimation work
makes the Transformers to be over loaded above their capacity and to be burned. As we
have informed from our advisor Mr. Solomon in this year only around 40 distribution
transformers Have been burned the reason is they are not installed according their
standard. Due to this, Electric power utilities in Hossana or our country strive to meet the
customer demands witha high quality, economic and reliable power supply.

As we know Transformer is very expensive device so the work of estimation affects the
whole company to loss its profit from the billing & affects the Economy of our country.
Since the company is in problem to maintain this burned Transformer to supply for
customer because its time taking even to rewinding or to buy the new instead of burned
one. Even though, this is very difficult for the company workers and for the company’s
customer. Also, this lack of standard is the main reason for power interruption in the
Hossana city and also reason for burning of many accessories like HRC fuse, Drop out
fuse, cables …. etc. Therefore this problem needs a great attention in order to give the
satisfaction that customer needs and in order to sustain the development we are going on.

36
4.3 Objectives
4.3.1 General objective
The goal of the Project is to identify the basic causes of Distribution Transformers Failure
for the purpose of proposing the appropriate Solution and to overcome the problem of
power interruptionor outage of electric power due to this reason

4.3.2 Specific objective:

 To give a protection for the company Transformers.

 To avoid estimation work on transformers.

 To Increase the benefit of the company.

 To identify the consequences of power interruptions.

 To minimize the power interruption.

 Easily to identify the place where the fault occurred.

 To minimize the time of maintenance.

 Minimizing the cost for the maintenance.

 To supply reliable and sustainable power for customers

37
4.4 Significance of the project
This Project is presenting a theoretical and practical implication for Transformer failure
due to over load. And also, the project has designed to solve the problem of protection
which is seen in the distribution Transformers. And this has a great usage for the
company as well as for the country’s economy too. Second, this Project will show the
causes and impacts of electric power interruptions and importance of managing power
interruptions and lose and its urgency.

4.5 Scope of the project

This project mainly designed for Hossana Distribution Transformers. Also, data is
gathered from Hossana distribution as sample of study but it can help any distribution
transformers in Ethiopia the project is done with the consideration of implementation.
The design can easily change in to application.

4.6 Limitation of the project

This project has a marvelous goal on the company. But as much as its importance, it is
difficult to change in to application because it needs the willingness of the company and
the company also believes on this work. And also, our project needs an adequate financial
stability. Because it will work with modern technology and it needs additional workers.

38
4.7 Literature review
4.7.1 Power System Protection
Electrical Energy is one of the main power resources of the contemporary society.
Electrical power availability is a critical necessity: the power system must be able to
supply the exact amount of energy needed at the correct voltage and frequency. Frequent
or prolonged interruptions in power supply can cause severe disruptions in modern social
routine. To achieve the desired standards of economy, reliability and security a careful
planning, design, installation and operation is needed. With the growing installed capacity
and power system complexities the requirements of reliability and economy present an
even greater challenge and make the power system design a compromise.

To the consumer of electricity the power appears to be always available, yet the operation
of power systems is constantly being subjected to disturbances derived from load changes,
faults created by natural causes, equipment damage or operator failure. In most
disturbances cases the power system is able to maintain its quasi - steady state due to its
large dimension (when compared to the size of individual loads and generators) and
correct operation of protection devices. Protection system is an extremely important in
power system as it operates under abnormal conditions to prevent failure or isolate faulted
system. Every power system protection requires to satisfy four basic requirements:
Reliability: Means that the protection system must be ready to function, correctly at all
times and under all conditions of any fault and abnormal conditions .Is the basic
requirement of protection system

Selectivity and Discrimination: is the ability of the protective system to select

correctively that part of the system in trouble and disconnect or isolate the faulty part
without disturbing the rest of system. Should be able to discriminate between those
conditions for which prompt operation is required and those for which no operation or
time-delay operation is required.
Sensitivity: Any protective system must be sufficiently sensitive so that it will operate
reliability when required under the actual condition that produces the least operating
tendency.

39
Speed of Operation: protective system should disconnect the faulty system as soon as
possible. Reasons: Reduction in amount of damage incurred, Improvement of power
system stability, Decreases the total outage time for consumers, Decrease in development
of one type of fault into another severe fault, and Permits the use of rapid reclosuer of CB to
restore service.

4.7.2 Protection of Transformer

Chances of fault occurrences are very rare since they are static devices, enclosed totally
and oil immersed. But the damage caused by the faults usually takes more time and
money to repair them is required to repair the damage caused by faults on the lines. This
necessitates providing adequate automatic protection against possible faults. A
transformer will be provided with as much protection as is commensurate with its
voltage and power rating and the importance of its application. Over-current protection in
the form of fuses may be the only protection provided to a small 100 kVA, 11 KV, 440 V
distributions transformer.
Inter-turn faults generally result from failure of insulation due to temperature rise or
deterioration of transformer oil.
Open circuit fault may cause undesirable heating but relatively harmless and so no relay
protection is required.
The protection of Transformer may be accomplished by different types of Protection
Systems Commonly Used are Differential Protection, Buchholz Protection, Restricted
Earth Fault Protection. Core Balance Leakage Protection, Combined Leakage Protection,
Overload Protection Buchholz protection: protection against all kinds of faults.
Buchholz protection is the simplest form of protection and is most commonly used
in oil-immersed transformer provided with conservator.

40
Transformers Overload Protection
The core-balance protection described above suffers from the drawback that it cannot
provide protection against overloads. If a fault or leakage occurs between phases, the
core-balance relay will not operate. It is a usual practice to provide combined leakage and
overload protection for transformers. The earth relay has low current setting and operates
under earth or leakage faults only. The overload relays have high current setting and are
arranged to operate against faults between the phases. In this system of protection, two
overload relays and one leakage or earth relay are connected as shown. The two overload
relays are sufficient to protect against phase-top phase faults. The trip contacts of
overload relays and earth fault relay are connected in parallel. Therefore, with the
energizing of either overload relay or earth relay, the circuit breaker will be tripped. The
circuit breaker will be tripped.

4.8 Methodology and Design of the project required information

A Single line Diagram including the following: - Houses - Service center - Other
special load
Load data:- Average load of consumers, according to the statistics and measured
information, and - Street lighting data.
Estimate of load growth:- Increase in consumer amount, and - Increase in load of
"average consumer".
Estimation of the loads
The peak load of one household (a few lamps and radio) is estimated to be 2000W in town.
For other consumers, the peak load must be estimated case by case.
For the case of service center like clinic, school the peak load is estimated to be 3000W.As
all the loads are not 100% at the same time, the peak load of the network is smaller than
the sum of individual peak loads. This coincidence effect is taken into account by a
diversity factor, which shows the relation of the real maximum network load to the sum of
the maximum consumer loads connected to the network.
The coincidence effect must be considered when defining the loads of the lines and
transformers, in order not to get too big cross-sections and transformer sizes. The
diversity factor varies depending on the number and type of consumers, being normally
0.7 ... 0.85

41
Location of Transformer
The transformer density should be defined so that the line distance from the MV/LV
transformer to the furthest consumer should not be longer than 500m, to avoid problems
in protection and voltage drop level.

Determination of Line route

The LV-line routes should be defined so that all consumers requiring electricity are
considered. The straightest routes are preferred in order to save cable and facilitate the
installation work.
Determination of cross section line
First, the peak loads of all present and potential future consumers during the 15 years
planning horizon are estimated and loads of line sections calculated, in accordance with the
planned network topology. Then the present peak load of each line section is estimated by
using the diversity factoras follows:

Number of consumers: 1-3 4 – 9 10 – 20 21...

Diversity factor: 1.0 0.85 0.75 0.70
The future load can be estimated using the following formula:
P=Po x e
Where: p = annual load growth in percent
t= time of the load growth (15 years)
P0= present peak lo

42
Manual method for dimensioning of LV line cross-sections
ABC 3x50+25 should be used when the peak load of the line section is about 25 kW or
more. ABC 3x25+16 should be used when the peak load of the line section is about 15
kW or less. The ABC 3x35+16 should be used for line sections with peak load of 15-25
kW.
In T-offs, 2x25+16 should be used when the expected future peak load of the line section
is about 10 kW or less. In "bigger" T-offs (up to 20 kW), ABC 2x35+16 or ABC 3x25+16
should be used.The rated maximum Currents of ABC cables (at 30°C) are:
16 mm2 = 72 A 35mm2 =116 A
25 mm2 = 94 A 50mm2 =142 A
The rated maximum Currents are not to be used for economical dimensioning, but only
for planning of (i) fuse protection and (ii) temporary supply arrangements. It is essential
that these maximum Currents are not exceeded in any situation (if such occurs, the
protective fuse must quickly cut off the line), as such would destroy the XLPE insulation
of the conductor.
Short circuit protection of LV feeder
The LV-fuse switch acts as the short circuit protection of the feeder. The rating of the
fuse must be bigger than the maximum load current of the feeder.
The short circuit protection must be checked based on the smallest short-circuit current of
the line, usually at the end of the longest branch. The single-phase short circuit current at
the furthest end of the feeder should be at least 2.5 times the nominal current of the fuse
protecting the feeder, to secure fast operation of the fuse (in few seconds).
ISC>2.5×In where ISC is short circuit current
In is current rating of fuse
The resistance values for different aluminum conductors (at 60 °C) are as follows:

43
16 mm2 → 2.2 Ω/km 35 mm2 → 1.0 Ω/km
25 mm2 → 1.4 Ω/km 50 mm2 → 0.7 Ω/km
The single phase short circuit current at the end of the LV-line can be approximated by
formula:

Isc1

Where: U ph = 220 V (Voltage between phase and Earth)

ΣR sc1 = total resistance of all line sections between the transformer and thefurthest end
of the feeder.
In system-earthed LV-networks, the short circuit current returns partly along the neutral
conductor and partly through earth. For each line section, the Rsc1 can therefore be
approximated by formula:R sc1 = L [km] x (R ph [Ω/km] + ½ R0 [Ω/km])
Where: L = length of line section [km]
R ph = phase conductor resistance [Ω/km]R0 = neutral conductor resistance [Ω/km]
An assumption in the approximation is that one half of the returning fault current flows
through the neutral conductor and another half through earthlings (it is expected that the
installed LV earthlings are adequate but the soil conditions may be less favorable). If the
soil conditions are very poor, the fault current returns mainly through the messenger and is
therefore reduced to about 2/3 of the Isc1 -value presented above. If the soil conditions are
very good, the fault current returns mainly through earthlings and is therefore increased to
almost
twice the Isc1 -value presented above.
In 3-phase short-circuit, the fault impedance is:
Rsc3 = L [km] x Rph [Ω/km]
In 3-phase short-circuit, the fault current is about twice the Isc1 -value presented above.
The following curves can be used to estimate the 1-phase short-circuit current Isc1 of the
3-phase LV- line. An assumption in the curves is that one half of the returning fault
current flows through the neutral and another half through earth. The fuse protection is
acceptable, if the smallest short- circuit current (at the furthest end of the line) is at least
2.5 times the nominal current of the fuse. If it is not, then the following alternatives must
be considered:

44
Reduction of LV-line length by increasing transformer density in the area,
Using of intermediate fuse (selectivity between fuses must be checked), and/or using
bigger conductor cross-sections.
Control of Voltage drop
The voltage drop is checked at the end of the same branch as the short circuit protection
(longest branch). The voltage drop at the transformer has only negligible effect on the
total voltage drop atthe end of LV-line, and is therefore not considered here. The voltage
drop at each 3-phase sectionof the LV-line can be approximated by the following
formula:
ΔU Ph [V] = R [Ω] x I [A] = L [km] x R Ph [Ω/km] x P [kW] / (3 x 0.22)
Where: ΔU ph = voltage drop between phase and earth
P = total power flowing through the line section L = length of the line section
R ph = resistance of the line section
If the peak load and required line length would result in excessive voltage drop, then the
followingalternatives must be considered:
Changing of the conductor cross-section to one step bigger,
Divide the load on two separate feeders, and/or
Increase of transformer density (i.e. shorter LV-lines).

Required LV capacity
The total load of the transformer's LV network is calculated taking into account the
diversity factorand growth factor. After the load has been calculated, the "next bigger"
transformer size is chosen,i.e. 25kva/50kva
/100kva/200kva/315kva/400kva/630kva/800kva/1250kv

45
Load Estimation Calculation
Table 2 Load estimation calculation
Transfor 2 k w Service and commercial center 3 kw Other 15 Total
ms kw Current
RESIDENTIAL Health kebele Shops school church mosque Mill Water kw
center office pump

1 153 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 - 351

Trafo1: 153 × 2= 306 Kw Residential

11 × 3= 33 KW Service center
1 × 15= 15Kw other
Total power = Power of Residential, Service center & others Pt = 306+30+15 = 351KW
current load S=Ptotal/pf
=351KVA/0.8=438.75KVA
But standard capacity of trafo is for this transformer peak load 153 ×2kw = 306 kW
Residential 11×3kw = 33kw service center
1×15kw =15 kW other, Therefore peak power = 351kwSection distance =0.55 km
Current I A

Voltage drop
On conductor for ac 2% voltage drop is acceptable for a three phase 351kw Pf = 0.8,
supply400v, Distance is determined. DV = 2%×400= 0.02×400 = 8V

Current I = = 633.3A.

R=PL/A
R= resistance, p=resistivity, A= cross section area
For this trafo for Ω/kw

For this trafo For 450m Ω/kmLOSS Calculation

Along largest length PL550= 3×I2×gv×length =3×(633.3)2×0.0132×0.55 =8.7KW

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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
From this internship program, it is concluded that it gives real practical skills and make
students being familiar to the outside industries world. Truly, it prepared us to pay special
attention in all practical activities that will be carried out in the EEU. The simple error or
mistake can lead to large failure in the distribution system if it is not carried in the correct
way and also if it is not controlled and maintained properly. Also, this program allowed us
to make and develop professional contacts for our future time and it helped us to know
maintenance terms and working standards. The projectcarried out is very important for the
EEU to overcome the problem overloading. This project is important in minimizing the
cost that company is spending for fuse every time when an over load occurs, avoiding
unnecessary time consumption and maintenance and also good for the life time of the
distribution transformer. Finally, the benefits I offered from this program are work ethics
and team playing skills, upgrading control and power concepts.

5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Recommendation for the company
Most of the Transformer in Hossana distribution is suffer from over load almost all the
transformers are carrying above their capacity; this is the most cause for failure of
Transformers. As an example, we can see the Transformer it’s rate 15KW above its
capacity; so, I recommend the company to install the additional transformer to share
power before burning the existing transformer.
As a standard the transformer density should be defined so that the line distance from the
MV/LVtransformer to the furthest consumer should not be longer than 500m but some of
the transformer line distance from the consumer is greater than 500m, this causes high
voltage drop so we recommend not be greater than the standard.

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5.2.2 Recommendation for the University
Universities are providing good opportunities for students in this internship program. But
we would like to recommend our university to do the following during the whole
academic Session.
The University should have some contact with the hosting company, so that it facilitates
the coordination of the student with company. The department need to send the students
for internship program on the time that they would not urge at their completion for the
report or else.
The budget allocated for this internship program is not sufficient for the students to sustain
without being stressed if the program is reconsidered based on. The department needs to be
very concernedon the placement of a mentor.
The university should have sent the students to different company in order to finish their
internshipprogram effectively.
The university should have striven more on quality of education by preparing good
facilities like laboratory, library, work shop and others.
The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical, for that to
make the students full confidential and good professional in the field of study and Our
department is not successful reedy to internship for ours. So, we recommend to not
contend by this position to the nextgeneration.

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REFERENCES
A. Jahromiss, R. Piercy, S. Cress, J. Service, and W. Fan, "An approach to power
transformer asset management using health index," IEEE ElectricalInsulation
Magazine, vol. 25, pp. 20-34, 2009.
A. White, "Replacement versus refurbishment end of life options for power
transformers," in
IET Transformer Life Management, London, UK, 1998, pp. 10/1-10/3.
Badri ram and D N Vishwakarma (1995); power system protection and switch gear New
Delhi:Tata McGraw hill.
W. Li, "Incorporating aging failures in power system reliability
evaluation,"
IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 22, 2002
IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers, IEEE C57.91-1995.
[6]Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Power Transformers, IEC Publication 354, 1991.
www.eeu.gov.et and different websites
Ethiopian Electric utility strategic plan, July 2014
[9]. Transformer_protection_monitoring_and_control.pdf
[10] http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-automatic-transformer-distribution-and-load-
sharing system

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