AP Chemistry

Unit 6 - ThermoChemistry

6.0 Introduction - Let's Talk Energy!

6.1 Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
6.2 Energy Diagrams
6.3 Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
6.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
6.5 Energy of Phase Changes
6.6 Introduction to Enthalpy of Reaction
6.7 Bond Enthalpies
6.8 Enthalpy of Formation
6.9 Hess’s Law
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6.1 MC Questions
1. For a classroom demonstration, a chemistry teacher puts samples of two different pure
solid powders in a beaker. The teacher places the beaker on a small wooden board with a
wet surface, then stirs the contents of the beaker.
After a short time the students observe that the bottom of the beaker is frozen to the wood
surface. The teacher asks the students to make a claim about the observation and to justify
their claims.
Which of the following is the best claim and justification based on the students’
observation?
A An exothermic chemical change occurred because heat flowed from the contents
of the beaker to the room.
B An exothermic physical change occurred because heat flowed from the contents
of the beaker and the water on the board to the room.
C An endothermic physical change occurred because the freezing of water is an
endothermic process.

O
D An endothermic chemical change occurred because the temperature of the beaker
and the water on the board decreased as heat was absorbed by the reaction.

2. Which of the following phase changes involves the transfer of heat from the surroundings
to the system?
A CH4 (g) ⟶ CH4 (l) , because CH4 molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in
order to move closer together, thereby increasing the
intermolecular attractions in the liquid state.
B CO2 (g) ⟶ CO2 (s) , because CO2 molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in
order to move closer together, thereby increasing the
intermolecular attractions in the solid state.
C H2O (l) ⟶ H2O (s) , because H2O molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy
in order to create a crystalline structure with strong
intermolecular attractions in the solid state.

O
D NH ⟶ NH

3 (l) 3 (g)
, because NH3 molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy
in order to overcome their intermolecular attractions and
become free gas molecules.

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3. In the spring, blossoms on cherry trees can be damaged when temperatures fall below
-2 °C .
When the forecast calls for air temperatures to be below -5 °C for a few hours one night, a
farmer sprays his blossoming cherry trees with water, claiming that the blossoms will be
protected by the water as it freezes.
Which of the following is a correct scientific justification for spraying water on the
blossoms to protect them from temperatures below -2 °C ?
A Water on the blossoms will not freeze unless the air temperature falls significantly
below -5 °C .
B Water is a good thermal conductor that transfers heat from the cold air to the
blossoms, keeping the blossoms from going below -2 °C .
C The freezing of water is an endothermic process; thus, water that freezes on the
blossoms absorbs heat from the atmosphere, which in turn keeps the blossoms
above 0 °C.

O
D The freezing of water is an exothermic process; thus, water that freezes on the
blossoms releases heat to keep the blossoms at or above -2 °C .

4. K(s) + ½Cl2(g) → KCl(s) ΔH° = −437 kJ/molrxn

The elements K and Cl react directly to form the compound KCl according to the equation
above. Refer to the information above and the table below to answer the question that
follows.

Which of the values of ΔH° for a process in the table is (are) less than zero (i.e., indicate(s)
an exothermic process) ?
A z only

O
B y and z only
C x, y and z only
D w, x, y and z
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5.

The dissolution of an ionic solute in a polar solvent can be imagined as occurring in three
steps, as shown in the figure above.
In step 1, the separation between ions in the solute is greatly increased, just as will occur
when the solute dissolves in the polar solvent.
In step 2, the polar solvent is expanded to make spaces that the ions will occupy.
In the last step, the ions are inserted into the spaces in the polar solvent.

Which of the following best describes the enthalpy change, ΔH, for each step?
A All three steps are exothermic.
B All three steps are endothermic.
C Steps 1 and 2 are exothermic, and the final step is endothermic.

O
D Steps 1 and 2 are endothermic, and the final step is exothermic.

6. Which of the following best helps to explain why the value of ΔH° for the dissolving of
CaF2 in water is positive?
A CaF2(s) is insoluble in water.
B CaF2(s) dissolves in water to form CaF2(aq) particles.

O
C Ca2+ ions have very strong ion-ion interactions with F- ions in the crystal lattice.
D Ca2+ ions have very strong ion-dipole interactions with water molecules in the
solution.
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6.2 FRQ
1.
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) ⟶ 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H = -1411 kJ mol-1

The response meets both of the following criteria:

There is a horizontal line on the right side of the
diagram that is lower than the horizontal line given on
the left.
There is a vertical line with one end at the level of the
horizontal line given on the left and one end at
the level of the horizontal line on the right, and it is
labeled with the correct value (1411 kJ mol-1).

The energy of the reactants is shown on the energy diagram above. On the right side of the
energy diagram, draw a horizontal line segment to indicate the energy of the products.
Draw a vertical line segment to indicate ∆H for the reaction, and label it with the correct
value.

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6.3 MC Questions
1.

The graphs above show Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions for one-mole samples of Ar(g) .
Graph 1 shows the distribution of particle energies at 300 K and graph 2 shows the
distribution of particle energies at 600 K .
A student predicts that if the samples are combined in an insulated container and thermal
equilibrium is attained, then the most probable particle energy will be between the
most probable energy shown in graph 1 and the most probable energy shown in graph 2.
Which of the following is the best justification for the student’s claim?

A When the samples are combined, the gas particles will collide with one another,
with the net effect being that the speed of the lowest energy particles decreases while
the speed of the highest energy particles increases, leaving the average speed of the
particles in the original samples unchanged.
B When the samples are combined, the gas particles from each sample will collide
with the gas particles from the other sample until every particle in the mixture has
the same speed, which is between the average speed of the particles in the
hotter sample and the average speed of the particles in the cooler sample.
C When the samples are combined, the gas particles collide with one another until
every particle in the mixture has the same kinetic energy, which is between
the average kinetic energy of the particles in the hotter sample and the average
kinetic energy of the particles in the cooler sample.

O
D When the samples are combined, the gas particles will collide with one another,
with the net effect being that energy will be transferred from the more energetic
particles to the less energetic particles until a new distribution of energies is
achieved at a temperature between 300 K and 600 K.

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2.

A student adds 50g of liquid water at 25 °C to an insulated container fitted with a

temperature probe. The student then adds 10.0 g of ice at 0.0 °C , closes the container, and
measures the temperature at different intervals.
Part of the data is shown in the graph above. The student predicts that the temperature
will continue to decrease then level out to a constant temperature.
Which of the following best explains why the student’s prediction is correct?

O
A The H2O molecules initially in the ice and the H2O molecules initially in the liquid
will have the same average kinetic energy.
B The transfer of energy between the H2O molecules in the ice and liquid water stops
once all the molecules are in the liquid phase.
C Once all of the H2O molecules are in the liquid phase, the individual molecular
speeds either increase or decrease until all the particles have the same speed.
D Once all of the H2O molecules are in the liquid phase, collisions between them
virtually stop as they reach an equilibrium distance from their neighboring
molecules.

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3. A piece of Fe(s) at 25 °C is placed into H2O(l) at 75 °C in an insulated container.
A student predicts that when thermal equilibrium is reached, the Fe atoms, being more
massive than the H2O molecules, will have a higher average kinetic energy than the
H2O molecules.
Which of the following best explains why the student’s prediction is incorrect?
A At thermal equilibrium, the less massive H2O molecules would have a higher
average kinetic energy than the Fe atoms because they are more free to move than
are the Fe atoms.
B At thermal equilibrium, the collisions between the Fe atoms and the H2O molecules
would cease because the average kinetic energies of their particles would have
become the same.
C At thermal equilibrium, the movement of both the Fe atoms and the H2O molecules
would cease; thus, the average kinetic energy of their particles would have to be the
same.

O
D At thermal equilibrium, the average kinetic energy of the Fe atoms cannot be
greater than that of the H2O molecules; the average kinetic energies must be the
same according to the definition of thermal equilibrium.

4. A 100g sample of a metal was heated to 100 °C and then quickly transferred to an insulated
container holding 100g of water at 22 °C. The temperature of the water rose to reach a final
temperature of 35° C.
Which of the following can be concluded?
A The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did;
therefore the metal lost more thermal energy than the water gained.

O
B The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did,
but the metal lost the same amount of thermal energy as the water gained.
C The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did;
therefore the heat capacity of the metal must be greater than the heat capacity of the
water.
D The final temperature is less than the average starting temperature of the metal
and the water; therefore the total energy of the metal and water decreased.

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5. XY2 → X + Y2

The equation above represents the decomposition of a compound XY2. The diagram below
shows two reaction profiles (path one and path two) for the decomposition of XY2.

Which of the following best describes the flow of heat when 1.0 mol of XY2 decomposes?
A 50 kJ of heat is transferred to the surroundings.

O
B 50 kJ of heat is transferred from the surroundings.
C 100 kJ of heat is transferred to the surroundings.
D 100 kJ of heat is transferred from the surroundings.

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6.3 FRQ
1.

A student did an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal alloy. The
student put a sample of the alloy in boiling water for several minutes, then quickly
transferred the alloy into a calorimeter containing water originally at 25 °C .
The temperature of the water was monitored over time. The data are given in the graph
above.
a) What is the value of that the student should use to calculate the value of ∆T, the heat
gained by the water?

The response indicates that ∆T is 1.4 °C .

b) In terms of what occurs at the particulate level, explain how the temperature of the
water increases after the alloy sample is added.

The response indicates that the atoms in the alloy transfer kinetic energy to
the molecules in the water.

c) The student claims that thermal equilibrium is reached at time t . Justify the
student’s claim. In your justification, include a description of what occurs at the
particulate level when the alloy and the water have reached thermal equilibrium.

The response indicates both of the following criteria:

The claim is correct because the temperature levels off at that time.
At equilibrium the average kinetic energy of the atoms in the alloy is
equal to the average kinetic energy of the water molecules.

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6.4 MC Questions
1. A student mixes 50mL of 1.0M HCl and 50mL of 1.0M NaOH in a coffee-cup calorimeter
and observes the change in temperature until the mixture reaches thermal equilibrium.

The initial and final temperatures (°C) of the mixture are shown in the diagram above of
the laboratory setup.
Based on the results, what is the change in temperature reported with the correct number
of significant figures?

O
A 5.5 °C B 5.50 °C C 5.800 °C D 6 °C

2. For an experiment, 50.0 g of H2O was added to a coffee-cup calorimeter, as shown in the
diagram below. The initial temperature of the H2O was 22.0 °C , and it absorbed 300.0 J of
heat from an object that was carefully placed inside the calorimeter.
Assuming no heat is transferred to the surroundings,
which of the following was the approximate temperature
of the H2O after thermal equilibrium was reached?
Assume that the specific heat capacity of H2O is
4.2 J g-1 °C-1.

A 21.3 °C
B 22.0 °C
C 22.7 °C

O
D 23.4 °C

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3.

In an experiment to determine the specific heat of a metal, a student transferred a sample

of the metal that was heated in boiling water into room-temperature water in an insulated
cup.
The student recorded the temperature of the water after thermal equilibrium was reached.
The data are shown in the table above. Based on the data, what is the calculated heat q
absorbed by the water reported with the appropriate number of significant figures?
A 1600 J

O
B 1640 J
C 1642 J
D 1642.3 J

4. In an insulated cup of negligible heat capacity, 50. g of water at 40.°C is mixed with 30. g of
water at 20. °C.
The final temperature of the mixture is closest to
A 22 °C
B 27 °C
C 30 °C

O
D 33 °C
E 38 °C

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5. A 1.0 g sample of a cashew was burned in a calorimeter containing 1000. g of water, and
the temperature of the water changed from 20.0 °C to 25.0 °C.
In another experiment, a 3.0 g sample of a marshmallow was burned in a calorimeter
containing 2000. g of water, and the temperature of the water changed from 25.0 °C to
30.0°C.
Based on the data, which of the following can be concluded about the energy content for
1.0 g of each of the two substances? (The specific heat of water is 4.2 J/(g.°C).)
A The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases less energy
than the combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow.
B The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases the same amount of energy
as the combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow.

O
C The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases more energy
than the combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow.
D No comparison can be made because the two systems started with different masses
of food, different masses of water, and different initial temperatures.

6.

The heating curve for a sample of pure ethanol is provided above. The temperature was
recorded as a 50.0 g sample of solid ethanol was heated at a constant rate.
Which of the following explains why the slope of segment T is greater than the slope of
segment R?

O
A The specific heat capacity of the gaseous ethanol is less than the specific heat
capacity of liquid ethanol.
B The specific heat capacity of the gaseous ethanol is greater than the specific heat
capacity of liquid ethanol.
C The heat of vaporization of ethanol is less than the heat of fusion of ethanol.
D The heat of vaporization of ethanol is greater than the heat of fusion of ethanol.
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7. A hot iron ball is dropped into a 200. g sample of water initially at 50 °C. If 8.4 kJ of heat
is transferred from the ball to the water, what is the final temperature of the water?
(The specific heat of water is 4.2 J/(g·°C).)
A 40 °C
B 51 °C

O
C 60 °C
D 70 °C

8. A 10. g cube of copper at a temperature T1 is placed in an insulated cup containing 10. g of

water at a temperature T2 .
If T1 > T2, which of the following is true of the system when it has attained thermal
equilibrium?
(The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/(g·°C) and the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g·°C).)

O
A The temperature of the copper changed more than the temperature of the water.
B The temperature of the water changed more than the temperature of the copper.
C The temperature of the water and the copper changed by the same amount.
D The relative temperature changes of the copper and the water cannot be determined
without knowing T1 and T2 .

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6.5 MC Questions
1. A 2.00 mol sample of C2H5OH undergoes the phase transition illustrated in the diagram.
The molar enthalpy of vaporization, ∆Hvap, of C2H5OH is 38.6 kJ mol-1 .
Which of the following best identifies the change in enthalpy
in the phase transition shown in the diagram?
A + 19.3 kJ
B + 77.2 kJ
C - 19.3 kJ

O
D - 77.2 kJ

2.

The diagram above represents the melting of H2O(s) . A 2.00 mol sample of H2O(s) at 0 °C
melted, producing H2O(l) at 0 °C .
Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes the amount of heat required
for this process and the changes that took place at the molecular level?
A 3.01 kJ of heat was absorbed to decrease the average speed of the water molecules in
the liquid, which decreases the distance between molecules.
B 6.02 kJ of heat was absorbed to increase the number of hydrogen bonds between
water molecules in the liquid compared to the solid.
C 12.04 kJ of heat was absorbed to decrease the polarity of the water molecules,
which increases the density of the liquid compared to the solid.

O
D 12.04 kJ of heat was absorbed to overcome some of the hydrogen bonding forces
holding the water molecules in fixed positions in the crystalline structure.

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3.

A sample of CH3Cl (s)was exposed to a constant source of heat for a period of time.
The graph above shows the change in the temperature of the sample as heat is added.
Which of the following best describes what occurs at the particle level that makes
segment D longer than segment B?
A The specific heat capacity of the liquid is significantly higher than that of the solid,
because the particles in the liquid state need to absorb more thermal energy to
increase their average speed.
B The specific heat capacity of the solid is significantly higher than that of the gas,
because the particles in the solid state need to absorb more thermal energy to
increase their average speed.
C The enthalpy of fusion is greater than the enthalpy of vaporization, because
separating molecules from their bound crystalline state requires more energy than
separating molecules completely from the liquid state.

O
D The enthalpy of vaporization is greater than the enthalpy of fusion, because
separating molecules completely from the liquid to form a gas requires more energy
than separating molecules from their bound crystalline state to a liquid state.

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4. The graph opposite shows the
heating curve for methane, CH4.
How much energy is required to
melt 64 g of methane at 90 K?
(The molar mass of methane is
16 g/mol.)
A 0.24 kJ

O
B 3.8 kJ
C 33 kJ
D 60 kJ

The following questions relate

to the graph opposite.
The graph shows the temperature
of a pure substance as it is heated
at a constant rate in an open vessel
at 1.0 atm pressure.
The substance changes from the
solid to the liquid to the gas phase.

5. The substance is at its normal freezing point at time

A t1 O
B t2 C t3 D t4 E t5

6. Which of the following best describes what happens to the substance between t4 and t5 ?

O
A The molecules are leaving the liquid phase.
B The solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.
C The vapor pressure of the substance is decreasing.
D The average intermolecular distance is decreasing.
E The temperature of the substance is increasing.
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7. A molecular solid coexists with its liquid phase at its melting point.
The solid-liquid mixture is heated, but the temperature does not change while the solid is
melting.
The best explanation for this phenomenon is that the heat absorbed by the mixture
A is lost to the surroundings very quickly

O
B is used in overcoming the intermolecular attractions in the solid
C is used in breaking the bonds within the molecules of the solid
D causes the nonbonding electrons in the molecules to move to lower energy levels
E causes evaporation of the liquid, which has a cooling effect

6.5 FRQ
1. Aluminum metal can be recycled from scrap metal by melting the metal to evaporate
impurities.
a) Calculate the amount of heat needed to purify 1.00 mole of Al originally at 298 K by
melting it.
The melting point of Al is 933 K. The molar heat capacity of Al is 24 J mol-1 K-1,
and the heat of fusion of Al is 10.7 kJ mol-1.

heat from 298 K to 933 K (∆T = 635): q = c n ∆T = 24 x 1.00 x 635

= 15,000 J = 15 kJ
melt 1.00 mol of Al: q = Hfus n = 10.7 x 1.00 mol = 10.7 kJ

overall: 15 + 10.7 = 26 kJ

b) The equation for the overall process of extracting Al from Al2O3 is shown below.

Al2O3(s) → 2 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) ∆H° = 1675 kJ/molrxn

Which requires less energy, recycling existing Al or extracting Al from Al2O3 ?
Justify your answer with a calculation.

to produce 1 mol of Al : 1675 / 2 = 837.5 kJ

since 26 kJ is << 837.5 kJ, recycling requires less energy

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2. Some building materials contain small capsules filled with paraffin wax to improve the
insulating properties of the materials.
The melting and freezing of paraffin inside the capsules in the material helps to regulate
temperature. Paraffin wax begins to melt at 37 °C.
a) While the wax is melting, is the net flow of thermal energy from the wax to the
surroundings or from the surroundings to the wax? Justify your answer.
The response meets both of the following criteria.
The response indicates that thermal energy flows from the surroundings to
the wax.
The response indicates that melting is an endothermic process that requires
the flow of thermal energy into the material for the phase change to occur.

b) Calculate the amount of thermal energy, in kJ , that is required to melt 15.2 grams
of solid paraffin wax when the temperature of the surroundings is above the melting
point of paraffin.
(The molar mass of paraffin is 282.62 g mol-1 , and its molar heat of fusion is
48.78 kJ mol-1 .)

number of moles of paraffin: = 15.2 g / 282.62 g mol-1

q = Hfus n = 48.78 x (15.2 / 282.62) = 2.62 kJ

c) When paraffin wax melts, its density decreases. Provide a particle-level explanation
of this observation.

The response meets both of the following criteria.

The response cites the greater average distance between particles in
liquid paraffin compared to solid paraffin.
The response relates the increased volume to decreased density.

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6.6 MC Questions
1. 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) + 2 SO2(g) ΔH° = −1120 kJ/molrxn
Based on the reaction represented by the chemical equation shown above, what is
the amount of heat released when 4.00 mol of H2S(g) reacts with 9.00 mol of O2(g) ?

A − 560 kJ B − 1120 kJ O
C − 2240 kJ D − 3360 kJ

2. Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

The chemical equation shown above represents the reaction between Mg(s) and
HCl(aq). When 12.15g of Mg(s) is added to 500.0mL of 4.0M HCl(aq), 95kJ of heat is
released.
The experiment is repeated with 24.30g of Mg(s) and 500.0mL of 4.0M HCl(aq).
Which of the following gives the correct value for the amount of heat released by
the reaction?

A 380 kJ O
B 190 kJ C 95 kJ D 48 kJ

3. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) ΔH° = −57.1 kJ/molrxn

The chemical equation above represents the reaction between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq).

When equal volumes of 1.00 M HCl(aq) and 1.00 M NaOH(aq) are mixed, 57.1kJ of
heat is released. If the experiment is repeated with 2.00 M HCl(aq), how much heat
would be released?

A 28.6 kJ O
B 57.1 kJ C 85.7 kJ D 114 kJ

4. K(s) + ½ Cl2(g) → KCl(s) ΔH° = -437kJ/molrxn

The elements K and Cl react directly to form the compound KCl according to the
equation above.
How much heat is released or absorbed when 0.050 mol of Cl2(g) is formed from
KCl(s)?

A 87.4 kJ is released B 43.7 kJ is released

C O 43.7 kJ is absorbed D 87.4 kJ is absorbed

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5. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
A student is trying to determine the heat of reaction for the acid-base neutralisation
reaction represented above. The student uses 0.50 M NaOH and 0.50 M HCl solutions.
Which of the following situations, by itself, would most likely result in the LEAST error in
the calculated value of the heat of reaction?

O
A The thermometer was incorrectly calibrated and read 0.5 Celsius degree too high
during the procedure.
B The volume of the acid solution added to the calorimeter was actually 1.0 mL less
than what was recorded.
C The calorimeter was poorly insulated, and some heat escaped to the atmosphere
during the procedure.
D The actual molarity of the base solution was 0.53 M but was recorded as 0.50 M.
E The final temperature of the mixture was taken before the contents of the
calorimeter had reached thermal equilibrium.

6. K(s) + ½ Cl2(g) → KCl(s) ΔH° = -437kJ/molrxn

The elements K and Cl react directly to form the compound KCl according to the
equation above.

Which of the values of ΔH° for a process in the table is (are) less than zero
(i.e., indicate(s) an exothermic process) ?

A z only B O y and z only

C x, y, and z only D w, x, y, and z

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6.7 MC Questions
1.

The oxidation of carbon monoxide can be represented by the chemical equation
2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g)
The table above provides the average bond enthalpies for different bond types. Based on
the information in the table, which of the following mathematical expressions is correct for
the estimated enthalpy change for the reaction?

O
B

2. 2 H2O2 (l) 2 H2O (l) + O2 (g)

Shown above are the equation representing the decomposition of H2O2 (l) and a table of
bond enthalpies. On the basis of the information, which of the following is the enthalpy of
decomposition of 2 mol of H2O2 (l) ?

A — 349 kJ O
B — 203 kJ C + 203 kJ D + 349 kJ

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3. O2 (g) 2O (g)

An equation representing the dissociation of O2 (g) and a table of bond enthalpies are shown
above. Based on the information, which of the following is the enthalpy of dissociation for
O2 (g) ?

A — 641 kJ B — 495 kJ O
C + 495 kJ D + 641 kJ

4. CH3OH (g) CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) ∆H° = -91 kJ/molrxn

The reaction represented above goes essentially to completion. The reaction takes place in
a rigid, insulated vessel that is initially at 600 K
Which of the following statements about the bonds in the reactants and products is most
accurate?

O
A The sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the reactant is greater than the sum
of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the products.
B The sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the reactant is less than the sum of
the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the products.
C The length of the bond between carbon and oxygen in CH3OH is shorter than the
length of the bond between carbon and oxygen in CO.
D All of the bonds in the reactant and products are polar.

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5. Based on the bond energies shown in the table opposite,
which of the following diagrams best represents
the change in energy as the reaction represented below
proceeds?
H2(g)+ Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)

O
A B

C D

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6.8 MC Questions
1.

Based on the information in the table above, which of the following expressions gives the
approximate ∆H° for the reaction represented by the following balanced chemical
equation?
Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) 3CO2 (g) + 2Fe (s)

O
A

2. The enthalpy change for the reaction below is -860 kJ mol-1

Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s) Al2O3 (s) + 2Fe (s)

Based on the standard enthalpies of formation provided in the table, what is the
approximate ∆H°formation for Fe2O3 (s) ?

A + 2540 kJ mol-1 B — 2540 kJ mol-1

C
ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021
+ 820 kJ mol-1 D O
page 27
— 820 kJ mol-1
Thermochemistry Questions
AP Chemistry
3.
H2O (l) + C (s) CO (g) + H2 (g) ∆H° = 131 kJ mol-1
The reaction between H2O (l) and C (s) is represented by the balanced chemical equation
above.
Based on the enthalpy change of the reaction
( ∆H° ) and the standard heats of formation
(∆H°f ) given in the table opposite, what is
the approximate ∆H°f for CO (g) ?

A —373 kJ mol-1 O
B —111 kJ mol -1

C + 111 kJ mol-1 D + 373 kJ mol-1

4.
3 C2H2 (g) C6H6 (g)

What is the standard enthalphy change ΔH°, for the reaction represented above?
(ΔHf° of C2H2(g) is 230 kJ mol-1 ΔHf° of C6H6(g) is 83 kJ mol-1)

O
A —607 kJ B —111 kJ C —19 kJ D + 19 kJ E + 773 kJ

5.
2 NH3 (g) N2(g) + 3 H2 (g) ∆H298° = 92 kJ molrxn-1
According to the information above, what is the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf° , for
NH3(g) at 298 K ?

A —92 kJ O
B —46 kJ C + 46 kJ D + 92 kJ E + 184 kJ

6.
4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) 2 N2(g) + 6 H2O (g)
If the standard molar heats of formation of ammonia, NH3(g), and gaseous water, H2O(g), are
-46 kJ/mol and -242 kJ/mol, respectively, what is the value of ΔH298° for the reaction r
epresented above?

A —190 kJ B —290 kJ C —580 kJ O

D —1270 kJ E —1640 kJ

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 28 Thermochemistry Questions

AP Chemistry
6.8 FRQ
1.
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ∆H°1
The combustion of C2H4 (g ) is represented by the equation above.
a) Use the enthalpies of formation in the table below to calculate the value of ∆H1 for
the reaction.

a) The response gives the both the following set up and calculation:

∆Hreaction = ∑∆Hf°products - ∑∆Hf°reactants

∆Hreaction = ( (2 x -394) + (2 x -286) ) - ( 52 ) = - 1412 kJ molrxn-1

b) There is a horizontal line on the right side of the diagram that is lower than the horizontal line
given on the left [should be higher to earn the point if a positive number was calculated in part a)].
There is a vertical line with one end at the level of the horizontal line given on the left and one end
at the level of the horizontal line on the right, and it is labeled with the number calculated in a)

b) The energy of the reactants is shown on the energy diagram above. On the right side
of the energy diagram, draw a horizontal line segment to indicate the energy of the
products. Draw avertical line segment to indicate ∆H for the reaction, and label it
with the correct value.

c) C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) ∆H°2 = -1370 kJ mol-1
Based on the information above, identify the ∆H° values that should be added
together to determine the value of ∆Hreaction for the following reaction.

C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) C2H5OH (l)

The response indicates that the number calculated in part (a) and 1370 kJ should be
added together.

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AP Chemistry
6.9 MC Questions
1.

Based on the information for two different reactions given above, which of the following
gives the quantities needed to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction represented
by the overall equation below?

2NO (g) + O2 (g) N2O4 (g)

A ∆H°1 + ∆H°2
B ∆H°1 + (—∆H°2 )

O
C (—∆H°1 ) + ∆H°2
D ∆H°1 + ( 2 x ∆H°2 )

2.

Based on the chemical equations and their associated enthalpy changes shown above,
which of the following identifies the quantities needed to calculate ΔH°f , the
standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(l), in kJ mol-1 ?

O
B

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 30 Thermochemistry Questions

AP Chemistry
3.
CS2 (l) + 2 H2O (l) CO2 (g) + 2 H2S (g) ∆H°rxn = ?
Which of the following combinations represents the individual reactions and the quantities
needed to determine ΔH°rxn for the overall reaction represented by the chemical equation
above?

O
A

4.
A X
The enthalpy change for the reaction represented above is ΔHT. This reaction can be
broken down into a series of steps as shown in the diagram:

A relationship that must exist among the various enthalpy changes is

O
A ΔHT – ΔH1 – ΔH2 – ΔH3 = 0
B ΔHT + ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3 = 0
C ΔH3 – (ΔH1 + ΔH2) = ΔHT
D ΔH2 – (ΔH3 + ΔH1) = ΔHT
E ΔHT + ΔH2 = ΔH1 + ΔH3

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 31 Thermochemistry Questions

AP Chemistry
5. ½ H2(g) + ½ I2(s) → HI(g) ∆H = 26 kJ/molrxn

½ H2(g) + ½ I2(g) → HI(g) ∆H = -5.0 kJ/molrxn
Based on the information above, what is the enthalpy change for the sublimation of iodine,
represented below?
I2(s) → I2(g)

A 15 kJ/molrxn B 21 kJ/molrxn C 31 kJ/molrxn D 42 kJ/molrxn O

E 62 kJ/mol rxn

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 32 Thermochemistry Questions