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MOTION

INTRODUCTION
Motion is a very preliminary state of action associated with living and non-living beings. The study of
the displacement, velocity and acceleration associated with moving bodies can make us understand
the motion of bodies. To have an in-depth study of motion, equational representation and graphical
analysis of various related quantities in motion with time is also done.
When a body does not change its position with time, we can say that the body is at rest.
While if a body changes its position with time, it is said to be in motion.
(i) An object is said to be a point object if it changes its position by distances which are much

om
greater than its size.
(ii) A point or some stationary object with respect to which a body continuously changes its
position in the state of motion is known as origin or reference point.

.c
Describing Motion :
When a tree, is observed by an observer A sitting on a bench, the tree is at rest. This is because

ay
position of the tree is not changing with respect to the observer A.

od
e st
di
tu
.s

Now, When the same tree T is observed by an observer sitting in a superfast train moving with a
w

velocity v, then the tree is moving with respect to the observer because the position of tree is
changing with respect to the observer B.
w

Vectors : Physical quantities defined with both magnitude and direction are called vector
//w

quantities. They should also satisfy the law of vector addition.

Examples: Velocity, acceleration, force, displacement, momentum, weight, torque, electric field,
magnetic filed, etc.
s:

Scalars : Physical quantities having only magnitude are called scalar quantities.
Examples: Mass, time, distance, speed, work, power, energy, electric charge, area, volume, density,
tp

pressure, electric potential, temperature, etc.

ht

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCALAR & VECTOR QUANTITIES :

Scalar Quantities Vector quantities

1 These are completely specified by These are completely specified by
their magnitude only. their magnitude as well as direction.

2 These change by change of their These change by change of either

magnitude only their magnitude or direction or both
3 These are added or subtracted by These are added or subtracted by
laws of ordinary algebra like laws of vector addition.
4m+5m=9m.

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MOTION

Newton's Thought
Discuss whether the walls of your classroom are at rest or in motion.
Explanation
The walls of our classroom are at rest with respect to the ground or earth.
But, they are in motion with respect to an object or an observer outside
the earth. This is because the earth is moving about its own axis as well
as it is revolving around the sun. Thus, the state of rest and motion are
not absolute, they are relative terms.

om
.c
TYPES OF MOTION

ay
(A) According to Directions

(i) One dimensional motion is the motion of a particle moving along a straight line.

od
(ii) Two dimensional motion A particle moving along a curved path in a plane has 2-dimensional
motion. st
(iii) Three dimensional motion Particle moving in space has 3-dimensional motion.
e
(B) According to state of motion
di

A moving body may cover equal distances in equal intervals of time or different distances in
equal intervals of time. On the basis of above assumption, the motion of a body can be classified
tu

as uniform motion and non-uniform motion.

.s

60
(i) Uniform motion:
50 n
io
ot
w

Distance

40 m
Time (in second) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance covere d (in metre) 0 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 30 orm
w

f
ni
20 U
When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time however
//w

10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
small may be time intervals, the body is said to describe a uniform motion. Time
Example of uniform motion –
s:

(a) An aeroplane flying at a speed of 600 km/h

tp

(b) A train running at a speed of 120 km/h 16

ht

(c) Light energy travelling at a speed of 3 × 108 m/s

Distance

(d) A spaceship moving at a speed of 100 km/s

4

(ii) Non-uniform motion: 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (in second) 0 1 2 3 4 Time
Distance (in metre) 0 1 4 9 16

When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be moving
with a non-uniform motion.

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MOTION

Example of non-uniform motion –

(i) An aeroplane running on a runway before taking off.
(ii) A freely falling stone under the action of gravity.
(iii) An object thrown vertically upward.
(iv)When the brakes are applied to a moving car.
(C) According to path

(i) Linear motion : A body has linear motion if it moves in a straight line or path.

Ex.(a) Motion of a moving car on a straight road.

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(b) Motion of a ball dropped from the roof of a building.

(ii) Circular (or rotational) Motion : A body has circular motion if it moves around a fixed point.

.c
A vertical passing through the fixed point around which the body

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Axis of rotation
moves is known as axis of rotation.
Ex. (a) Motion of an electric fan. Object

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(b) Motion of merry-go-round
(c) Motion of a spinning top.
st
(iii) Vibratory motion :
e
di

A body has vibratory motion if it moves to and fro about a fixed point.

Ex. (a) Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock.

tu

(b) Motion of a simple pendulum.

.s
w

Bob
w

DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT

//w

(i) The actual path length between the initial and final positions of the particle gives the
distance covered by the particle.
s:

(ii) The minimum distance between the initial and final positions of a body during that time
tp

interval is called displacement.

ht

Analysis
A
(i) Distance travelled is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity. r
Eg. if a body moves along the circumference of a circle of radius r, then the
distance travelled is given by 2r, while the displacement is given by zero.
(ii) When a body continuously moves in the same straight line and in the
same direction then displacement will be equal to the distance travelled.
I C
But if the body changes its direction while moving, then the displacement
is smaller than the distance travelled. II
A B
Displacement  Distance

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MOTION

DIF FERENC ES BETWEEN DISTANC E AND DISPLAC EMENT

Dista nc e Displa ce m e nt
1 It is defined as t he ac t ual pat h t raversed by It is t he short est dist anc e bet w een t w o
a body. point s w hic h t he body moves.

2 It is a sc alar quant it y It is a vec t or quant it y

3 It c an never be negat ive or zero It c an be negat ive, zero or posit ive.

4 Dist anc e c an be equal to or great er t han Displac ement c an be equal t o or less t han

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displac ement dist anc e.

5 Dist anc e t ravelled is not a unique pat h Displac ement is a unique pat h bet w een
bet w een t w o points. t w o point s.

.c
6 T he dist anc e bet w een t w o point s gives full Displac ement bet w een t w o point s does
informat ion of the t ype of pat h follow ed by not give full informat ion of t he t ype of

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t he body. pat h follow ed by t he body.

7 Dist anc e never dec reases w it h t ime. for a Displac ement c an dec rease w it h t ime for a

od
moving body it is never zero. moving body it c anbe zero.

8 Dist anc e in SI is measured in met re Displac ement in SI is measured in met re.

st
e
Newton's Thought
di

A honeybee leaves the hive and travels 2m before returning. Is the displacement
for the trip the same as the distance travelled? If not, why not.
tu

Honey bee
.s

Hive
w
w

Explanation
No, the displacement and the distance are not same. This is because the
//w

displacement is the change of position of object in motion while distance is length

of path travelled by it.
Here, the distance travelled = 2m
s:

While, the displacement = 0, because the position of honey bee is not changed.
tp

SPEED AND VELOCITY

ht

Speed : The distance travelled in one second is called speed It is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is
m/s. Speed always remains positive.

Distance
Speed  (m / s)
Time

s2  s1 s
Speed  
t2  t2 t

Where s = distance in time interval t.

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MOTION
Velocity : The displacement in one second is called velocity. It is a vector quantity expressed in m/s.
Velocity can be positive, negative or zero.

Displacement
Velocity  (ms1 )
Time taken

s
Velocity 
t

Where s = displacement travelled in time interval t.

Speed Velocity

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1. Scalar quantity 1. Vector quantity.
2. Rate of distance covered. 2. Rate of displacement.

.c
3. Cannot be zero for a moving body. 3. Can be zero, +ve or –ve.
4. Speed is velocity without direction. 4. Velocity is directed speed.

ay
-1
5. Speed in SI unit is measured in ms . 5. Velocity in SI unit is measured in ms -1 .

od
(i) Unit : In M.K.S. system = ms–1
In C.G.S. system = Cms–1
(ii) If distance time graph is a straight line, then speed can be given by the slope of the line,
st
s
i.e. v =
e
t
di

s s
tu


.s

t
t
w
w

s 2  s1
slope = t  t
2 1
//w

(iii) The area of velocity time graph gives distance travelled.

(iv) Conversion from km/hr to m/sec.
s:

1km 1000 5
= m/s = m/s.
hr 60  60 18
tp

TYPES OF SPEED
ht

(a) Average and Instantaneous speed

 Average speed : The ratio of distance travelled by a body to the total time taken, when the
motion can be with varying speeds for various intervals of time.

Total Distance
Average Speed 
Total Time taken

OR
It is obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by the total time interval. i.e.
s2  s1 s
Average speed  
t2  t1 t

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MOTION

(i) Average speed is a scalar, while average velocity is a vector.

(ii) For a given time interval average velocity is single valued, while average speed can have
many values depending on path following.
 
(iii) If after motion body comes back to its initial position vav = 0 [as  r = 0], but vav > 0
and finite (as s > 0)
(iv) For a moving body average speed can never be –ve or zero (unless t = 0), while average

velocity can be i.e. vav > 0 while v av > = or < 0

(v) In general average speed is not equal to magnitude of average velocity (as s ¹ | r |).

om
However it can be so if the motion is along a straight line without change in direction

(as s = | r |)

.c
(vi) If a particle travels distances L1 , L2 L3 at speeds v1 , v2 , v3 etc respectively, then

ay
vav =
s
=
L1  L 2  ...  L n
L1 L 2 L =
 Li
t   ...  n L
v1 v 2 vn  v ii

od
(vii) If a particle travels at speeds v1 , v2 etc for intervals t 1, t2 etc respectively, then
st
v1t1  v 2 t 2  ...  vi t i
vav = t1  t 2  ... =  ti
e
(viii) If a particle moves a distance at speed v1 and comes back with speed v2 , then
di

2v1v 2 
average speed vav = v  v ( v av = 0)
1 2
tu

(ix) If a particle moves for two equal time intervals

v1  v 2
.s

vav =
2
w

 Instantaneous speed :
w

The speed of a body at a particular instant of time is called its instantaneous speed.
//w
Distance (s)
s:
tp

Time(t)
s ds
ht

Ins tan taneous speed  lim 

t 0 t dt

(b) Uniform and Non uniform speed

 Uniform speed :
If the time speed graph of an object is a straight line parallel to time axis then the body is
moving with a uniform speed.

 Non-uniform speed :
If the speed of a body is changing with respect to time it is moving with a non-uniform speed.
Its graph is not a straight line.

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MOTION
TYPES OF VELOCITY
(a) Average Velocity:
Total displacement divided by total time is called an average velocity.

Total displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
x2 – x1
Vav 
t2 – t1
OR
The arithmetic mean of initial velocity and final velocity for a given time period, is called average
velocity.

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Initial velocity + Final velocity
Average velocity 
2

.c
uv
Vav 
2

ay
where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity

od
(b) Uniform & Non uniform Velocity
 Uniform velocity
A B C D
st motion
5m 5m 5m
e
1s 1s 1s
di

Body moving with uniform velocity

When a body covers equal displacement in equal interval of time, the body is said to be moving with a uniform
tu

velocity.
.s

 Non-uniform velocity/variable velocity :

w

A B C D
motion
w

5m 3m 7m

1s 1s 1s
//w

Body moving with non-uniform velocity

When a body covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be moving with
s:

variable velocity.
tp

Instantaneous velocity :

The velocity of a body at a particular instant of time is called its instantaneous velocity.
ht

Displacement (r)

Time(t)

r dr
Ins tantaneous velocity  lim 
t 0 t dt

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MOTION

Newton's Thought
A particle is thrown vertically upwards under gravity. What are the signs
of displacement and velocity in the given situations (a) & (b) (P to Q): Q Q
Explanation
(a) Here, displacement and velocity (average & instantaneous) both are
positive.
P P
(b)Here, displacement is positive. Instantaneous velocity is negative &
average velocity is positive. (a) (b)

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ACCELERATION
The rate at which the velocity changes is called acceleration. It is a vector quantity. Its SI

.c
unit is m/s2 or ms –2.
(i) Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration

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(ii) The change in velocity may be in magnitude or in direction or both.
vu
a

od
i.e.
t
(iii) Unit of acceleration = m/s2 or ms –2 st
 Deceleration or Retardation : If the change in velocity is –ve ie. if velocity of a body decreases,
the acceleration is called deceleration or retardation.
e
 Uniformly accelerated motion : When the change in velocity is same in equal time intervals, the
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motion called uniformly accelerated motion, otherwise, it is non-uniformly accelerated motion.

tu

TYPES OF ACCELERATION
(i) Uniform & Non uniform acceleration
.s

 Uniform acceleration
w

If a body travels in a straight line and its velocity increases by equal amounts in equal intervals
of time then it is said to be in state of uniform acceleration e.g. motion of a freely falling body.
w

 Non uniform acceleration

//w

A body has a non-uniform acceleration if its velocity increases by unequal amounts in equal
intervals of time.
(ii) Average & Instantaneous acceleration
s:

 Average acceleration :
tp

v2  v1 v
aav  
t2  t1 t
ht

[here it is assumed that acceleration remains the same during the time interval Dt.]
If a body travels with a uniform acceleration a 1 for a time interval t 1 and with uniform
acceleration a2 for a time interval t2 then

(a1t1  a2t2 )
aav 
(t1  t2 )

 Instantaneous acceleration :
The acceleration of a body at any instant is called its instantaneous acceleration.

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MOTION

Velocity (v)
v



Time(t)

v dv
e.g. a = lim =

om
t 0 t dt

(iii) If the velocity of a body decreases, then it will experience a negative acceleration which is called
deceleration or retardation.

.c
Acceleration is determined by the slope of time-velocity graph.

ay
dv
tan  
dt

od
(i) If the time velocity graph is a straight line, acceleration remains constants.
(ii) If the slope of the straight line is positive, positive acceleration occurs.
st
(iii) If the slope of the straight line is negative, negative acceleration or retardation occurs.
e
(iv) Larger the slope (tan ) longer will be the straight line.
(v) If the time velocity graph is a curve, then the acceleration changes continuously.
di
tu

EQUATIONS OF MOTION
.s

A. Uniform Motion : If xi and xf are the initial and final positions respectively of a-moving particle,

x f  xi
w

the motion is defined by, velocity v  and v will be constant.

t
w

B. Non-uniform Motion : (xf – xi) varies in equal time intervals. So velocity varies.

Total displaceme nt
//w

C. Average velocity =
Total time taken

Total distance travelled

s:

D. Average speed =
Total time taken
tp

E. Uniform acceleration : If u and v are the initial and final velocities in time 't', then acceleration
v u
a . It is a constant.
ht

t
v u
F. In uniform acceleration (only), the average velocity is given by, vav = .
2
G. For uniformly accelerated motion,
1 2
(i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + at and (iii) v2 = u2 + 2as
2
 Motion under uniform acceleration
Suppose a body starts with initial velocity u, moving with an acceleration attains a velocity v
after time t travels a distance s, then motion can be described by following equations.
1 2
(a) v = u + at (b) s = ut + at (c) v2 = u2 + 2as
2

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MOTION

Newton's Thought
A car is travelling along a straight road and is decelerating. Does the car's acceleration necessarily
have a negative value?
Explanation
We begin with the meaning of the term "decelerating," which has nothing
to do with whether the acceleration 'a' is positive or negative. The term
means only that the acceleration is opposite to the velocity and indicates
v a
that the moving object is slowing down.
v = +ve; a = –ve
(i) One possibility is that the velocity of the car points to the right
(the positive direction) and acceleration points opposite i.e. to the

om
a v
left (the negative direction).
v = –ve; a = +ve
(ii) Another possibility is that the velocity of the car points to the left
(the negative direction) and acceleration points opposite i.e. to the

.c
right (the positive direction).

ay
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION
(i) v = u + at

od
Let a body have an initial velocity 'u' and an uniform acceleration 'a'. At any time 't', if 'v' is the
velocity,
Change in velocity v  u
Acceleration = 
st
Time taken t
e
 v = u + at
di

1 2
(ii) s = ut + at
2
tu

Let the displacement in time 't' be 's' with uniform acceleration 'a'. The average velocity is given by
initial velocity  final velocity
.s

v av 
2
w

uv
 vav =
2
w

u v 
Displacement s   t
 2 
//w

 u  u  at 
Applying first eq. s t;
 2 
s:

(2u  at)
t
tp

s=
2
ht

1 2
s = ut + at .
2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2as
Velocity at any time, v = u + at

u  v  v u v u
s=  t  a  t
 2  t a

 v  u  v  u
s=   
 2  a 
v2 = u2 + 2as

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MOTION

(A) It may be remembered always that these equations are applicable only for constant acceleration or
Uniform Acceleration.

(B) The equations of motion under gravity can be obtained by replacing acceleration by acceleration
due to gravity (g) and can be written as follows :

(C) When the body is coming towards the centre of earth

1 2;
(a) v = u + gt ; (b) h = ut + gt (c) v2 = u2 + 2gh
2

(D) When a body is thrown upwards with some initial velocity, then a retardation produced due to

om
attraction of the earth. In equations of motion, a is replaced by (–g) and thus equations become.
1 2 ;
(a) v = u – gt ; (b) h = ut – gt (c) v2 = u2 – 2gh
2

.c
(E) Distance covered by a body in n th sec. i.e.

ay
1
sn = u + a(2n – 1)
2
Newton's Thought

od
An object moving with a constant acceleration can certainly slow down. But can
an object ever come to a permanent halt (stop) if its acceleration truly remains
st
constant? Explain.
Explanation
e
An object moving with a constant acceleration will slow down if the acceleration
is opposite to the velocity. However, if the acceleration remains constant the
di

object will never come to a permanent halt. As time increase, the magnitude of
the velocity will get smaller and smaller. At some time, the velocity will be
tu

instantaneously zero. An instant after the velocity is zero, the magnitude of the
velocity will begin increasing in the same direction as the acceleration. As time
.s

increases, the velocity of the object will then increase in the same direction as
the acceleration. In other words, if the acceleration truly remains constant, the
w

object will slow down, stop for an instant, reverse direction and then speed up.
Point of reversal
w

v=0
u- Velocity decreases
//w

Velocity increases
Constant acceleration
s:

acting on object
tp
ht

BODY FALLING FREELY UNDER GRAVITY

A body released near the surface of the earth is accelerated downward under the influence of force of
gravity.
(a) Time of Flight : (0,0)
u=0
1 2
from equation S = ut + at
2
S = – H, u = 0, a = – g
t = T (Let assume) H

1 2 2H
 – H = (0)T – gt  T =
2 g

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MOTION

(b) Final Velocity when body reaches the ground

from v2 – u2 = 2as
s=–H v = vf u = 0 a = – g

 v f 2 – 0 = 2 (–g) (–H)  vf = 2gH

Assuming u = 0 for a freely falling body :

1
(i) As h =   gt2 i.e. h  t2
2
Distance fallen in time t, 2t, 3t etc will be in the ratio of 1 2 : 22 : 32 ..... i.e. square of integers.

om
1
(ii) The distance fallen in nth sec = g(2n–1)
2
st nd
so distance fallen in I , 2 , 3 rd sec will be in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 i.e. odd integers only.

.c
BODY IS PROJECTED VERTICALLY UP

ay
B
It includes two types of motion

od
(i) Decelerated motion from A to B because the direction of upward
velocity and acceleration is opposite. So speed motion downward motion
decreases (accelerated motion)
(ii) Accelerated motion from B to C because the direction of
st (deaccelerated
motion)
velocity and acceleration is same (downward). So speed u
e
increases A C
di

(a) Time of flight :

It is the time taken by the particle to reach the ground. If the particle is thrown vertically upward with
tu

initial velocity u then

ui = u
.s

a = – g (take downward direction negative)

from equation
w

1 2
S = ut + at  Snet = 0 (when particle again reaches the ground)
w

2
t = T (time of flight)
//w

1 2 2u
0 = uT – gT  T =
2 g
(b) Maximum Height :
s:

from v2 u2 + 2as

at maximum height v = 0, s = Hmax
tp

u2
 0 = u2 –2 gHmax  Hmax =
ht

2g

(c) Final velocity

from v = u + at
2u  2u 
v = vf a = – g t=T=  vf = u – g  g 
g
vf = – u
i.e. the body reaches the ground with the same speed with which it was thrown vertically upwards as
it thrown vertically upward.
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e. vertically up) as positive.
(a) At the highest point v = 0 (b) a = – g

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MOTION

 It is clear that in case of motion under gravity

(a) Time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to fall down through the same distance.
(b) The speed with which a body is projected up is equal to the speed with which it comes
back to the point of projection.
(c) The body returns to the starting point with the same speed with which it was thrown.

DISPLACEMENT- TIME GRAPH

 The slope of displacement time (x – t) graph gives the velocity of motion. One can find the velocity

om
of motion, finding the slope of x - t graph. To find the slope,

(i) Select any two points on the graph A and B.

x
(ii) Draw a right triangle below the graph (ABT)

.c
B
(iii) Find the length of BT and AT from the axis

ay
(iv) Take the ratio of BT to AT
A T
The ratio has the units of velocity.

od
BT Displaceme nt
Slope    Velocity t
AT Time taken
st
 If x-t graph is a straight line, then there may be
e
(i) State of rest – parallel to time axis
di

(ii) uniform motion – inclined to time axis.

tu

The slope of the straight line is a measure of velocity of motion.

.s

 If the x – t graph is not a straight line, the motion will be a non-uniform motion – accelerated motion.
1 2
w

For example, a body dropped from a height undergoes free fall satisfying the relation y = gt .
2
w

Displacement- time graph (examples)

x
//w

x0
s:

(1) Body is at rest at x0.

tp

t
x
ht

(2) Body starts from origin and is moving with speed tan  away from origin.

 t
x

(3) Body starts from rest from origin and moves away from origin with increasing
speed velocity and positive acceleration.

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MOTION

x
(4) Body starts from rest from x = x0 and moves away from origin with increasing
velocity or +ve acceleration.
x0

(5) x0 Body starts from x = x0 and is moving toward the origin with constant velocity
passes throw origin after same time and continues to move away from origin.

om
t

.c
x

ay
x0
(6) Body starts from rest at x = x0 and then moves with increasing speed towards
origin

od
 acceleration is –ve
t
e st
x
(7) Body starts moving away from origin with some initial speed. Speed of body is
di

decreasing till t1 and it becomes 0 momentarily of t = t1 and At this instant. Its

reverses its direction and move towards the origin with increasing speed.
tu

t2
t
.s

O t1
w

(8) x Body starts from origin moves away from origin in the –ve x-axis at t = t1 with
w

decreasing speed and at t= t1 it comes at rest momentarily, Reverses its direction

t1
t moves towards the origin the increasing speed. Crosses the origin at t = t2.
//w

t2
s:

x
(9) Body starts from origin from rest and moves away from origin with increasing
tp

t speed.
ht

VELOCITY -TIME GRAPH

v
 The slope of velocity-time (v – t) graph gives the acceleration of motion. B

BT Change in velocity
Slope of v – t graph is,  A
AT Time taken T

 If v – t graph is a straight line, then there may be

(i) uniform motion –parallel to time axis t

(ii) non-uniform motion – inclined to time axis.

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MOTION

Velocity -time graph (examples)

(1) Body is always at rest.

om
(2) v0 Body is moving with constant velocity v0

.c
t

ay
v

(3) Body is at rest initially then it starts moving with its velocity increasing at a
constant rate i.e. body is moving with constant acceleration.

t
od
st
v
e
di

(4) Body starts its motion with initial velocity v0 and continues to move with its
v0
velocity increasing at a constant rate i.e. acceleration of the body is constant.
tu

t
.s

v
(5) Body starts its motion with initial velocity v0. Then it continues to move with its
w

v0 velocity decreasing at a constant rate i.e. acceleration of the body is negative

w

and constant. At t = t0 the body comes to rest instantaneously and reverses its
t0
direction of motion and then continues to move with decreasing velocity or increasing
//w

t
speed.
For 0 < t < t0 motion of the body is decelerated ( speed is decreasing)
t > t0 motion of the body is accelerated ( speed is increasing)
s:

v
tp

(6) Body is at rest initially. Then it starts moving with increasing velocity. As time
increases its velocity is increasing more rapidly. i.e. the moving with increasing
ht

t acceleration.

v
(7) v0 Body starts its motion with initial velocity v0. Its velocity is decreasing with
time and at t = t0 . It becomes zero after body reverse its direction of motion and
continues to move with decreasing velocity or increasing speed. Since velocity
t0 of the body is decreasing for whole motion. Therefore, its acceleration is
t
negative.For 0 < t < t0 motion of the body is decelerated (speed is
decreasing) t > t0 motion of the body is accelerated ( speed is increasing)

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MOTION

a ACCELERATION TIME GRAPH

(1) acceleration of the body is zero that means the body is moving constant velocity.

om
(2) Acceleration of the body is constant and positive.
t

.c
a

ay
t
(3) Acceleration of the body is constant and negative

od
st
a
e
(4) Initially the acceleration of the body is zero. Then its acceleration is increasing
di

at a constant rate.
t
tu

a
.s

(5) The body starts accelerating(initial acceleration zero) at t = 0. Its acceleration is

w

t
negative for whole of its motion and is decreasing at a constant rate.
w

a
//w

(6) Initially acceleration of the body is zero. Its acceleration is positive for whole of
its motion. Its acceleration is increasing for whole of its motion.
s:

t
COMPETITIVE WINDOW
tp

Nature of Slope:-
y y y y
ht

Slope = 0
Slope = – ve
Slope = 
Slope = +ve
x x x x
y y y
Slope
Slope constant
Slope
increasing Slope
decreasing
increasing
x x x

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MOTION

Newton's Thought
Two cars moving on straight sections of a highway. The acceleration of the first
car A is greater than the acceleration of the second car B and both accelerations
have the same direction. Which one of the following is true? (a) The velocity of
the first car is always greater than the velocity of the second car. (b) The velocity
of the second car is always greater than the velocity of the first car. (c) In the
same time interval, the velocity of the first car changes by a greater amount
than the velocity of the second car does. (d) In the same time interval, the
velocity of the second car changes by a greater amount than the velocity of the
first car does.

om
Explanation
Option (c) is true because the acceleration of the first car is greater than the
acceleration of the second car, thus in the same time interval, the velocity of the
first car changes by a greater amount that the velocity of the second car does.

.c
Option (d) is reverse of option (c), thus it cannot be true simultaneously. It is
therefore, a false statement.

ay
Option (a) is false because initial velocity of car A may be less than the velocity of
car B. After a certain time interval, velocity of A will become more than the
velocity of B.

od
Option (b) is also false because initial velocity of car A may be less or more than
the velocity of car B. Even if the initial velocity of car B is more than velocity of
st
car A, after a certain time interval it will become less than that of car A.
e
EQUATIONS OF MOTION – GRAPHICAL METHOD
di
tu

I. Velocity-time equation
Consider the v – t graph shown for a body having velocity u at t = 0 and v at t seconds.
.s

The acceleration 'a' associated with the motion is given by,

v(ms–1)
w

BC v  u v  u
a  slope   
AB t  0 t C
w

v – u = at or v = u + at v
//w

II. Position-time equation :

Area below the v – t graph is a measure of the displacement in straight line. u B
A
Displacement s = Area (OACBD)
s:

D (s)
1 1 O t
s = (BC × OD) + OA × OD = at × t + ut ( v – u = at)
tp

2 2
1 2
ht

s =ut + at
2

III. Position-velocity equations :

Displacement in 't' seconds is given by
1 1
s = Area of trapezium OACBD = (OA + CD) × OD = (u + v) × t
2 2
1  v u v 2  u2
s= (u + v) ×   =
2  a  2a
v2 – u2 = 2as  v2 = u2 + 2as

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MOTION

CIRCULAR MOTION

Motion in a circular path is called circular motion. It is of two kinds – uniform or non- uniform.
If the speed of motion is same in the circular path, the motion is called uniform circular motion.
If the speed varies – may increase or decrease, then it is non-uniform circular motion.
In a circular motion of radius r,

arc length x
(i) Angular displacement  = 
radius r

om
 f  i
(ii) Angular velocity =
t

(iii) Linear velocity v = radius × angular velocity

.c
v = r

ay
f  i
(iv) Angular acceleration  
t

od
(v) Linear acceleration a = radius × angular acceleration
(v) Linear acceleration a = r
st
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION :
e
(i) If the radius vector sweeps out equal angles in equal times, then its motion is said to be
di

uniform circular motion.

(ii) In uniform circular motion speed remains const. P'
tu

s
(iii) Linear velocity, being a vector quantity, its direction changes continuously. 
O r P
.s

(iv)The direction of velocity is along the tangent at every point.

 Angular displacement :
w

In a circular motion, the angle subtended at the centre by any arc of the circular path of motion
is called the angular displacement (). It is measured in radians. One radian is that angular
w

displacement whose are length is equal to the radius of the circle.

//w

 Angular velocity :
The angular displacement of any moving object per second is called its angular velocity ().

Angular displaceme nt   
s:

Angular velocity () =  .

Time taken  t 
tp

It is expressed in radian per second.

(i) A vector quantity
ht

(ii) Direction is perpendicular to plane of rotation

Note : If the particle is revolving in the clockwise direction then the direction of angular velocity
is perpendicular to the plane downwards. Whereas in case of anticlockwise direction the direction
will be upwards.
(iii) Unit is Radian/sec.
(iv) In uniform circular motion the direction of angular velocity is along the axis of rotation which
is constant throughout.
(v) Angular velocity remains constant in magnitude as well as in direction.
(vi) v = r where r = radius of the circle.

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MOTION

 Angular acceleration :
The change in angular velocity in unit time is called the angular acceleration ().
Change in angular velocity
Angular acceleration =
Time taken

(i) Acceleration in a uniform circular motion is directed towards the centre and the direction of
velocity at any instant is given by the tangent at that point.
(ii) Since the acceleration is always directed towards the centre in a uniform circular motion, it is an
example of variable acceleration even through the magnitude of acceleration is the same.

om
 Centripetal acceleration :
(i) In uniform circular motion the particle experiences an acceleration called the centripetal
acceleration.

.c
v2
(ii) ac 
r

ay
(iii) The direction of centripetal acceleration is along the radius towards the centre.

od
 Centripetal force :
(i) Always acts towards centre.
(ii) Centripetal force is required to move a particle in a circle.
st
(iii) Because F c is always perpendicular to velocity or displacement, hence the work done by this
force will always be zero.
e
Note :
di

(i) Circular motion in horizontal plane is usually uniform circular motion.

(ii) Remember that equations of motion are not applicable for circular motion.
tu

 Time period :
.s

(i) It is the time taken to complete one complete revolution.

(ii) In one revolution, angle subtended is 2 and if T is time period, then the angular velocity
w

is given by
w

2 2
 or T
T 
//w

 Frequency :
(i) Frequency is defined as the no. of revolutions per second.
1 
n 
s:

i.e.
T 2
tp

DO YOU KNOW ?
If on X-axis & on Y-axis then Slope Formula
  
 ds 
ht

s  si
Time Displacement Velocity v vav  f
dt time
  
 dv  vf  vi
Time Velocity Acceleration a  a av 
dt time
 dp W
Time Momentum Force F  Pav 
dt time
 
dW  Jf  Ji
Time Energy Power P   av 
dt time

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