Return to Main Menu Return to List of Standards Return to History of Standards

ANSI/AWWA D120-09
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA D120-02)

The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water®

©
AWWA Standard

Thermosetting
Fiberglass-Reinforced
Plastic Tanks
SM

Effective date: Oct. 1, 2009.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 30, 1984.
This edition approved Jan. 25, 2009.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Aug. 13, 2009.

6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy

Denver, CO 80235-3098 Communications
T 800.926.7337 Conferences
www.awwa.org Education and Training
Science and Technology
Sections

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe
minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi -
cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional
feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute
endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards
is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or
codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that

©
the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on
the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.

American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Ameri-
can National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of
an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or
not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard.
American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of
goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertis-
ing and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National
Standards.

CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates
completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI
procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of
publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing
the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any forboim or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or
quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.

Copyright © 2009 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA

ii
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards Committee on Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks, which
developed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:

Phillip A. Sharff, Chair

©
General Interest Members

J.J. Cusack Jr., Bryant Associates, Boston, Mass. (AWWA)

M.W. Grimm,* Standards Council Liaison, Sunrise Water Authority,
Happy Valley, Ore. (AWWA)
R. Lewandowski, Corrosion Resistant Composites, Timonium, Md. (AWWA)
S.M. Passarelli,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
P.A. Sharff, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Waltham, Mass. (AWWA)

Producer Members

S.D. Curran, Fiberglass Tank & Pipe Institute, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
J. Small, Darco Incorporated, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

User Members

C.J. Patla, Connecticut Water Service Inc., Clinton, Conn. (NEWWA)

C.N. Strother, Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

*Liaison, nonvoting

iii
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 This page intentionally blank.

©
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 4.6 Physical and Mechanical

©
I Introduction .................................. vii Properties of Tank Shell .............. 8
I.A Background ................................... vii 4.7 Environmental Resistance
I.B History .......................................... vii of Tank Shell .................................9
I.C Acceptance ................................... viii 4.8 Leakage Under Internal
Pressure ....................................... 9
II Special Issues ................................... x
4.9 Additional Requirements for
III Use of This Standard ....................... x
Underground Tanks .................... 9
III.A Purchaser Options and
4.10 Construction ................................... 9
Alternatives ................................. x
III.B Modification to Standard ............... xi 5 Verification
III.C Information to Be Supplied 5.1 General ......................................... 17
by Manufacturer ........................ xi 5.2 Production Tests............................ 18
IV Major Revisions.............................. xi 5.3 Physical and Mechanical
V Comments ..................................... xi Properties of Tank Shell ............ 19
5.4 Environmental Resistance ............. 20
Standard 5.5 Additional Tests for
1 General Underground Tanks .................. 21
1.1 Scope .............................................. 1 5.6 Aboveground-Tank Surface
1.2 Purpose ........................................... 2 Burning Characteristics ............. 23
1.3 Application...................................... 2 5.7 Retest ............................................ 23
5.8 Inspection and Testing
2 References ...................................... 2 by Purchaser .............................. 23
3 Definitions ..................................... 4 6 Delivery
4 Requirements 6.1 Marking ........................................ 24
4.1 Classification ................................... 5 6.2 Packaging and Shipping ................ 24
4.2 Potable Water Service ...................... 5 6.3 Handling ...................................... 25
4.3 Materials ......................................... 5 6.4 Installation .................................... 25
4.4 General Requirements ..................... 6 6.5 Affidavit of Compliance ................ 26
4.5 Design............................................. 7

v
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
Appendixes 3 Pipe for Nozzle Assembly .............. 14
A Explanatory Notes to D120 ........ 27 4 Minimum Flange Thickness
for FRP Nozzles ........................ 14
B Preinstallation Site Analysis
5 Shear-Bond Area—Nozzles ........... 16
for Underground Tanks .......... 29
6 Torques on Pipe Fittings ................ 22
C Accessories for Underground

©
Tanks .........................................31 Figures
1 Flanged Nozzle.............................. 15
D Flanged-Joint Bolts, Gaskets,
and Installation ....................... 33 2 Reinforcement of Cut Tank Wall
for Nozzle Attachment .............. 16
Tables 3 Installed Nozzle (With Pipe
1 Design Loads .................................. 7 Penetration) ............................... 17
2 Minimum Widths of Overlaid 4 Installed Nozzle (Without Pipe
Joints (Exclusive of Taper) ......... 11 Penetration) ............................... 17

vi
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA D120.

I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. The purpose of this standard is to establish the significant

©
quality requirements for commercially available thermosetting fiberglass-reinforced
plastic (FRP) tanks for use in the water utility industry. This standard is based on the
technology for the fabrication of the tanks by either the contact-molded or filament-
wound process. It is intended that the tanks are to be used for the storage of water
and other liquids. Both aboveground and underground tanks are covered. The specific
application must consider the limitations as specified according to Sec. 1.1, and
information must be provided by the user to completely describe the tank requirements.
I.B. History. In June 1971, the Engineering and Construction Committee,
appointed by the AWWA Technical and Professional Council, evaluated the use of
reinforced plastics in the water utility industry and found sufficient use of products
made from this material to recommend the development of an AWWA standard. One
of the most extensive uses of reinforced plastics was for the construction of tanks. At
the 1974 fall meeting, the AWWA Standards Council approved the formation of a
committee for the preparation of an AWWA standard for reinforced plastic tanks for
the water utility industry.
The standards committee began the preparation of the new standard early in
1975. The responses to a questionnaire sent out by the Engineering and Construction
Committee indicated that the methods being followed for specifying and purchasing
reinforced plastic products varied within the water utility industry. Frequently, it
was the practice for the water utilities that were planning on using reinforced plastic
products to state the actual or anticipated service conditions, and the manufacturer then
warranted the product for that service. In other instances, the manufacturer presented
a product for a particular type and condition of service, and the water utility then
made the selection based on this presentation. Because of these practices, functional
and product-design requirements used by both water utilities and tank fabricators
evolved, and many of these were available to the committee.
In addition, applicable standards, specifications, and test methods published by
ASTM International*(ASTM) and the US Department of Commerce were reviewed

* ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

vii
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
by the committee. There were two documents the committee used as the basis for the
AWWA standard: (1) ASTM D3299, Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Thermoset Resin Chemical-Resistant Tanks, and (2) National Bureau of
Standards Voluntary Product Standard PS-15, Custom Contact-Molded Reinforced
Polyester Chemical-Resistant Process Equipment.
The initial draft of the first edition of the standard was prepared and circulated to

©
the committee members in 1976. The final draft was submitted to the committee for
letter ballot voting on Apr. 15, 1983, and a consensus for acceptance was received. The
standard was reaffirmed without revision on June 18, 1989.
In June 1997, the AWWA Standards Committee on Thermosetting Fiberglass-
Reinforced Plastic Tanks began preparation of the revised standard. Inquiries into
the water storage industry indicated the need for standards governing underground
fiberglass-reinforced plastic tanks. The committee decided to incorporate in the revised
standard current relevant standards for underground tanks used for storage of products
other than water. For this purpose, the committee referred to UL* 1316, Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Plastic Underground Storage Tanks. Further, the committee recognized the
need to update the standard to incorporate current standards for aboveground tank
design and production. Standards referred to for this purpose included (1) ASTM
D3299, Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin
Corrosion-Resistant Tanks and (2) ASTM D4097, Specification for Contact-Molded
Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks.
The initial draft of the second edition of the standard was prepared and circulated
to the committee members in 1998. The final draft was submitted to the committee
for letter ballot voting in December 2001, and a consensus for acceptance was received.
The second edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 16, 2002.
This edition was approved on Jan. 25, 2009.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members
of the consortium included the American Water Works Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF), the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers
(COSHEM), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Association
of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA). The consortium is responsible for

* Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.

viii
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
the cooperative effort of manufacturers, regulators, product users, and other interested
parties that develop and maintain the NSF standards.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,
drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local

©
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF*/ANSI†60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking
Water System Components—Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex,
Water Chemicals Codex,‡ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or
local agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to
accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of
certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A to NSF/ANSI 61, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” does
not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not
regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an
unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity-testing guidelines
(noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A
procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
This standard does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of ANSI/
AWWA D120 should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction
in order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products
for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.

* NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

† American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
‡ Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington,
DC 20001.
ix
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 II. Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information for this
section.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered. Section III.A summarizes supplemental
information that should be considered. The purchaser should review this information

©
and other appropriate data and make provisions in the supplemental conditions to
describe the specific service requirements.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. Purchasers are advised that, while
this standard presents information on materials and procedures for manufacture of
the tank, it does not contain complete engineering information needed to prepare
complete requirements for a particular tank installation. A specific installation may
require provisions more restrictive than those in the standard and most certainly will
require additional design and installation features. In placing orders for thermosetting
fiberglass-reinforced plastic tanks to be manufactured in accordance with this standard,
the purchaser, in its requirements, should include the following information:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA D120, Thermosetting Fiberglass-
Reinforced Plastic Tanks, of latest revision.
2. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System
Components—Health Effects, is required, in addition to the requirements of the Safe
Drinking Water Act.
3. Type of tank—aboveground or underground.
4. Capacity.
5. Material to be stored in the tank.
6. Height, width, and weight limitations.
7. Temperature conditions.
8. Fittings and attachments to be provided and their description.
9. Installation conditions.
10. Operating conditions.
11. Whether certified drawings are to be provided (Sec. III.C, Foreword).
12. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Sec. 4.2.1
and Sec. 4.3).
13. Whether ultraviolet absorbers are to be added (Sec. 4.3.1.2).
14. Whether fire-retardant agents are to be added (Sec. 4.3.1.4).
15. Loading conditions and design criteria (Sec. 4.5).

x
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 16. Whether the outside surface is to be pigmented, painted, or dyed (Sec. 4.10.2.4).
17. Type of flange gaskets (Sec. 4.10.5).
18. Location of hold-down or lift lugs (Sec. 4.10.7 and 4.10.8).
19. Test samples to be provided by the manufacturer (Sec. 5.1.3).
20. Test media for immersion tests (Sec. 5.4.2.2).
21. Test temperature for immersion tests (Sec. 5.4.2.4).

©
22. Retest agreement (Sec. 5.7).
23. Whether plant inspection is required (Sec. 5.8.1).
24. Tests to be performed by the manufacturer (Sec. 5.8.4).
25. Whether an affidavit of compliance is to be provided (Sec. 6.5).
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, definitions, or
terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
III.C. Information to Be Supplied by Manufacturer. When required, the manufacturer or
its representative shall submit, for acceptence by the purchaser, certified drawings showing the
principal dimensions, construction details, and materials used for the fabrication. Work shall be
done in accordance with these certified drawings after they have been accepted by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. Major revisions made to the standard in this edition include the
following:
1. Acceptable types of fittings for tanks have been expanded and clarified.
2. The internal pressure test for aboveground tanks was limited to hydrostatic testing; and
the standard was updated to allow either hydrostatic or aerostatic testing for underground tanks
subject to manufacturer’s input.
3. Nonmandatory guidance on manways, manway extensions, anchor straps, and connec-
tion hardware for underground tanks has been expanded.
4. A new nonmandatory appendix on flanged-joint bolts, gaskets, and installation has been
added.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call
the AWWA Volunteer and Technical Support Group at 303.794.7711, FAX at 303.795.7603, write
to the group at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098, or e-mail at standards@
awwa.org.

xi
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 This page intentionally blank.

©
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 ANSI/AWWA D120-09
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA D120-02)

©
AWWA Standard

Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced
Plastic Tanks

SECTION 1: GENERAL

Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard describes the composition, performance requirements, con-
struction practices and workmanship, design, and methods of testing thermoset-
ting fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks for the storage of water or other liq-
uids used in water supply service.
1.1.1 Limit of standard. This standard is limited to atmospheric pressure,
vented, cylindrical, and spherical tanks, installed either aboveground or under-
ground.
1.1.2 Temperature limits. This standard is limited to tanks whose ser-
vice temperature does not exceed 180°F (82°C) for aboveground tanks and 150°F
(66°C) for underground tanks. Consult the tank manufacturer for recommended
temperature limits (both minimum and maximum) for specific equipment and
service requirements.
1.1.3 Service limits. The service limits for environmental exposure and
structural loads shall be determined based on tests of laminates that are deter-
mined by the engineer to be representative of the materials and methods of fabrica-
tion used in the tank.

1
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
2 AWWA D120-09

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide purchasers, manufacturers, and
suppliers with the minimum requirements for thermosetting FRP tanks, including
material and design.

Sec. 1.3 Application

©
This standard can be referenced in specifications for purchasing and receiv-
ing thermosetting FRP tanks. This standard can be used for manufacturing this
type of tank. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document has been
referenced, and then only to FRP tanks.

SECTION 2: REFERENCES

This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,

these documents form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the
standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI*/AWWA C115/A21.15—Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron
or Grey-Iron Threaded Flanges.
ANSI/AWWA C207—Steel Pipe Flanges for Water Works Service—Sizes
4 In. Through 144 In. (100 mm Through 3,600 mm).
ASME† B1.1—Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form).
ASME B16.1—Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
ASME B16.5—Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
ASME B18.2.1—Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch Series.
ASME B18.2.2—Square and Hex Nuts, Inch Series.
ASME B36.10—Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe.
ASTM‡ A307—Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs,
60,000 psi Tensile Strength.
ASTM C581—Standard Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures Intended for Liq-
uid Service.
ASTM D229—Standard Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
Used for Electrical Insulation.

*American National Standards Institute Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
†ASME International, Three Park Ave., Floor 21, New York, NY 10016.
‡ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 3

ASTM D618—Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing.

ASTM D638—Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.
ASTM D790—Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unrein-
forced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.
ASTM D883—Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics.
ASTM D2105—Standard Test Method for Longitudinal Tensile Properties

©
of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Tube.
ASTM D2290—Standard Test Method for Apparent Hoop Tensile Strength
of Plastic or Reinforced Plastic Pipe by Split Disk Method.
ASTM D2563—Standard Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-
Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts.
ASTM D2583—Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid
Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor.
ASTM D2584—Standard Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Rein-
forced Resins.
ASTM D3299—Standard Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks.
ASTM D3567—Standard Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiber-
glass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe and Fittings.
ASTM D4097—Standard Specification for Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks.
ASTM E84—Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials.
ASTM G23—Standard Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Appara-
tus (Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of Nonmetallic
Materials.
NSF*/ANSI† 60—Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects.
NSF/ANSI 61—Drinking Water Treatment Components—Health Effects.
UL‡ 1316—Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Underground Storage Tanks.

* NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48113.

†American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
‡Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

4 AWWA D120-09

SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise indicated, the plastics terminology used in this standard is

in accordance with ASTM D883, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics. In
this standard, the following definitions shall also apply:
1. Constructor: The person, firm, or corporation that provides the

©
work and materials for installation of the FRP tank according to this standard.
2. Contact molded: A method of manufacture whereby a laminate
of fiberglass reinforcement and resin is built up either by hand or by the use of a
special spray gun that directs short fibers and catalyzed resin onto the mold surface.
3. Corrosion-resistant barrier: The inside portion of the laminate,
composed of the inner surface and the interior layer, that acts as a protective bar-
rier to the structural layer.
4. Engineer: The engineer responsible for the design and/or specifi-
cation of the tank for the intended use.
5. Filament-wound: A method of manufacture whereby a continu-
ous fiberglass-strand reinforcement, together with resin, is placed in a predeter-
mined pattern onto a suitable mandrel until sufficient layers have been applied to
form a laminate or part of a laminate.
6. Head: The end closure of cylindrical FRP tanks; may apply either
to the top or to the bottom of an aboveground tank or to the ends of an under-
ground tank.
7. Manufacturer: The person, firm, or corporation that actually
manufactures the FRP tank according to this standard.
8. Purchaser: The person, firm, corporation, or government subdivi-
sion that purchases the FRP tank according to this standard.
9. Relaxation: The time-dependent reduction in stress under sus-
tained strain.
10. Resins: A thermosetting polyester or vinyl ester that is cross-
linked with styrene. The physical and chemical properties of resins vary greatly.
Each type of resin has particular strengths and weaknesses for a given application,
which require evaluation.
11. Surfacing veil: A fine reinforcement-mat layer applied to the lami-
nate surface.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 5

SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 4.1 Classification

This standard describes the fabrication of thermosetting FRP tanks defined
by principal method of manufacture (type) and resin materials used in the con-

©
struction (grade).
4.1.1 Type. Type I—contact molded; type II—filament-wound. (See note
in appendix A.)
4.1.2 Grade. Grade 1—tanks manufactured with a single generic type of
thermoset resin throughout; grade 2—tanks manufactured with a different generic
type of resin in the inner surface or interior layer than in the structural layer.

Sec. 4.2 Potable Water Service

4.2.1 Qualification. Tanks specified for potable water service shall be
constructed of materials that meet governing state and local regulations for potable
water certification, including the Safe Drinking Water Act.
4.2.2 Certification. Tanks specified for potable water service shall be cer-
tified as suitable by a testing laboratory acceptable to the purchaser, in accordance
with the requirements in Sec. 4.2.1. (See note in appendix A.)

Sec. 4.3 Materials

Materials shall comply with the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water
Act and other federal regulations for potable water, wastewater, or reclaimed water
systems as applicable.
4.3.1 Resin. The resin shall be a commercial-grade, thermosetting plastic
resin that has been evaluated in a laminate by test in accordance with Section 5 or
that has been determined by the engineer to be acceptable for the service condi-
tions based on previous documented service. The resin shall not contain fillers or
pigments except as specified in Sec. 4.3.1.1, 4.3.1.2, 4.3.1.3, 4.3.1.4, and 4.3.1.5.
4.3.1.1 Thixotropic agent. Up to 5 percent (by weight) thixotropic agent
that will not interfere with visual inspection may be added for viscosity control. Resin
pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shall not be subject to this limitation.
4.3.1.2 Ultraviolet absorbers. Ultraviolet absorbers may be added to the
final resin coating to improve weather resistance.
4.3.1.3 Pigments. Resins, catalysts, and other additives may contain pig-
ments, dyes, or colorants, provided their concentration does not prevent detection
of visual defects or adversely affect performance of the laminate.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

6 AWWA D120-09

4.3.1.4 Fire retardants. Fire-retardant agents may be added for improved

fire resistance. (See note in appendix A.)
4.3.1.5 Fillers. Particulate fillers may be used only in accordance with
Sec. 4.10.1.4.
4.3.2 Reinforcing material.
4.3.2.1 Fiberglass. The reinforcing material shall be a commercial-grade

©
glass fiber having a coupling agent; it shall be compatible with the resin used and
suitable for the particular fabrication technique. The reinforcing material used to
fabricate the tank shall be comparable to that used to generate environmental-
resistance and physical-property design data.
4.3.3 Surfacing materials.
4.3.3.1 Surfacing veil. The surfacing veil, when used in the interior layer,
shall be commercial grade and chemical resistant, having a coupling agent.

Sec. 4.4 General Requirements

4.4.1 General. The FRP tank shall be compounded, designed, and con-
structed so as to conform to the requirements of this standard.
4.4.2 Design parameters. The manufacturer shall provide to the purchaser
a written summary of design properties that are necessary for evaluating the con-
formance of the tank to this standard.
4.4.3 Workmanship. The workmanship shall be in accordance with good
commercial practices. The tank manufactured shall be free of injurious defects and
shall meet the appearance requirements of Sec. 4.10.2.
4.4.4 Installation. The installation of the tank shall be in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. (See appendix B for guidance on pre-instal-
lation site analysis for underground tanks.)
4.4.5 Venting. The tank shall be positively vented to the atmosphere. Mini-
mum vent size shall be equal to the largest pipe outlet or inlet. The vent piping should
be adequately sized to prevent excessive pressure buildup while the tank is being filled
or evacuated. The required venting capacity depends on the filling or withdrawal
rate, whichever is greater, and the vent line length. (See note in appendix A.)
4.4.6 Dimensions and tolerances. Tank diameters shall be measured inter-
nally. Tolerance on the as-manufactured inside diameter, including out-of-round-
ness, shall not exceed ±1 percent. Tolerance on overall height or length shall be ±2 in.
unless lower tolerances are specified by the purchaser.
4.4.7 Repairs. Any tank may be repaired prior to shipment, provided the
repaired tank meets the requirements of this standard.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 7

Table 1 Design loads

Design Load Condition Aboveground Tanks Underground Tanks

Weight of tank, appurtenances, and contents Yes Yes
Internal pressure (due to test or overfill) Yes Yes
Vibrations due to attached equipment or fluid flow Yes Yes

©
Temperature variations Yes Yes
Earthquake Yes Yes
Handling and installation Yes Yes
Wind Yes No
Snow Yes No
Soil overburden No Yes
External hydrostatic No Yes
Traffic surcharge No Yes

Sec. 4.5 Design

4.5.1 General. The design of the FRP tank shall be based on accepted
structural engineering design practice for FRP composite structures and in accor-
dance with the governing building codes. The engineer shall endorse the design of
the tank.
4.5.2 Safety factors. Design safety factors shall be established based on
rational evaluation of the variability of fabrication procedures, variability in mate-
rial properties, uncertainty in design and analysis, and consequence of failure.
4.5.3 Design loads. Loads that should be considered in designing the tank
are listed in Table 1.
4.5.4 Strength and stiff ness properties. Design values for strength and stiff-
ness of the FRP laminate in the design of the tank shall be based on limiting values
established by analysis and tests as required in Sec. 4.5.4.1 and 4.5.4.2.
4.5.4.1 Strength properties. The limiting strength of the tank laminate
shall be determined by tests in accordance with Sec. 5.3 on laminates of the same
construction as that used in the tank. For Type II laminates, the validity of coupon
tests for establishing strength properties shall be confirmed by tests on full-scale or
prototype structures constructed with the same type and grade of laminate used
in the tank.
4.5.4.2 Stiffness properties. Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio may
be determined by laminate analysis, provided the method of analysis has been

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

8 AWWA D120-09

confirmed by tests on FRP laminates of the same type and grade as that used in
the tank.
4.5.5 Duration of load effects. The design of the FRP tank shall account
for the effects of duration of load on strength and stiffness properties as required
in Sec. 4.5.5.1 and 4.5.5.2.
4.5.5.1 Creep and relaxation. The time-dependent effects caused by creep

©
and relaxation shall be accounted for in design.
4.5.5.2 Long-term rupture strength. Unless otherwise determined by
tests, the long-term strength of the laminate under sustained load shall be taken
as 50 percent of the short-term strength determined by tests specified in Sec. 5.3.4
and 5.3.5.
4.5.6 Environment effects. The effects of exposure to the service environ-
ment, both internal and external, on the strength and stiffness properties shall be
accounted for in design, based on tests specified in Sec. 5.4.
4.5.7 Stress concentrations. The design of the FRP tank shall account for
localized stress concentrations occurring at points of geometric or material discon-
tinuities and at points of concentrated loads such as supports and attachments.
4.5.8 Underground tanks. The design of underground FRP tanks shall
account for the interaction of the tank structure and the surrounding soil, using
accepted structural design methods for flexible underground vessels. The design
shall account for the stresses resulting from the differential stiffnesses of stiffening
ribs, tank heads, compartmentation bulkheads, joints, and other attachments, rela-
tive to the stiffness of the tank shell wall.

Sec. 4.6 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tank Shell

4.6.1 Wall thickness. The average wall thickness of the tank shell, when
measured in accordance with Sec. 5.2.1, shall be no less than the design nominal
wall thickness. The thickness of the tank wall at any one location shall not be less
than 90 percent of the design nominal wall thickness. No tank shall have a tank
shell wall thickness less than 0.1875 in.
4.6.2 Surface hardness. The surface hardness of both the interior and
exterior surfaces of the tank shall be at least 90 percent of the resin manufacturer’s
minimum specified hardness for the cured resin, when tested in accordance with
Sec. 5.2.2. (See note in appendix A.)
4.6.3 Glass content. The glass content of the structural layer, when mea-
sured in accordance with Sec. 5.3.3, shall be no less than 90 percent of the design
glass content.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 9

4.6.4 Modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity of the laminate mea-

sured in either tension or flexure in accordance with Sec. 5.3.4 and 5.3.5 shall be no
less than 700,000 psi. The initial, unaged flexural modulus of elasticity shall be deter-
mined for evaluating the laminate for environmental exposure and quality control.
4.6.5 Tensile strength. The initial, unaged ultimate tensile strength of the
laminate in the weakest direction when measured in accordance with Sec. 5.3.4

©
shall be no less than 6,000 psi. When the weakest direction of the laminate is in
the direction of curvature, the tensile strength shall be determined on samples cut
from a test cylinder or flat laminate fabricated to eliminate curvature in the direc-
tion of testing.
4.6.6 Flexural strength. The initial, unaged ultimate flexural strength of
the laminate in the weakest direction when measured in accordance with Sec. 5.3.5
shall be no less than 12,000 psi. The initial, unaged flexural strength shall be deter-
mined for evaluating the laminate for environmental exposure and quality control.

Sec. 4.7 Environmental Resistance of Tank Shell

4.7.1 Immersion. The FRP laminate shall be evaluated by immersion in
accordance with Sec. 5.4.2. The laminate shall exhibit no erosion of resin or sur-
face defects as the result of immersion. The thickness, weight, and hardness shall
exhibit no change greater than 10 percent. The extrapolated flexural properties
(strength and modulus of elasticity) at 100,000 hr shall not be less than 50 percent
of the initial properties.
4.7.2 Light and water exposure. The FRP laminate shall be evaluated by
light and water exposure in accordance with Sec. 5.4.3. The flexural properties
(strength and modulus of elasticity) shall be at least 80 percent of initial properties.

Sec. 4.8 Leakage Under Internal Pressure

4.8.1 Internal pressure. The tank, including fittings and nozzles, shall be
capable of withstanding an internal pressure without leakage or loss of pressure
when tested in accordance with Sec. 5.2.3.

Sec. 4.9 Additional Requirements for Underground Tanks

4.9.1 Leakage test. A sample underground tank for each model line (i.e.,
similar shape, diameter, thickness, and materials) shall be subjected to the tests
specified in Sec. 5.5, without damage, distress, or leakage.

Sec. 4.10 Construction

4.10.1 Laminate construction. The laminate shall consist of an inner sur-
face, an interior layer, a structural layer, and an exterior surface. In Type I laminates,

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

10 AWWA D120-09

if fillers are not used in the structural layer, the interior layer and structural layer
may be of like construction. (See notes in appendix A.)
4.10.1.1 Inner surface. The inner surface exposed to the tank contents
shall provide a barrier to penetration of the contents into the laminate. It shall
consist of either a reinforced layer 10 to 20 mil thick, containing a surfacing veil
conforming to Sec. 4.3.3, or a 20-mil-thick resin surfacing layer. (See notes in

©
appendix A.)
4.10.1.2 Interior layer. The interior layer shall be reinforced only with
noncontinuous glass strands applied in a minimum of two plies of 1.5-oz chopped
strand mat or, as an alternative, in a minimum of two passes by the spray-up pro-
cess of equivalent thickness. Glass content shall be 20 to 35 percent by weight.
In Type II laminates, the interior layer shall be allowed to gel completely before
applying any filament winding to avoid overcompressing the interior layer. The
combined thickness of the inner surface and interior layer shall not be less than
0.10 in. (i.e., 100 mil).
4.10.1.3 Structural layer. The structural layer of Type I laminates shall be
contact-molded layers of chopped strand, chopped mat, tape, cloth, or woven rov-
ing, or combinations thereof, having a glass content of 20 to 35 percent by weight.
If cloth or woven roving is used, a layer of chopped strand glass shall be placed as
alternate layers. The structural layer of Type II laminates shall be primarily fila-
ment winding containing 50 to 80 percent glass by weight. Layers of lay-up materi-
als (mat, cloth, tape, woven roving) shall be lapped a minimum of 1 in., and end
laps shall be staggered. For vertical tanks, the thickness of the structural layer may
be varied with tank height (tapered-wall construction), provided the requirements
of this standard are met at every location.
4.10.1.4 Fillers. The structural layer may contain particulate fillers, pro-
vided that the fillers are compatible with the other laminate constituents and do
not adversely affect the performance of the laminate. The glass volume fraction in
a filled laminate shall be no less than the glass volume fraction in an unfilled lami-
nate based on the glass content requirements in Sec. 4.10.1.3.
4.10.1.5 Exterior surface. The exterior surface shall be a resin coating of
sufficient thickness to provide a uniform surface finish to prevent exposure of the
glass fibers in the structural layer. For added chemical resistance, an exterior sur-
face of chopped glass or surfacing veil or both, made from either glass or organic
fibers, may be used. For aboveground tanks, unless otherwise specified, the exterior
surface shall contain stabilizers to prevent ultraviolet degradation. Stabilizers are

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 11

Table 2 Minimum widths of overlaid joints (exclusive of taper)

H* (ft) × diameter (ft)

60 100 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500
Minimum width of outside overlay, in. 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Minimum width of inside overlay, in. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

©
*H is the distance in feet from the top of the liquid level to the lowest point of the joint.

not required for underground tanks, unless otherwise specified. The appearance of
the exterior surface shall be in accordance with Sec. 4.10.2.
4.10.2 Appearance. The visual appearance of the finished laminate shall
conform to Sec. 4.10.2.1 through 4.10.2.4.
4.10.2.1 Exposed surfaces. The exposed surfaces shall be free of cracks
and crazes. The surface shall have a smooth finish with an average of not more
than 2 pits/sq ft, providing the pits are less than 1/ 8 in. in diameter, are not more
than 1/ 32 in. deep, and are covered with sufficient resin to prevent exposure of the
glass fibers. Some wrinkles are permissible, provided their surfaces are smooth and
free of pits.
4.10.2.2 Finished laminate. The finished laminate shall be as free as com-
mercially practical from objectionable visual defects, such as foreign inclusions, dry
spots, air bubbles, pinholes, pimples, and delamination. The manufacturer shall
establish and conform to acceptance levels for visual defects as part of its quality
control program in accordance with ASTM D2563.
4.10.2.3 Exterior surface. The exterior surface shall be smooth, with no
exposed fibers or sharp projections.
4.10.2.4 Outside surface color. The outside surface of the tank shall not
be pigmented, painted, or dyed, except as allowed by Sec. 4.3.1.3 and as specified
by the manufacturer and the purchaser.
4.10.3 Joints. Joints between tank wall sections shall be overwound or
overlaid to a thickness that develops the full strength of the tank wall, using the
appropriate properties for the tank at the point of overlay.
4.10.3.1 Layer widths. The width of the first layer of joint lay-up shall
be 3 in. minimum. Successive layers shall uniformly increase in width. The rein-
forcement shall be centered on the joint and shall extend on each side of the joint
a sufficient distance to make it at least as strong as the tank wall. Minimum joint
widths exclusive of taper are given in Table 2.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

12 AWWA D120-09

4.10.3.2 Interior joint. The interior of the joint shall be sealed by a lami-
nate of a minimum of two layers of 1.5-oz mat overlaid with appropriate surface
in mat or veil. Minimum width exclusive of taper is 4 in. This inner reinforcement
shall be considered to be a corrosion-resistant barrier only and not a structural
material. Where the interior of the tank cannot be accessed, the interior overlay
may be deleted, provided laminate edges are coated with resin and two additional

©
layers of 1.5-oz mat are applied to the outside overlay.
4.10.3.3 Joint overlays. Joint overlays shall be tapered on each edge over
a width no less than six times the overlay thickness.
4.10.3.4 Crevices. Joints shall be free of objectionable crevices. Crevices
between joined pieces shall be filled with resin or thixotropic resin paste prior to
overlay, leaving a smooth surface for a lay-up.
4.10.3.5 Joint surfaces. Cured, noninhibited resin surfaces where parts
are to be joined shall first be roughened by sanding or sandblasting. The roughened
area shall extend beyond the work areas so that no lay-up is made on a molded sur-
face. Surfaces shall be clean and dry before lay-up. The entire roughened area shall
be resin-coated when the joint is made.
4.10.3.6 Cut edges. Cut edges shall be coated with resin so that no glass
fibers are exposed and all voids are filled.
4.10.3.7 Resins. When air-inhibited resins are cured with an air-exposed
surface, the lay-up shall be coated with a resin containing paraffin to achieve full
surface cure. (The acetone sensitivity test can be used to check surface cure.) Use of
other techniques, such as sprayed or wrapped films, is also an acceptable method
of attaining an air-free cure.
4.10.4 Heads. Heads may be fabricated integrally with the tank wall or
separately by contact molding. Heads fabricated by contact molding shall satisfy
the mechanical property requirements of Sec. 4.6. The inner surface of the head
shall present the same corrosion-resistant construction to the fluid as the tank wall
(Sec. 4.10.1.1 and 4.10.1.2). Joints between head and shell wall shall conform to
Sec. 4.10.3.
4.10.4.1 Top heads. Top heads of vertical tanks may be integrally attached
or removable and may be any shape.
4.10.4.2 Bottom heads. Bottom heads of vertical tanks may either be
fabricated integrally with the shell wall or be separately molded with a flange and
subsequently jointed to the shell, and meet the requirements of Sec. 4.10.4.2.1
through 4.10.4.2.4. The inner surface of the head shall present the same corrosion-

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 13

resistant construction to the fluid as the tank wall (Sec. 4.10.1.1 and 4.10.1.2).
Joints between head and shell wall shall conform to Sec. 4.10.3.
4.10.4.2.1 For integral heads, shell and bottom reinforcement shall overlap
a minimum of 4 in., exclusive of taper.
4.10.4.2.2 For separately molded heads, the minimum straight flange
length is 4 in.

©
4.10.4.2.3 As a minimum, the knuckle area (the radial transition of the
head to the shell) shall be reinforced to the same thickness and width as a joint (Sec.
4.10.3 and Table 2). The reinforcement shall be centered over the knuckle and shall
taper uniformly into the bottom thickness over a distance of not less than 6 in.
4.10.4.2.4 Flat-bottom tanks must have full bottom support. Tanks with
conical or rounded bottom heads must have other means of support, such as a
cradle, skirt, or extension legs.
4.10.5 FRP fittings. Standard flanged nozzles shall be fabricated either
from contact-molded FRP pipe and a suitable flange, from integrally molded pipe
and flanges, or from FRP machine-made pipe and a suitable flange. Vents and
nonwetted fittings do not require flanges, but they shall use either contact-molded,
integrally molded, machine-made FRP pipe or internally threaded FRP couplings.
Where flange fittings are used, suitable gaskets shall be provided. Flange gaskets
shall be full face, have 1/ 8 in. minimum thickness, and have a durometer hardness
of 40 to 60, unless otherwise specified or required for the service conditions. Man-
ways in underground tanks do not need to meet the requirements of Sec. 4.10.5,
provided the manways are designed and tested in accordance with other require-
ments of this standard. (See note in appendix A.)
4.10.5.1 Pipe wall thickness. The pipe used shall have minimum wall
thickness as shown in Table 3.
4.10.5.2 Flange thickness. Flanges shall be of the minimum thickness
given in Table 4. Bolting pattern shall be as referenced in Table 4.
4.10.5.2.1 The minimum flange shear surface shall be four times the flange
thickness indicated in Table 4. The thickness of flange hub reinforcement mea-
sured at the top of the fillet radius shall be at least one-half the flange thickness and
shall be tapered uniformly the length of the hub reinforcement. The fillet radius,
where the back of the flange meets the hub, shall be 3/ 8 in. minimum (Figure 1).
4.10.5.2.2 The flange face shall be perpendicular to the centerline of the
pipe within 1°, and it shall be flat to +1/ 32 in. for flanges up to and including 18-in.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

14 AWWA D120-09

Table 3 Pipe for nozzle assembly

Contact-Molded FRP Pipe Minimum Wall Thickness

Pipe Diameter Minimum Wall Thickness

in. in.
2–12 3/16

©
14–24 1/ 4

30 5/16

36 3/ 8

42 3/ 8

Filament-Wound and Centrifugally Cast FRP Pipe Minimum Wall Thickness

Pipe Diameter Minimum Wall Thickness

in. in.
2–3 0.140
4–6 0.180
8–12 0.200

Table 4 Minimum flange thickness for FRP nozzles

Flange Dimensions & Bolting
Pipe Diameter Minimum Flange Thickness (Except Thickness) Reference
in. in. Standard*
2 1/ 2 1, 2
3 1/ 2 1, 2, 3
4 1/ 2 1, 2, 3, 4
6 1/ 2 1, 2, 3, 4
8 9/16 1, 2, 3, 4
10 11/16 1, 2, 3, 4
12 3/ 4 1, 2, 3, 4
14 13/16 1, 2, 3, 4
16 7/ 8 1, 2, 3, 4
18 15/16 1, 2, 3, 4
20 1 1, 2, 3, 4
24 11/ 8 1, 2, 3, 4
30 13/ 8 2, 3, 4
36 13/4 2, 3, 4
42 2 2, 3, 4

*Reference standard: 1—ASME B16.5, Class 150; 2—ASME B16.1, Class 125; 3—ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15;
4—ANSI/AWWA C207, Class B, Class D, Class E.
Note 1: Based on flat-faced flanges with full-face soft gaskets.
Note 2: Table 4 is based on a safety factor of 8 to 1 and a flexural strength of 20,000 psi.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 15

Fillet
Radius

Bolt Circle

©
Shear
Surface

Hub
Reinforcement

Flange
Thickness

Figure 1 Flanged nozzle

diameter and +1/ 16 in. for larger-diameter flanges, unless otherwise specified. (See
note in appendix A.)
4.10.5.3 Assembly. At assembly, there shall be a minimum dimension of
3 in. from the wall of the tank to the flange hub for compression-molded flanges or
to the flange back for hand lay-up flanges. Where angular loadings are anticipated,
nozzles shall be supported by a suitable gusseting technique.
4.10.5.3.1 Standard orientation shall have boltholes straddling the princi-
pal centerline of the vessel.
4.10.5.3.2 Location of nozzles on the vessel shall be ±1/ 4 in. Tolerance on
angle of nozzle centerline shall be within 1°.
4.10.5.3.3 When cut for the attachment of nozzles, the wall shall be rein-
forced as shown in Figure 2. Reinforcement diameter, D2, shall equal at least twice
the nozzle diameter, D1, but in no case be less than 3 in. The cross-sectional area
of the reinforcement shall be at least 125 percent of the cross-sectional area of the
material removed. Thickness of reinforcement shall be that calculated for a joint
according to Sec. 4.10.3. (See note in appendix A.)
4.10.5.3.4 The length of the nozzle’s shear-bond area shall be as specified
in Table 5. The fillet radius where the nozzle meets the tank wall shall be 3/ 8 in.
minimum (Figures 3 and 4). The thickness of overlay shall not be less than the wall
thickness specified for contact-molded pipe in Table 3. The overlay shall present the
same corrosion-resistant construction to the fluid as specified in Sec. 4.10.1.1 and
4.10.1.2. Reinforcement (Figures 3 and 4) shall be in accordance with Sec. 4.10.5.3.3.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

16 AWWA D120-09

Reinforcement Diameter
Nozzle D2
Diameter

D1
Reinforcement
Area = 1.25 × A min.
Tank
Wall

©
Fillet
Radius A = Wall Thickness
3/8 in. min.
× Nozzle Diameter
(Typical)
CL

Nozzle

Figure 2 Reinforcement of cut tank wall for nozzle attachment

Table 5 Shear-bond area—nozzles*

Pipe Wall Thickness Bond Area Length
in. in.
3/16 3
1/ 4 4
5/16 5
3/ 8 6

*Shear-bond areas A are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

4.10.5.4 Cut edges. Cut edges shall be coated with resin so that no glass
fibers are exposed and voids are filled. Structural elements having edges exposed
to the chemical environment shall only be made with chopped-glass reinforce-
ment, coated with resin, or the edges shall be sealed with a laminate conforming
to Sec. 4.10.1.1 and 4.10.1.2.
4.10.6 Stiffeners. External stiffeners, when used, may be molded integrally
with the tank shell wall or built up with circumferential windings or other suitable
reinforced layers of FRP. Overwound or overlaid cores are permissible, provided they
are completely enclosed in FRP material and the width of the stiffener- to tank-shell
bond equals or exceeds the width of the unbonded portion of the stiffener.
4.10.6.1 Open-top vertical tanks. Open-top vertical tanks shall be con-
structed with a flange or a ring bonded to the top of the shell. Alternatively, the
shell shall be overwound or overlaid to provide sufficient rigidity for retaining the
shape of the tank.
4.10.7 Hold-down lugs for aboveground tanks. Hold-down lugs shall be
provided on aboveground tanks for outdoor service and, where required, for special

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 17

Reinforcement
(Typical)
in Accordance
With Sec. 4.10.5.3.3
A

Tank Fillet Radius

©
Wall 3/8 in. min.
(Typical)

Nozzle
A = Shear-Bond
Area Length

Figure 3 Installed nozzle (with pipe penetration)

Reinforcement (Typical)
Tank in Accordance With Sec. 4.10.5.3.3
Wall

Fillet Radius
3/8 in. min.
A
(Typical)

Nozzle A = Shear-Bond
Area Length

Figure 4 Installed nozzle (without pipe penetration)

service and local design conditions. The design capacity of hold-down lugs shall be
accepted by the engineer.
4.10.8 Lift lugs. Tanks shall be equipped with suitable lift lugs bonded to
the tank and reinforced to resist lifting and handling forces.

SECTION 5: VERIFICATION

Sec. 5.1 General

Tanks shall be sampled and tested as required in Sec. 5.1 through 5.6. Test
results shall be submitted to the purchaser upon request. Test results shall be main-
tained in the files of the manufacturer.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

18 AWWA D120-09

5.1.1 Testing of aboveground tanks. Aboveground tanks shall be tested in

accordance with Sec. 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.6.
5.1.2 Testing of underground tanks. Underground tanks shall be tested in
accordance with Sec. 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5.
5.1.3 Test samples. If required by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall
provide suitable test samples meeting the requirements of this standard to the pur-

©
chaser or its designated representative.

Sec. 5.2 Production Tests

Each FRP tank shall be tested at the time of production for wall thickness,
surface hardness, and internal pressure in accordance with Sec. 5.2.1, 5.2.2, and
5.2.3.
5.2.1 Thickness. Each FRP tank shall be tested for total wall thickness
in accordance with ASTM D3567, except that the minimum number of readings
shall be thirty taken as follows: three sets of ten readings, each set taken at three
separate, representative locations on the tank, readings spaced equally around the
circumference of the tank.
5.2.2 Surface hardness. Determine the surface hardness on each FRP
tank in accordance with ASTM D2583, except D2583 sections 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, and
10.1. Allowable surface-temperature range shall be 65° to 80°F. Readings shall
not be taken on pits, heavy mold release, or other irregularities that may affect
the readings. Only dense resin-rich surfaces shall be tested. Take two sets of ten
readings, each set taken at two separate, representative locations, readings spaced
equally around the circumference of the tank. After eliminating the two high and
the two low readings for each set of ten readings, the average of the remainder shall
be the reported hardness reading. If low Barcol readings are encountered on wax-
top-coated surfaces, retest after removing the wax by light sanding or scraping.
Barcol test data must verify that the surface hardness of laminates with or without
glass-surfacing veil has reached at least 90 percent of the hardness specified by the
resin manufacturer for a clear resin casting.
5.2.3 Internal pressure. Close and seal off fittings and nozzles on the tank.
Test for leakage under internal pressure in accordance with either Sec. 5.2.3.1 or
5.2.3.2. The test method selected shall be suitable for the tank being tested, as
determined by the tank manufacturer. For double-wall tanks, pressure-test both
the primary and secondary tanks. Pressurization of the interstitial space between
the primary and secondary tank walls shall be in accordance with the manufac-
turer’s recommendations.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 19

5.2.3.1 Hydrostatic test (acceptable for aboveground tanks and under-

ground tanks). Attach a 4-in.-diameter standpipe to the tank that extends 4 ft
above the top of the tank. Fill the tank and standpipe with water and let stand for
24 hr. Examine for leakage or drop in water elevation in the standpipe. The tank
shall show no visible signs of leakage, and the water level shall not fall more than
0.5 in. within the 24-hr test period.

©
5.2.3.2 Aerostatic test (acceptable for underground tanks). Attach a
pressure gauge to the tank. The gauge shall be marked in increments of 0.5 psig
(pounds per square inch, gauge) or less, with a maximum pressure indication of
15 psig or less. Pressurize the tank using an air-pressure pump fitted with a pressure
regulator set to limit the pressure to no more than 1 psig above the specified test
pressure. Pressurize the tank to a minimum of 3 psig and let stand for 1 hr. Exam-
ine for leakage or drop in pressure. Apply a soapy water to the outside of the tank,
including fittings and manways. The tank shall show no visible signs of leakage.

Sec. 5.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tank Shell

Physical and mechanical tests shall be conducted in accordance with
Sec. 5.3.1 through 5.3.5. Additional tests may be required by the manufacturer’s
third-party quality control and quality assurance program or by the purchaser.
5.3.1 Specimens. Physical and mechanical tests shall be conducted on
specimens cut from laminates that are determined by the engineer to be represen-
tative of the materials and methods of fabrication used in the tank.
5.3.2 Conditioning. Unless otherwise specified by the specific test pro-
cedure, test specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with Procedure A of
ASTM D618.
5.3.3 Glass content. Determine the glass content of the structural layer of
the laminate in accordance with ASTM D2584. The specimen shall be prepared by
cutting or grinding away the inner surface, interior layer, and exterior surface. Test
a minimum of three sets of three specimens each. Sample sets shall be taken from
separate, representative locations on the tank or test laminate.
5.3.4 Tensile properties. Determine tensile strength and modulus of elas-
ticity in accordance with one or more of the following methods: ASTM D638 or
ASTM D2290. The test specimens shall be the actual thickness of the fabricated
laminate and shall not be machined on the surface except at the ends to facilitate
uniform gripping. Test at least five specimens in each of the two directions cor-
responding to the structural axes of the tank (e.g., hoop and axial or longitudinal
and meridional).

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

20 AWWA D120-09

5.3.5 Flexural properties. Determine flexural strength and tangent modu-

lus of elasticity in accordance with ASTM D790. The test specimens shall be the
actual thickness of the fabricated laminate and shall not be machined on the sur-
face. Flexural properties shall be determined in at least two orthogonal directions
that are chosen to be consistent with the design approach for the tank. Test at least
five specimens in each of the two directions corresponding to the structural axes of

©
the tank (e.g., hoop and axial or longitudinal and meridional). If flexural proper-
ties are affected by orientation of the tension surface, test five specimens with the
inner surface in tension and five specimens with the exterior surface in tension in
each directional axis.

Sec. 5.4 Environmental Resistance

Environmental resistance tests shall be conducted in accordance with
Sec. 5.4.1 through 5.4.3. Additional tests may be required by the manufacturer’s
third-party quality control and quality assurance program or by the purchaser. If
deemed acceptable by the engineer, tests conducted in accordance with ASTM
C581 may be used to meet the requirements of this section.
5.4.1 Specimens. Resistance to environmental exposure of the FRP lami-
nate shall be determined on specimens cut from laminates that are determined by
the engineer to be representative of the materials and methods of fabrication used
in the tank. Specimens for testing of mechanical properties after exposure may be
cut either before or after exposure in the test media. The edges of exposure speci-
mens shall be coated with paraffinated resin. When tests are conducted in liquids
intended for internal containment only, a corrosion-resistant barrier may be added
to the exterior surface of the specimens. The number of specimens for exposure
testing shall be as specified for the required mechanical tests.
5.4.2 Immersion tests. Conduct immersion tests in accordance with
Sec. 5.4.2.1 through 5.4.2.9.
5.4.2.1 Immersion periods. Immerse specimens for 30, 90, and 180 days
and 1 yr in the required test media. Also prepare and obtain initial test properties
on a control set of specimens immediately following fabrication and cure of test
laminates.
5.4.2.2 Immersion media. Immersion media shall be representative of
the anticipated service environment(s).
5.4.2.3 Immersion temperature. Immersion temperature shall be repre-
sentative of the anticipated service environment(s).

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 21

5.4.2.4 Immersion procedures. Specimens must remain completely

immersed during the test interval. Specimens shall not be stacked. Maintain a
minimum of 1/ 8 in. between specimens and between the specimen and the con-
tainer wall. Change test media as often as needed to maintain the original compo-
sition and concentration. Use methods to maintain the test temperature within 5°F
(3°C) of the specified value during the test. At the end of the immersion interval,

©
remove the specimens and clean and dry them by blotting with a paper towel.
Cold tap water may be used to facilitate cleaning. Unless otherwise specified, allow
specimens to cool to room temperature before conducting required mechanical
tests. Tests shall be completed within 4 hr after removal from the test media.
5.4.2.5 Physical examination. Examine specimens prior to immersion
and at the end of each immersion interval. Record visual appearance, including
color, texture, and surface features.
5.4.2.6 Measure and record the thickness to the nearest 0.001 in. at two
locations on each specimen before and after immersion.
5.4.2.7 Weight change. Measure and record weight to the nearest gram
before and after immersion.
5.4.2.8 Hardness. Measure and record Barcol hardness at five locations
on each specimen.
5.4.2.9 Flexural properties. Conduct flexural tests for strength and mod-
ulus in accordance with Sec. 5.3.5. Plot the test results with respect to time for
each immersion interval on a semi-log time plot. Extrapolate flexural strength and
modulus to 100,000 hr and report the values as a percentage of initial properties.
5.4.3 Light and water exposure. Submit ten specimens to 360 days of
light and water exposure in accordance with ASTM G23, Method I, Type D or
DH apparatus. During each operating cycle of 120 min, the specimens are to be
exposed to light alone for 102 min and light and water for 18 min. After exposure,
test five specimens for flexural properties in accordance with Sec. 5.3.5, exterior
surface in tension.

Sec. 5.5 Additional Tests for Underground Tanks

A sample tank for each underground tank model line shall meet the following
test requirements. If a manufacturer produces a line of tanks that differ only in shell
length, the manufacturer may test the length most representative of the entire line
when an analysis shows that length effects are not significant to the performance of
the tank. Otherwise, the longest tank shall be tested. For a line of spherical tanks that
differ only in diameter, only the largest-diameter tank need be tested.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

22 AWWA D120-09

Table 6 Torques on pipe fittings

Nominal Pipe Size, in.* Torques, lb/in. (N-m)
3/ 4 2,000 (226)
1 2,400 (271)
11/4 2,900 (328)

©
11/2 3,100 (350)
2 3,300 (373)
21/2 3,500 (395)
3 3,600 (407)
31/2 3,700 (418)
4 3,800 (429)
6 4,200 (475)
8 4,600 (520)

* Nominal pipe size requirements are in accordance with ASME B36.10, Standard for Welded and Seamless
Wrought Steel Pipe.

5.5.1 Strength of pipe fittings test. A length of pipe shall be threaded into a
fitting for pipe connection and shall be tightened to the torque specified in Table 6.
The fitting shall not crack or split, and the threads shall not strip.
5.5.2 Bending moment. A 4-ft (1.2-m) length of Schedule 40 steel pipe is
to be threaded into the fitting. A force is then to be applied to the top of the pipe.
For a cylindrical tank, the force is first to be applied parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the tank and then transverse to the longitudinal axis of the tank. For a
spherical tank, the force is first to be applied in any one direction and then perpen-
dicular to the direction in which the force was first applied. The applied force is to
be increased so that the bending moment is also increased, from zero to 2,000 lb/ft
(2,712 N-m) or to the bending capacity of the pipe, whichever is less, in 250-lb/ft
(339-N-m) increments. If the Schedule 40 pipe bends before the required bending
moment is reached, the test is to be stopped, and the fitting is to be examined for
compliance. As a result of the bending moment, the bond between a fitting for a
pipe connection and the tank shall not be damaged.
5.5.3 Leakage. After each of the tests specified in Sec. 5.5.2, the tank is to
be subjected to a leakage test, as specified in Sec. 5.2.3.2.
5.5.4 Strength of lift lug tests. A lug intended to be used to lift and move
a tank shall be subjected for 1 sec to a load equal to twice that imposed by lifting
the empty tank. When more than one lug is provided on a tank, the load is to be
divided between the lugs in proportion to the loads to which they are subjected

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 23

by lifting the tank as intended. The lug(s) shall not be damaged or damage the
tank. Following the test, the tank is to be subjected to a leakage test, as specified
in Sec. 5.2.3.2.
5.5.5 Water-load test. A tank shall be (a) placed in a sand bed so that one
eighth of the tank diameter is buried and (b) fi lled to capacity with water for 1 hr.
The tank shall not be damaged.

©
5.5.6 External pressure test. The empty tank is to be installed in a test pit
using the specified anchoring system and the specified backfill procedure. The pit
is then to be filled with water to such a level that the tank is submerged to its maxi-
mum specified burial depth. The tank is to remain submerged for 24 hr. While the
tank is still submerged, it is to be subjected for 1 min to a partial internal vacuum
of 5.3 in. of mercury (17.9 kPa). The tank shall not be damaged.
5.5.7 Impact and cold exposure. Condition five specimens for 16 hr in a
cold box at –29°C (–20°F). After conditioning, remove each specimen one at a time
and immediately clamp between two steel rings having an inside diameter of 41/4 in.
(108 mm). Drop a 1.18-lb (0.536-kg) steel ball from a height of 6 ft (1.83 m) to
strike the exterior surface of the specimen. Specimens shall exhibit no visible signs
of cracking or fracture.

Sec. 5.6 Aboveground-Tank Surface Burning Characteristics

The surface burning characteristics shall be determined in accordance with
ASTM E84. The results should be of a laminate representative of the laminate of
the tank wall, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.

Sec. 5.7 Retest

If any failure occurs, the FRP tank may be retested to establish conformity in
accordance with agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

Sec. 5.8 Inspection and Testing by Purchaser

5.8.1 Inspection at manufacturer’s plant. The purchaser or its agent may
inspect the FRP tank and the manufacturing process at the manufacturer’s plant.
The extent of the inspection requested and criteria for acceptance shall be specified
by the purchaser.
5.8.2 Access to work. The purchaser or its agent shall have free access to
those parts of the manufacturer’s plant that are necessary to monitor compliance
with this standard. The manufacturer shall make available for the purchaser’s use
such test equipment and apparatus and shall provide such assistance as necessary
for inspection.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

24 AWWA D120-09

5.8.3 Responsibility. Inspection by the purchaser, or lack thereof, shall not

relieve the manufacturer of the responsibility to provide materials and perform
work in accordance with this standard.
5.8.4 Tests. In addition to the tests required by this standard, the pur-
chaser may require other tests to be performed by the manufacturer or conduct
its own tests of tank samples or laminate samples representative of the tank. The

©
extent of additional testing and criteria for acceptance shall be specified by the
purchaser.
5.8.5 Rejection. If the FRP tank fails to meet the criteria for acceptance
specified by the purchaser, the tank shall be rejected.

SECTION 6: DELIVERY

Sec. 6.1 Marking

The tank shall carry a plaque, permanently affi xed to the outside shell near
the inlet or outlet nozzle or other location as required, that shall show the follow-
ing information with permanently applied letters and numbers at least 1/ 4 in. high:
1. Certification of manufacture and testing in accordance with this
standard.
2. Name and location of manufacturer.
3. Date of manufacture.
4. Shipping weight.
5. Capacity.
6. Type and grade.
7. Designed service media and condition.
8. Precautions, if any.

Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping

Tanks shall be mounted on cradles or suitable support pads if shipped in a
horizontal position or on a suitable skid or pallet if shipped in a vertical position.
Cradles and skids shall be padded and secured to the bed of the vehicle in a man-
ner that will prevent damage to the tank during normal handling. The tank shall
be secured to the cradle or skid so that there can be no movement of the tank in
relation to the skid or cradle. A suitable stiffening member shall be secured at the
opening of open-top tanks. Tanks shall be loaded with at least a 2-in. clearance
between the tank, including fittings, and the bulkheads or bed of the vehicle.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 THERMOSETTING FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC TANKS 25

When two or more tanks are shipped at one time, there shall be sufficient clearance
or padding between tanks to prevent contact during transit.

Sec. 6.3 Handling

The tank manufacturer shall provide written instructions for handling the
tank. The following normal precautions shall be taken in handling the tank at the

©
destination:
6.3.1 Rigging. Proper rigging practices shall be observed at all times.
Hoisting-equipment operators shall attach a guideline to prevent the tank from
swinging without control.
6.3.2 Damage. The tank shall not be dropped or allowed to strike any
other object. Damage caused by dropping or striking other objects may result in
cracking the inner corrosion-resistant liner as well as the exterior of the tank.
6.3.3 Rolling. The tank shall not be rolled or slid.
6.3.4 Working around the tank. In working around the tank, care should
be exercised to prevent tools, scaffolding, or other objects from striking the tank or
being dropped inside the tank. Soft-soled shoes shall be worn by workers entering
the tank. Ladders used inside or outside in contact with the tank shall be wooden
or have cushion protection on both ends and shall not be permitted to scratch or
point-load the surface.
6.3.5 Lifting. A crane is recommended for use in lifting and erecting the
tank. The clearance between the head shackle of the crane and the tank should at
least equal the overall length of the tank. If this is not possible, a spreader bar must
be used to approximate the same angle in lifting.
6.3.5.1 Lift lugs. Tanks shall be equipped with lift lugs and shall be lifted
using lift lugs.
6.3.5.2 Unauthorized lifting devices. Chains or cables shall not be put
around the tank or used for lifting or handling the tank. No fittings other than lift
lugs shall be used for lifting.
6.3.6 Storing. When the tank is stored on the ground prior to installa-
tion, it shall be placed on the shipping cradles and tied down so that it cannot roll
because of winds or sloping elevation.

Sec. 6.4 Installation

The manufacturer shall provide written instructions for installing the tank.
Two copies of the manufacturer’s installation instructions shall be provided with
each tank, one of which shall be embedded in clear resin on the outside surface of
the tank. The installation instructions shall include

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

26 AWWA D120-09

1. Location of lifting points and the method of intended lifting.

2. Method of preinstallation inspection or testing, as required by the
manufacturer.
3. Type and size of suitable foundation or bedding.
4. Location and type of hold-down attachments.
5. Type and method of backfill for underground tanks.

©
Sec. 6.5 Affidavit of Compliance
The purchaser may require an affidavit from the manufacturer or supplier
that the material provided complies with applicable requirements of this standard.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 APPENDIX A
Explanatory Notes to D120

This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA D120.

©
The following notes refer to various sections of ANSI/AWWA D120. These
notes are meant to further explain the sections to which they refer.
4.1.1 Note: Filament-wound tanks are normally constructed in combi-
nation with contact molding. The primary method used for constructing the tank
shell is used to define the type.
4.2.2 Note: Most states recognize NSF International 61 as the authori-
tative standard for qualifying materials for potable water use. See the foreword of
ANSI/AWWA Standard D120 for more information.
4.3.1.4 Note: Additions to the resin may interfere with visual inspection
of laminate quality.
4.4.5 Note: Unrestricted vent piping sized in accordance with the follow-
ing table will prevent backpressure development in tanks from exceeding 2.5 psig
(17.2 kPa). As a practical matter, screened vents should be evaluated as to the net
unrestricted area available after consideration of the individual woven wires or fabric
involved in the screening or filtering action. Net vent area should match or exceed
the largest total area of either the inflow or outflow piping lines.

Vent Line Diameter (in.)

Max. Flow Pipe Length + 7 ells
(gpm) 50 to 100 ft 200 ft
100–200,0 1.25 1.25
300 1.25 1.50
400–500,0 1.50 2.00
600–7000 2.00 2.00
800–1,000 2.00 3.00

4.6.2 Note: Barcol hardness is affected by the type and concentration of

reinforcing materials and fillers in the surface layer and the test temperature. Lami-
nates with organic surfacing veil may have a Barcol reading lower than 90 percent
of the resin manufacturer’s minimum specified hardness for the cured resin. The

27
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
28 AWWA D120-09

minimum acceptable Barcol reading must be established between the purchaser

and the manufacturer prior to fabrication.
4.10.1 Note 1: The compositions specified for the inner surface and inte-
rior layer are intended to achieve optimum chemical resistance.
Note 2: Different resin systems may be used within the tank; that is, the
resin used for the inner surface may be different from the resin used for the other

©
tank wall layers.
4.10.1.1 Note 1: A resin-rich layer with surfacing veil will usually con-
tain less than 20 percent of reinforcing material. A specific limit is not included
because of the impracticability of determining this value in the finished product.
Note 2: The use of organic materials, such as acrylic and polyester fibers,
may give lower readings for the Barcol hardness of the surface. However, this lower
Barcol reading does not necessarily indicate undercure of the surface under these
circumstances.
4.10.1.3 Note 1: During laminate construction, any layer that may have
cured beyond exotherm should be tested for acetone sensitivity and, if found non-
sensitive, the surface should be prepared by appropriate abrasion methods prior to
applying subsequent layers.
4.10.5 Note: Wetted fittings for underground tanks may be FRP flanged
nozzles or stainless-steel female-threaded pipe couplings. Nonwetted fittings may
be flanged nozzles, stainless-steel couplings, or FRP female-threaded pipe cou-
plings meeting the applicable bend tests.
4.10.5.2.2 Note: Other flanges agreed on between the manufacturer
and the purchaser are acceptable, provided that they produce a tight joint.
4.10.5.3.3 Note: Alternative methods for distributing nozzle reinforce-
ment are provided in ASTM D3299 and ASTM D4097.
5.2.3.2 Note: Use proper safety precautions when pressurizing a tank
with air to protect persons from injury in the event of a sudden rupture of the
tank or disengagement of appurtenances. Aerostatic testing should be conducted
only by trained personnel using equipment and methods accepted by the tank
manufacturer.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 APPENDIX B
Pre-installation Site Analysis for Underground Tanks

This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA D120.

©
SECTION B.1: GENERAL

Because many site-specific factors related to soil conditions and drainage

affect the operational life of an underground structure, it is necessary to conduct a
pre-installation site analysis. The pre-installation site analysis may include but not
be limited to soil stability, utilities, depth to the water table, potential flooding, and
the presence of or absence of contamination.

SECTION B.2: TANK ANCHORAGE

An underground tank can float if it is submerged in a high water table or if

there is flooding when the tank is partially full of water. The tank weight, type of
tank cover (i.e., backfill and paving), and height of water around the tank have an
effect on whether a tank will float. If a high water table exists, or if flooding can
be expected, tanks should be anchored. The presence of these conditions should
be identified during the pre-installation site analysis. Tanks can be secured against
flotation in several ways. The following are the most common methods used:
1. Burying a concrete slab under the tank, with a 6–12-in. cushion of
proper backfill between the bottom of the tank and slab, and anchoring the tank
to the slab.
2. Burying concrete deadmen on either side of the tank and anchor-
ing the tank thereto.
3. Burying the tank deeper than normal, subject to the manufactur-
er’s requirements.
When anchor straps are used, the straps should be installed in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions on the use of FRP straps and placement at
specific locations marked on the tank.

29
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
30 AWWA D120-09

SECTION B.3: PERMEATION

The selection of materials is critical for potable water, wastewater, or reclaimed

water service and distribution piping in locations where there is likelihood the pipe
will be exposed to significant concentrations of pollutants composed of low molecu-
lar weight petroleum products or organic solvents or their vapors. Research has doc-

©
umented that pipe materials such as polyethylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride,
and asbestos cement; and elastomers, such as used in jointing gaskets and packing
glands, are subject to permeation by lower molecular weight organic solvents or
petroleum products. If a potable water, wastewater, or reclaimed water tank or pipe
made of these or similar materials will be located in or pass through such a con-
taminated area or an area subject to contamination, consult with the manufacturer
regarding permeation before selecting materials for use in that area.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 APPENDIX C
Accessories for Underground Tanks

This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA D120.

©
SECTION C.1: SHELL MANWAY

One or more fiberglass flanged manways, at least 22 in. in diameter, may be

installed on the tank. Larger manways, such as 30 and 36 in. in diameter, in circu-
lar or oval configurations are typically available. Manway covers may be fiberglass,
stainless steel, or coated steel, as specified by the purchaser, and should be supplied
with bolts and gaskets (see appendix D) for watertight protection. Manways and
covers should be designed by the manufacturer to safely support service loads,
which may include soil load, live load, and the weight of any supported equipment.

SECTION C.2: SHELL MANWAY EXTENSIONS

Buried tanks often require a manway extension to reach grade. Flanged fiber-
glass extensions compatible with the manway bolt pattern and gasket surface are
typically available from the tank manufacturer in various lengths.

SECTION C.3: MANWAY RISER PIPE

A manway riser pipe provides a spacious access down to the tank manway.
The standard fiberglass manway riser pipe is 42 or 48 in. in diameter, with lengths
ranging from 30 to 54 in. in length.

SECTION C.4: STEEL NPT FITTINGS

Steel NPT fittings are available in 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-in. half-couplings.

31
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
32 AWWA D120-09

SECTION C.5: TANK LADDERS

Factory-installed aluminum or carbon-steel ladders are available. The ladders

should be attached to the tank bottom with FRP mounting fittings and retained at
the top with FRP slip fittings on the trunk of the manway to allow for contraction
and expansion of the metal ladder.

©
SECTION C.6: ANCHOR STRAPS

If water could enter the tank hole, the tank installation must be designed to
safely resist buoyant forces. A significant portion of the hold-down force results
from the soil and pad overburden. When anchor straps are required to provide
some of the resistance to buoyancy, they shall be provided by the tank manufac-
turer. The anchoring-system design must ensure the loads on the hold-down straps
and the loads applied to the tank from the hold-down straps do not exceed the
allowed load ratings of the tank manufacturer.

SECTION C.7: TURBINE ENCLOSURES

A piping enclosure may be sealed or unsealed to prevent water infi ltration in

high-water conditions. Fiberglass turbine enclosures are 42 or 48 in. in diameter
and a minimum of 2 ft in length. Longer enclosures are available in increments
of 1 ft. Fiberglass enclosure penetration kits are available for electrical and piping
connections.

SECTION C.8: MANWAY COVERS

Fiberglass manway covers are available in round and square, watertight and
nonwatertight configurations.

SECTION C.9: CONNECTION HARDWARE

The accessory supplier should provide connection hardware that is compat-

ible with the accessory and the tank to which it is connected.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 APPENDIX D
Flanged-Joint Bolts, Gaskets, and Installation

This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA D120.

©
The bolts and gaskets to be used with flanged pipe, fittings, and appurte-
nances are to be selected by the purchaser for the particular pressure-service and
installation requirements.

SECTION D.1: BOLTS AND NUTS

Size, length, and number of bolts are shown in Tables 2 and 3 of ANSI*/
AWWA C115/A21.15. Bolts conform to ASME† B18.2.1, Square and Hex Bolts
and Screws, Inch Series—Including Hex Cap Screws and Lag Screws. Nuts con-
form to ASME B18.2.2, Square and Hex Nuts, Inch Series. Bolts may have either
square or hex heads and either hex or heavy hex nuts. Bolts and nuts are threaded
according to ASME B1.1, Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread
Form), Class 2A, External, and Class 2B, Internal. Bolts and nuts of low-carbon
steel conforming to the chemical and mechanical requirements of ASTM‡A307,
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile
Strength, Grade B, are suitable for use with the flanges described by ANSI/AWWA
C115/A21.15 when used with the gaskets described in this appendix. Bolts and nuts
should be provided with appropriate corrosion-resistant coatings or materials.
In 1990, the 101st Congress enacted Public Law 101-592, the Fastener Qual-
ity Act. This standard requires that fasteners fully comply with this act.

SECTION D.2: GASKETS

Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, gaskets shall be made of synthetic

rubber, or cork, and 1/ 8 in. (3.18 mm) thick. Gaskets shall conform to the dimen-
sions shown in Table 4. When considering the use of gaskets thinner than 1/ 8 in.
(3.18 mm), or gaskets of materials other than synthetic rubber, or cork, the purchaser

*American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
†American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017.
‡ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

33
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
34 AWWA D120-09

should contact the pipe or fitting manufacturer concerning suitability for a partic-
ular application. Also available for most pipe and fitting sizes are specially designed
gaskets, either ring or full-faced,* using one or more annular rings molded into the
gasket to improve the joint performance. The manufacturer should be contacted
for details.

©
SECTION D.3: INSTALLATION

The design, assembly, and installation of the flanged piping system are the
responsibility of the purchaser. The following suggestions are for general guidance:
a. The use of flanged joints underground is generally not recommended be-
cause of the rigidity of the joint.
b. Flange faces should bear uniformly on the gasket, and the bolts should be
tightened in a progressively crisscross pattern, such as by first tightening the bot-
tom bolt; then the top bolt; next the bolts at either side; and finally the remaining
bolts. This process should be repeated until the bolts are sufficiently tightened.
c. Users of flanged joints should be careful to prevent bending or torsional
strains from being applied to flanges or flanged appurtenances. Piping systems
must be designed so that piping components connected by flanged joints are prop-
erly anchored, supported, or restrained to prevent breakage.
d. For best performance with flat rubber gaskets in 14-in. (356-mm) and
larger sizes, ring-type gaskets are recommended rather than the full-face type. For
joints utilizing the specially designed gaskets containing one or more molded an-
nular rings, both ring type and full face are recommended for available sizes.
e. Impact wrenches cannot be used in many cases when assembling flanged
joints due to the many variations of flange shroud diameters and impact wrench
socket dimensions, in combination with nut configurations (heavy or regular hex).

*See Sec. D.3.d.

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

 This page intentionally blank.

©
Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
 ©
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and
supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in
the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum
of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for
the greatest good of the people and the environment.

1P-2.6M-44120-9/09-JP Printed on Recycled Paper

Copyright © 2009 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.