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Chapter 1

This chapter introduces key thermodynamic concepts and terminology. It defines systems, surroundings, properties, processes, units and problem solving approaches. Systems can be open, closed or isolated depending on mass and energy transfer across boundaries. Properties can be extensive, intensive or specific. Common thermodynamic processes include isothermal, isobaric, isometric and adiabatic. Both SI and US customary units are discussed for properties like volume, pressure, temperature and more. Problem statements are solved by identifying givens and finds, assumptions, governing equations and quantitative solutions.

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48 views

Chapter 1

This chapter introduces key thermodynamic concepts and terminology. It defines systems, surroundings, properties, processes, units and problem solving approaches. Systems can be open, closed or isolated depending on mass and energy transfer across boundaries. Properties can be extensive, intensive or specific. Common thermodynamic processes include isothermal, isobaric, isometric and adiabatic. Both SI and US customary units are discussed for properties like volume, pressure, temperature and more. Problem statements are solved by identifying givens and finds, assumptions, governing equations and quantitative solutions.

Uploaded by

molinmolin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1:

Thermodynamic Concepts and


Terminology

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.1 Systems: Definitions
• System: Part of the universe to analyze.
• Surroundings/Environment: Part of universe affected by
system.
• System Boundary: Separates system from surroundings.

Surroundings

System

System
Boundary
Universe

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.1 Systems: 3 Types

Transferred Across
System Boundary
Type of System Mass Energy Example
Open System/ Yes Yes Jet Engine
Control Volume
(CV)
Closed System/ No Yes Light Bulb
Control Mass
(CM)
Isolated System No No Ice Chest/ Cooler
for small Dt

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.1 Combustion in Open & Closed Systems

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology
1.2 Properties: Definitions
• Thermodynamic Properties: Describe mass and
energy of system (e.g., T, P and V).
• Extensive Properties: Vary with system size (e.g.,
V).
• Intensive Properties: Independent of system size
(e.g., T and P).
• Specific Properties:
– Divide extensive property by mass
– Intensive Property
– E.g., Specific Volume, v = V/m = 1/r [m3/kg]

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.2 Properties: Total & Specific Volumes
• Total Volume: V
– [m3]
– Upper case V
• Specific Volume: v
– [m3/kg]
– Lower case v

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.3 State
• Thermodynamic State:
– Collection of all Thermodynamic properties of system.
– Ability to define system’s state essential in
Thermodynamics
– Using state principle (Chp 3), can use limited set of
property data to determine all property data.

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.4 Changing the State of a System
• Process: Change in state of system.
• 4 Common Processes:
– Isothermal: Constant Temperature
– Isobaric: Constant Pressure
– Isometric (Isochoric/ Isovolumetric): Constant Volume
– Adiabatic: No Heat Transfer
P = constant T = constant
(isobaric) (isothermal)

P T
v =constant v =constant
(isometric) (isometric)

v v

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.4 Isobaric & Isometric Processes

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.5 Unit Systems
• Base Units: Defined by reproducible physical
measurements
• Derived Units: Derived from base units
• SI: Metric International System
– Base Units: time (s), length (m), mass (kg)
– Force (N) is a derived unit from mass
• USCS: U.S. Conventional System or English
System
– Base Units: time (s), length (ft), force (lbf)
– Mass (lbm) is a derived unit from force

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.5 Unit Systems: gC
ma
• gC: Conversion constant F=
gC
mv2
Kinetic Energy =
2gC
mz
PotentialEnergy =
gC

kg  m
• SI gC = 1
N  s2

• USCS
lbm  ft
– gC = 32.2
lbf  s2
– 1 lbm  1 lbf

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.6 Property Units
1.6.1 Volume, Specific Volume and Density
• Volume, V [ m3 or ft3]
• Specific Volume, v [m3/kg or ft3/lbm]
• Density, ρ [kg/m3 or lbm/ft3]

1 m
r= =
v V

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.6.2 Pressure (P)
• Pressure (P): P = Force/Area
• 3 Types of Pressure
– PGAGE: Measured relative to atmospheric pressure (PATM)
– PABSOLUTE: Measured relative to zero pressure (perfect
vacuum)
– PABSOLUTE : = PATM + PGAGE
• Units
– SI: kPa = kN/m2
– USCS: psi = Pounds per square inch [lbf/in2]
• psig = Pounds per square inch gage [lbf/in2]
• psia = Pounds per square inch absolute [lbf/in2]

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.6.2 Pressure (P)
• Manometer:
gH
PLINE = PATM +
vgc

PLINE

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.6.3 Temperature
• Absolute Zero Temperature:
– Lowest Possible Temperature
– Like m = 0 is smallest possible mass
• Temperature Scales:
– Absolute: Measured relative to absolute zero
– Relative: Measured relative to non-absolute zero temperature
• SI Scales and Units:
– Relative: 0C, Degrees Celsius
– Absolute: K, Kelvin
– T(K) = T(0C) + 273.15
• USCS Scales and Units:
– Relative: 0F, Degrees Fahrenheit
– Absolute: ºR, Degrees Rankine
– T(ºR) = T(0F) + 459.67

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.6.3 Temperature

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.7 Converting Units
• Thermodynamic analyses require unit conversions
• Blindly applying “right” units to numeric answer typically
leads to wrong answer (i.e., points off on tests and exams)
• Keeping track of units can help identify errors
• Example: Convert 500 m to miles

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


1.8 Problem Solving in Thermodynamics
• Problem Statement
• Solution
– Diagram of System and Process
– Given and Find
– Assumptions
– Governing Relations
– Property Data
– Quantitative Solution
• Discussion of Results:
– Does the answer make sense?
– What are implications?
– Average engineers have difficulty here
– Great engineers excel here

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


Homework problem 1.4

PROBLEM STATEMENT: A spacecraft of


dry weight 50,000 lbf leaves Earth with
180,000 lbf of fuel on board flies to a
planet where the acceleration due to
gravity is 12 ft/s2. During the flight to the
planet, 2/3 of the fuel is consumed. How
much thrust does the rocket need to
insure lift-off from the planet?

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology


Homework problem 1.6

PROBLEM STATEMENT: A gas is


contained in a vertical cylinder 3 inches
in diameter under a piston whose mass
is 50 lbm. The local gravitational
acceleration is 32.4 ft/s2 and the
atmospheric pressure acting on the
outside of the piston is 14.7 psia. What is
the absolute pressure of the gas in the
cylinder in psia?
Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology
Homework problem 1.10

PROBLEM STATEMENT: A colleague


reports that she has developed a new
material which will withstand an absolute
temperature three times as great as her
previous best material which could
endure a temperature of 2000oR. What
is this new upper limit in K and oC?

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Concepts and Terminology

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