Frequently Used Statistics Formulas and Tables

Chapter 2

Class Width = highest value - lowest value (increase to next integer)

number classes

upper limit + lower limit

Class Midpoint =
2

Chapter 3 Chapter 3

n  sample size Limits for Unusual Data

N  population size
Below :  - 2
f  frequency
Above:   2
  sum
w  weight Empirical Rule
About 68%: - to   
x About 95%: -2 to   2
Sample mean: x n About 99.7%: -3 to   3
Population mean: x
 N s
Sample coefficient of CV  • 100%
variation:
Weighted mean: x  (w  x) x

w Population coefficient of CV  • 100%
variation:

Mean for frequency table: ( f  x) 

x f
highest value + lowest value Sample standard deviation for frequency table:
Midrange  2 n [ ( f  x2 ) ] [ ( f  x) ] 2
s n (n 1)
Range = Highest value - Lowest value

Sample z-score: z  x  x
(x  x )2 s
Sample standard deviation: s 
n 1
Population z-score: z  x  
(x  )2 
Population standard deviation:   N
Interquartile Range: (IQR)  Q3  Q1
Sample variance: s2
Modified Box Plot
Population variance:  2 Outliers lower limit: Q1 -
1.5 (IQR) upper limit: Q3
+ 1.5 (IQR)
Chapter 4 Chapter 5
Probability of the complement of event A Discrete Probability Distributions:
P(not A) = 1 - P( A)
Mean of a discrete probability distribution:
Multiplication rule for independent events
P( A and B)  P( A)  P(B)   [x  P(x)]
Standard deviation of a probability distribution:
General multiplication rules 
P( A and  P(  P(B, given A) [x2  P(x)]   2
B) P( A and A)  P( A given B)
B)  P( ,
A)

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events

Binomial Distributions
P( A or B)  P( A) + r  number of successes (or x)
P(B)
p  probability of success
General addition rule q = probability of failure
P( A or B)  P( A) P(B)  P( A and
+ B) q1p p  q=1

Binomial probability distribution

Permutation n n! P(r)  n Cr pr qnr
rule: Pr  (n  r)!
Mean:   np

Combination rule: n n! Standard deviation:   npq

Cr  r !(n  r)!

Poisson Distributions
Permutation and Combination on TI 83/84
r  number of successes (or x)

 = mean number of successes

n Math PRB nPr enter r (over a given interval)

Poisson probability distribution

n Math PRB nCr enter r
 r
P(r)  e 
r!

Note: textbooks and formula e  2.71828

sheets interchange “r” and “x”
  mean (over some interval)
for number of successes
 

2 

2
Chapter 6 Chapter 7

Normal Distributions Confidence Interval: Point estimate ± error

Raw score: x  z   Point estimate = Upper limit + Lower limit

2

Standard score: x

z  Error = Upper limit - Lower limit
2
Mean of x distribution: x  
Sample Size for Estimating

 means:
Standard deviation of x distribtuion: n  z  2
x
n  /2 
(standard error) E 


x
Standard score for x : z  proportions:
 /n z 2
n  pˆ qˆ   / 2  with preliminary estimate for p

Chapter 7  E 

One Sample Confidence Interval z 2

n  0.25  /2  without preliminary estimate for p
 E 

for proportions (p) : (np  5 and nq  5)

variance or standard deviation:
pˆ  E  p  pˆ  E *see table 7-2 (last page of formula sheet)
p(1 p)
where E  z /2 Confidence Intervals
n z
pˆ  Level of Confidence z-value (  /2 )
r
n

for means () when  is known:

xExE

where E  z /2 n

for means () when  is unknown:

xExE
where E  t s
 /2
n
with d. f .  n 1

for variance
 98% 2.33

99% 2.58
( (n 1)s2
2
(n 1)s 2
<  
2
):
 R2  L2
with d. f .  n 1

3
Chapter 8 Chapter 9

One Sample Hypothesis Testing Difference of means μ -μ (independent samples)

2 1

Confidence Interval when 1 and  2 are known

for p (np  5 and nq  5) pˆ  (x1  x2 )  E  (1  2 )  (x1  x2 )  E
z  pq / n
p 22
: where q  1 p; pˆ  r
where E  z /2 n11n2 2

/n

for  ( x Hypothesis Test when 1 and  2 are known

known): z 
 /n (x1  x2 )  (1  2 )
z
x  122  2

for  ( unknown): t  with d. f .  n 1 n1n2
s /n
2 2 (n 1)s2 Confidence Interval when  and  are unknown
1 2
for  :   with d. f .  n (x  x )  E  (   )  (x  x )  E
1 
2
1 2 1 2 1 2

s2 s2
E  t /2 1 n1n22
Chapter 9
with d. f . = smaller of n1 1 and n2 1
Two Sample Confidence Intervals
and Tests of Hypotheses
Hypothesis Test when 1 and  2 are unknown
Difference of Proportions (p1  p2 ) (x1  x )  (  2 )
t 21
s2 s2
Confidence Interval:  1 2
nn 1 2

(pˆ1  pˆ 2 )  E  ( p1  p2 )  (pˆ1  pˆ 2
with d. f .  smaller of n1 1 n2 1
)E and

where E  z /2 pˆ1qˆ1  pˆ 2 qˆ2 Matched pairs (dependent samples)

n1 n2 Confidence Interval
pˆ1  r1 / n1 ; pˆ 2  r2 and qˆ  1 pˆ ; qˆ  dE <<d E
1 1 2
/ n2 1 pˆ 2
d

s
where E  t /2 n d with d.f. = n 1
Hypothesis Test:
( pˆ  pˆ )  ( p  Hypothesis Test
p )
d  d
z  1 pq 2 pq n11n2 2 t with d. f .  n 1
sd
n
where the pooled proportion is p
r1  r2 Two Sample Variances
Confidence Interval for  2 and  2
p and q  1 p 1 2
n1   s2 12    s2 1 
n2
 1
  1
 1  
   s2 F  2  s2 F 
pˆ1  r1 / n1 ; pˆ 2  r2  2 right  2  2 left 
/ n2 s
2
2 2
Hypothesis Test Statistic: F  1
where s1  s2
22
s
numerator d. f .  n1 1 and denominator d. f .  n2 1

4
Chapter 10 Chapter 11
(O  (row total)(column total)
Regression and Correlation 
2 where E 
E)2   sample size
E

Linear Correlation Coefficient (r)

Tests of Independence d. f .  (R 1)(C 1)
n  xy  ( x)(
r
n( x2 )  ( x)2 n( y2 )  ( y)2
y) OR Goodness of fit d. f .  (number of categories) 1
(zx zy )
r where z  z score for x and z  z score for y
n 1 x y

Chapter 12
Coefficient of 2 explained variation
Determination: r  total variation One Way ANOVA

Standard Error of Estimate: se  ( y  yˆ)2

k  number of groups; N  total sample size
n2
( x )2
or se   y2  b0  y 1 b  xy SSTOT 2
TOT
 TOT

n2  N
Prediction Interval: yˆ  E  y  yˆ  E
 ( x )2  ( x )2
SSBET 
 
i
 TOT

all groups ni  N

1n(x  x0 )2
where E  t /2 se 1   x2  ( xi ) 2 
nn(x2 )  (x)2 SS   
W  i
n
all groups  i 
Sample test statistic for r
r SSTOT  SSBET  SSW
t with d. f .  n 
1 r 2 2
n2
SSBET
MSBET  where d. f .BET  k 1
d. f
.BET
Least-Squares Line (Regression Line or Line of Best Fit)
yˆ  b  b x note that b is the y-intercept and b is the slope MS  SSW where d. f .  N  k
0 1 0 1
W W
d. f .
sy
n  xy  ( x)( or b r MSBET W
where
y) b 
1
n( x2 )  ( x)2 s F  N  k= d. f .BET  k 1
and
1
x where d. f . numerator
MS W
d f d f
( y)( x2 )  ( x)( xy) . . denominator = . .W
where b0  or b0  y  b1x
n( x2 )  ( x)2
Confidence interval for y-intercept 0
Two - Way ANOVA
b0  E  0  b0  E
x2 r  number of rows; c  number of columns
where E = t /2 se 1  MS row factor
n ( x)2
 x2  Row factor F :
n MS error
MS column factor
Column factor F
Confidence interval for slope 1 : MS error
b E b E MS interaction
1 1 1 Interaction F :
s MS error
where E = t /2  e
( x)2 with degrees of freedom
 x2 
n for row factor = r 1
c umn factor = c 1
o interaction = (r 1)(c 1)
l error = rc(n 1)

5
 
 

          

          

 

 
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
            
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
            
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           

            
       
  
  
  
  
 
        

          

          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
 
 
              

         
    
   
   
 
 critical z-values for hypothesis testing

α = 0.10 α = 0.05 α = 0.01

c-level = 0.90 c-level = 0.95 c-level = 0.99

≠ ≠ ≠
0.05 0.05 0.025 0.025

0.005 0.005

z = - 1.645 z=0 z = 1.645 z = - 1.96 z=0 z = 1.96 z = - 2.575 z=0 z = 2.575

<
< < 0.01
0.10 0.05

z = - 1.28 z=0 z = - 2.33 z=0

z = - 1.645 z=0

>
> > 0.01
0.10 0.05

z=0 z = 1.28
z=0 z = 1.645
Figure 8.4 z=0 z = 2.33
      
   
    

     

     

     

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
       
   d 

    

       



          

          

          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
               
    
  
              
       
             
        
 Greek Alphabet

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