C Technical Questions and Answers

1.What are the different storage classes in C? C has three types of storage: automatic, static and allocated. Variable having block scope and without static specifier have automatic storage duration. Variables with block scope, and with static specifier have static scope. Global variables (i.e, file scope) with or without the the static specifier also have static scope. Memory obtained from calls to malloc(), alloc() or realloc() belongs to allocated storage class. 2.What is the difference between strings and character arrays? A major difference is: string will have static storage duration, whereas as a character array will not, unless it is explicity specified by using the static keyword. Actually, a string is a character array with following properties: * the multibyte character sequence, to which we generally call string, is used to initialize an array of static storage duration. The size of this array is just sufficient to contain these characters plus the terminating NUL character. * it not specified what happens if this array, i.e., string, is modified. * Two strings of same value[1] may share same memory area. For example, in the following declarations: char *s1 = Calvin and Hobbes; char *s2 = Calvin and Hobbes; the strings pointed by s1 and s2 may reside in the same memory location. But, it is not true for the following: char ca1[] = Calvin and Hobbes; char ca2[] = Calvin and Hobbes; [1] The value of a string is the sequence of the values of the contained characters, in order. 3.Write down the equivalent pointer expression for referring the same element a[j][k][l]? a == *(a+i) a[j] == *(*(a+i)+j) a[j][k] == *(*(*(a+i)+j)+k) a[j][k][l] == *(*(*(*(a+i)+j)+k)+l)

4.Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off? The bitwise AND operator. Here is an example: enum { KBit0 = 1, KBit1, KBit31, }; if ( some_int & KBit24 ) printf ( Bit number 24 is ON\n ); else printf ( Bit number 24 is OFF\n ); 5.Which bit wise operator is suitable for turning off a particular bit in a number? The bitwise AND operator, again. In the following code snippet, the bit number 24 is reset to zero. some_int = some_int & ~KBit24; 6.Which bit wise operator is suitable for putting on a particular bit in a number? The bitwise OR operator. In the following code snippet, the bit number 24 is turned ON: some_int = some_int | KBit24; 7.When should a type cast be used? There are two situations in which to use a type cast. The first use is to change the type of an operand to an arithmetic operation so that the operation will be performed properly. The second case is to cast pointer types to and from void * in order to interface with functions that expect or return void pointers. For example, the following line type casts the return value of the call to malloc() to be a pointer to a foo structure. struct foo *p = (struct foo *) malloc(sizeof(struct foo));

8.What is a null pointer? There are times when it's necessary to have a pointer that doesn't point to anything. The macro NULL, defined in , has a value that's guaranteed to be different from any valid pointer. NULL is a literal zero, possibly cast to void* or char*. Some people, notably C++ programmers, prefer to use 0 rather than NULL. The null pointer is used in three ways:

1) To stop indirection in a recursive data structure 2) As an error value 3) As a sentinel value

9.What is the difference between a string copy (strcpy) and a memory copy (memcpy)? When should each be used? The strcpy() function is designed to work exclusively with strings. It copies each byte of the source string to the destination string and stops when the terminating null character () has been moved. On the other hand, the memcpy() function is designed to work with any type of data. Because not all data ends with a null character, you must provide the memcpy() function with the number of bytes you want to copy from the source to the destination.

10.How can I convert a string to a number? The standard C library provides several functions for converting strings to numbers of all formats (integers, longs, floats, and so on) and vice versa. The following functions can be used to convert strings to numbers: Function Name Purpose atof() Converts a string to a double-precision floating-point value. atoi() Converts a string to an integer. atol() Converts a string to a long integer. strtod() Converts a string to a double-precision floating-point value and reports any leftover numbers that could not be converted. strtol() Converts a string to a long integer and reports any leftover numbers that could not be converted. strtoul() Converts a string to an unsigned long integer and reports any leftover numbers that could not be converted.

11.How can I convert a number to a string? The standard C library provides several functions for converting numbers of all formats (integers, longs, floats, and so on) to strings and vice versa The following functions can be used to convert integers to strings: Function Name Purpose itoa() Converts an integer value to a string.

ltoa() Converts a long integer value to a string. ultoa() Converts an unsigned long integer value to a string. The following functions can be used to convert floating-point values to strings: Function Name Purpose ecvt() Converts a double-precision floating-point value to a string without an embedded decimal point. fcvt() Same as ecvt(), but forces the precision to a specified number of digits. gcvt() Converts a double-precision floating-point value to a string with an embedded decimal point.

12.Is it possible to execute code even after the program exits the main() function? The standard C library provides a function named atexit() that can be used to perform cleanup operations when your program terminates. You can set up a set of functions you want to perform automatically when your program exits by passing function pointers to the at exit() function.

13.What is the stack? The stack is where all the functions' local (auto) variables are created. The stack also contains some information used to call and return from functions. A stack trace is a list of which functions have been called, based on this information. When you start using a debugger, one of the first things you should learn is how to get a stack trace. The stack is very inflexible about allocating memory; everything must be deallocated in exactly the reverse order it was allocated in. For implementing function calls, that is all that's needed. Allocating memory off the stack is extremely efficient. One of the reasons C compilers generate such good code is their heavy use of a simple stack. There used to be a C function that any programmer could use for allocating memory off the stack. The memory was automatically deallocated when the calling function returned. This was a dangerous function to call; it's not available anymore. Predict the output or error(s) for the following: 14.. void main() { int const * p=5; printf("%d",++(*p)); } Answer:

Compiler error: Cannot modify a constant value. Explanation: p is a pointer to a "constant integer". But we tried to change the value of the "constant integer". 15. { main() char s[ ]="man"; int i; for(i=0;s[ i ];i++) printf("\n%c%c%c%c",s[ i ],*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s]); } Answer: mmmm aaaa nnnn Explanation: s[i], *(i+s), *(s+i), i[s] are all different ways of expressing the same idea. Generally array name is the base address for that array. Here s is the base address. i is the index number/displacement from the base address. So, indirecting it with * is same as s[i]. i[s] may be surprising. But in the case of C it is same as s[i]. 16. { main()

float me = 1.1; double you = 1.1; if(me==you) printf("I love U"); else printf("I hate U"); } Answer: I hate U Explanation: For floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values cannot be predicted exactly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession with of the value represented varies. Float takes 4 bytes and long double takes 10 bytes. So float stores 0.9 with less precision than long double. Rule of Thumb: Never compare or at-least be cautious when using floating point numbers with relational operators (== , >, <, <=, >=,!= ) . 17. main() { static int var = 5; printf("%d ",var--); if(var) main();

} Answer: 54321 Explanation: When static storage class is given, it is initialized once. The change in the value of a static variable is retained even between the function calls. Main is also treated like any other ordinary function, which can be called recursively. 18.. { main()

int c[ ]={2.8,3.4,4,6.7,5}; int j,*p=c,*q=c; for(j=0;j<5;j++) { printf(" %d ",*c); ++q; } for(j=0;j<5;j++){ printf(" %d ",*p); ++p; } } Answer: 2222223465 Explanation: Initially pointer c is assigned to both p and q. In the first loop, since only q is incremented and not c , the value 2 will be printed 5 times. In second loop p itself is incremented. So the values 2 3 4 6 5 will be printed. 19. { main()

extern int i; i=20; printf("%d",i); } Answer: Linker Error : Undefined symbol '_i' Explanation: extern storage class in the following declaration, extern int i; specifies to the compiler that the memory for i is allocated in some other program and that address will be given to the current program at the time of linking. But linker finds that no other variable of name i is available in any other program with memory space allocated for it. Hence a linker error has occurred . 20. { main() int i=-1,j=-1,k=0,l=2,m;

m=i++&&j++&&k++||l++; printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,j,k,l,m); } Answer: 00131 Explanation : Logical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 . And also the logical AND (&&) operator has higher priority over the logical OR (||) operator. So the expression i++ && j++ && k++ is executed first. The result of this expression is 0 (-1 && -1 && 0 = 0). Now the expression is 0 || 2 which evaluates to 1 (because OR operator always gives 1 except for 0 || 0 combination- for which it gives 0). So the value of m is 1. The values of other variables are also incremented by 1. 21. { } Answer: 12 Explanation: The sizeof() operator gives the number of bytes taken by its operand. P is a character pointer, which needs one byte for storing its value (a character). Hence sizeof(*p) gives a value of 1. Since it needs two bytes to store the address of the character pointer sizeof(p) gives 2. 22. { main() int i=3; switch(i) { default:printf("zero"); case 1: printf("one"); break; case 2:printf("two"); break; case 3: printf("three"); break; } } Answer : three Explanation : The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop. It is executed only when all other cases doesn't match. main() char *p; printf("%d %d ",sizeof(*p),sizeof(p));

23. { }

main() printf("%x",-1<<4);

Answer: fff0 Explanation : -1 is internally represented as all 1's. When left shifted four times the least significant 4 bits are filled with 0's.The %x format specifier specifies that the integer value be printed as a hexadecimal value. 24.. { main() char string[]="Hello World"; display(string); } void display(char *string) { printf("%s",string); } Answer: Compiler Error : Type mismatch in redeclaration of function display Explanation : In third line, when the function display is encountered, the compiler doesn't know anything about the function display. It assumes the arguments and return types to be integers, (which is the default type). When it sees the actual function display, the arguments and type contradicts with what it has assumed previously. Hence a compile time error occurs. 25.. { } Answer: c=2; Explanation: Here unary minus (or negation) operator is used twice. Same maths rules applies, ie. minus * minus= plus. Note: However you cannot give like --2. Because -- operator can only be applied to variables as a decrement operator (eg., i--). 2 is a constant and not a variable. main() int c=- -2; printf("c=%d",c);

26. #define int char main() { int i=65; printf("sizeof(i)=%d",sizeof(i)); } Answer: sizeof(i)=1 Explanation: Since the #define replaces the string int by the macro char 27. main() { int i=10; i=!i>14; Printf ("i=%d",i); } Answer: i=0 Explanation: In the expression !i>14 , NOT (!) operator has more precedence than > symbol. ! is a unary logical operator. !i (!10) is 0 (not of true is false). 0>14 is false (zero). 28. #include main() { char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'}; char *p,*str,*str1; p=&s[3]; str=p; str1=s; printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32); } Answer: 77 Explanation: p is pointing to character '\n'. str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p. "p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10, which is then incremented to 11. The value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1, str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98. Now performing (11 + 98 32), we get 77("M"); So we get the output 77 :: "M" (Ascii is 77).

29. #include main() { int a[2][2][2] = { {10,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8} }; int *p,*q; p=&a[2][2][2]; *q=***a; printf("%d----%d",*p,*q); } Answer: SomeGarbageValue---1 Explanation: p=&a[2][2][2] you declare only two 2D arrays, but you are trying to access the third 2D(which you are not declared) it will print garbage values. *q=***a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. Now q is pointing to starting address of a. If you print *q, it will print first element of 3D array. 30. #include main() { struct xx { int x=3; char name[]="hello"; }; struct xx *s; printf("%d",s->x); printf("%s",s->name); } Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: You should not initialize variables in declaration 31. #include main() { struct xx { int x; struct yy { char s; struct xx *p; }; struct yy *q; };

} Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: The structure yy is nested within structure xx. Hence, the elements are of yy are to be accessed through the instance of structure xx, which needs an instance of yy to be known. If the instance is created after defining the structure the compiler will not know about the instance relative to xx. Hence for nested structure yy you have to declare member. 32. main() { printf("\nab"); printf("\bsi"); printf("\rha"); } Answer: hai Explanation: \n - newline \b - backspace \r - linefeed 33. main() { int i=5; printf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",i++,i--,++i,--i,i); } Answer: 45545 Explanation: The arguments in a function call are pushed into the stack from left to right. The evaluation is by popping out from the stack. and the evaluation is from right to left, hence the result. 34. #define square(x) x*x main() { int i; i = 64/square(4); printf("%d",i); } Answer: 64

Explanation: the macro call square(4) will substituted by 4*4 so the expression becomes i = 64/4*4 . Since / and * has equal priority the expression will be evaluated as (64/4)*4 i.e. 16*4 = 64 35. main() { char *p="hai friends",*p1; p1=p; while(*p!='\0') ++*p++; printf("%s %s",p,p1); } Answer: ibj!gsjfoet Explanation: ++*p++ will be parse in the given order *p that is value at the location currently pointed by p will be taken ++*p the retrieved value will be incremented when ; is encountered the location will be incremented that is p++ will be executed Hence, in the while loop initial value pointed by p is h, which is changed to i by executing ++*p and pointer moves to point, a which is similarly changed to b and so on. Similarly blank space is converted to !. Thus, we obtain value in p becomes ibj!gsjfoet and since p reaches \0 and p1 points to p thus p1doesnot print anything. 36. #include #define a 10 main() { #define a 50 printf("%d",a); } Answer: 50 Explanation: The preprocessor directives can be redefined anywhere in the program. So the most recently assigned value will be taken. 37. #define clrscr() 100 main() { clrscr(); printf("%d\n",clrscr()); } Answer: 100

Explanation: Preprocessor executes as a seperate pass before the execution of the compiler. So textual replacement of clrscr() to 100 occurs.The input program to compiler looks like this : main() { 100; printf("%d\n",100); } Note: 100; is an executable statement but with no action. So it doesn't give any problem 38. main() { printf("%p",main); } Answer: Some address will be printed. Explanation: Function names are just addresses (just like array names are addresses). main() is also a function. So the address of function main will be printed. %p in printf specifies that the argument is an address. They are printed as hexadecimal numbers. 39. main() { clrscr(); } clrscr(); Answer: No output/error Explanation: The first clrscr() occurs inside a function. So it becomes a function call. In the second clrscr(); is a function declaration (because it is not inside any function). 40. enum colors {BLACK,BLUE,GREEN} main() { printf("%d..%d..%d",BLACK,BLUE,GREEN); return(1); } Answer: 0..1..2

Explanation: enum assigns numbers starting from 0, if not explicitly defined. 41. void main() { char far *farther,*farthest; printf("%d..%d",sizeof(farther),sizeof(farthest)); } Answer: 4..2 Explanation: the second pointer is of char type and not a far pointer 42. main() { int i=400,j=300; printf("%d..%d"); } Answer: 400..300 Explanation: printf takes the values of the first two assignments of the program. Any number of printf's may be given. All of them take only the first two values. If more number of assignments given in the program, then printf will take garbage values. 43. main() { char *p; p="Hello"; printf("%c\n",*&*p); } Answer: H Explanation: * is a dereference operator & is a reference operator. They can be applied any number of times provided it is meaningful. Here p points to the first character in the string "Hello". *p dereferences it and so its value is H. Again & references it to an address and * dereferences it to the value H.

44. main() { int i=1; while (i<=5) { printf("%d",i); if (i>2) goto here; i++; } } fun() { here: printf("PP"); } Answer: Compiler error: Undefined label 'here' in function main Explanation: Labels have functions scope, in other words The scope of the labels is limited to functions . The label 'here' is available in function fun() Hence it is not visible in function main. 45. main() { static char names[5][20]={"pascal","ada","cobol","fortran","perl"}; int i; char *t; t=names[3]; names[3]=names[4]; names[4]=t; for (i=0;i<=4;i++) printf("%s",names[i]); } Answer: Compiler error: Lvalue required in function main Explanation: Array names are pointer constants. So it cannot be modified.

46. { }

void main() int i=5; printf("%d",i++ + ++i);

Answer: Output Cannot be predicted exactly. Explanation: Side effects are involved in the evaluation of i 47. { } Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: The expression i+++++i is parsed as i ++ ++ + i which is an illegal combination of operators. 48. #include main() { int i=1,j=2; switch(i) { case 1: printf("GOOD"); break; case j: printf("BAD"); break; } } Answer: Compiler Error: Constant expression required in function main. Explanation: The case statement can have only constant expressions (this implies that we cannot use variable names directly so an error). Note: Enumerated types can be used in case statements. 49. main() { int i; printf("%d",scanf("%d",&i)); // value 10 is given as input here void main() int i=5; printf("%d",i+++++i);

} Answer: 1 Explanation: Scanf returns number of items successfully read and not 1/0. Here 10 is given as input which should have been scanned successfully. So number of items read is 1. 50. #include main() { char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'}; char *p,*str,*str1; p=&s[3]; str=p; str1=s; printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32); } Answer: M Explanation: p is pointing to character '\n'.str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p meAnswer:"p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10. then it is incremented to 11. the value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1 meAnswer:"str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98. both 11 and 98 is added and result is subtracted from 32. i.e. (11+98-32)=77("M");