Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Chapter Two
Interior Lighting Design

2-1 Definitions of Terms:-

Light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is perceived by our
eyes. The wavelength range is between 380 and 780 nm. The cones come on
during the day and we see colors, whereas at night the rods take over and we
only see shades of grey.

Luminous flux () The luminous flux describes the quantity of light emitted
by a light source. It is measured by Lumen (lm)
Luminous Efficiency It is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical
power consumed (lm/W). It is a measure of a light source’s economic
efficiency.
Luminous intensity (I) It describes the quantity of light that is radiated in a
particular direction. This is a useful measurement for directive lighting
elements such as reflectors. It is represented by the luminous intensity
distribution cur (LDC). It is measured by Candela (cd).
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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Illuminance (E ) It describes the quantity of luminous flux falling on a

surface. It is measured by Lux (lx).

Luminance (L) it is the only basic lighting parameter that is perceived by the
eye. It describes on the one hand a light source’s impression of brightness,
and on the other, a surface and therefore depends to a large extent on the
degree of reflection (color and surface).

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Steradian (Sr) It is the solid angle subtended at the center of the sphere by an
area of its surface equal to the square of radius of that sphere.

Candela (cd) It is defined as a unit of luminous intensity in the international

system (SI), and is equal to (1 Lm/Sr).
Lumen (Lm) It is the unit of measurement of the luminous flux in (SI), and it
is defined as the luminous flux emitted by a point light source through a
stereo angle equal to 1 Sr and with a luminous intensity equal to 1 cd.
Lux It is the unit of illumination in SI, and is equal to a luminous flux of
1 lumen per square meter (1 Lm/m2).
Foot-Candle It is the unit of illumination and is equal to a luminous flux of
1 lumen per square foot (1 Lm/ft2).
Note: 1 lux is equivalent to 0.0929 foot-candle
Candela per square meter (cd/m2) It is the unit of luminance in SI.
Luminance Factor

Glare It is a visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness.

It can be disabling or simply uncomfortable. It is subjective, and sensitivity to
glare can vary widely. Older people are usually more sensitive to glare due to
the aging characteristics of the eye.
Disability Glare It is the reduction in visibility caused by intense light sources
in the field of view.

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Discomfort Glare It is the sensation of annoyance or even pain induced by

overly bright sources.
Note: Reducing glare is an effective way to improve the lighting.

Reflectance () It is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected from a surface to
the luminous flux falling on the surface.

Uniformity Ratio (Uo) It is the ratio of minimum illumination to medium

illumination, and it is sometimes considered as the ratio of minimum
illumination to maximum illumination.
Mounting Height (hm) It is the measured distance between the level of
lighting installations and the level of work to be illuminated.
Spacing / Height Ratio

√ ⁄

Where: S: spacing (m), hm: mounting height (m), A: total area of floor (m2),
N: no. of lighting installation.

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Room Index (RI)

Where: L: Room Length (m), W: Room Width (m)

2-2 Types of Interior Lighting Systems:-

Interior lighting systems are classified according to:
1) Classification according to the method of distribution: Lighting systems
are classified according to the way the light is distributed and the
locations of the lighting installations into the following types:
 General lighting
 Localized general lighting
 Local lighting
 Task-Ambient lighting
2) Classification according to lighting direction: Lighting systems are
classified according to the amount of illumination directed downward
from the lighting structures in the direction of the operating level and
the amount of illumination directed upwards.

3) Classification according to the type of light source:

 Electrical lighting system
 Lighting system by using natural daylight
 Combined lighting system between electrical lighting and natural
daylight
 Emergency lighting system

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

2-3 Lamp Types:-

Light can be produced in a large number of different ways – naturally or
artificially. Light is produced cost-effectively by using four main groups of
light sources:
 Thermal light sources
 Low-intensity discharge lamps
 High-intensity discharge lamps
 Semiconductor light sources
Halogen incandescent lamps
 Mains voltage or low voltage
 Service life and luminous efficiency better than incandescent lamps
 Dimmable
 Brilliant light
 Excellent color rendering
 Use: retail and domestic areas, hospitality and decorative applications

Fluorescent lamps
 High to very high luminous efficiency (especially T16 HE)
 Good to very good color rendering
 Long service life
 Wide selection of standard ranges
 Dimmable
 Use: efficient wide-area lighting

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Compact fluorescent lamps

 Compact designs
 High luminous efficiency
 Excellent color rendering
 Wide selection of standard ranges
 Dimmable
 Use: commercial and prestigious areas, hospitality

Metal halide lamps

 High luminous efficiency
 Good to very good color rendering
 Good color stability in case of lamps with ceramic discharge tubes
 Usually not dimmable
 Use: industrial bays, spotlighting, floodlighting systems, retail areas

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

High-pressure sodium discharge lamps

 High luminous efficiency and long service life
 Satisfactory to poor color rendering
 Yellowish light color
 Can be dimmed in steps
 Use: industrial bays, street lighting, outdoor illumination

Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

 Very efficient light production
 Wide selection of standard ranges
 Can be switched and dimmed as required
 Very long service life
 Good to very good color rendering
 Very good production of colored light
 Use: LEDs can be used for both functional and decorative lighting in
indoor and outdoor locations.

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Main Characteristics of Lamps

Lamp Type Lamp Lamp Label Luminous
Symbol Efficacy (lm/W)
A North Light 20-40
B Artificial Daylight 20-40
C Daylight 45-65
D Natural 30-50
Mini Compact E True Color-37 20-45
Fluorescent F Color-84 / Plus-White 45-65
(MCF) G Natural Deluxe 15-35
H White 2-125
I Warm White 45-65
J Deluxe, Warm White 20-40
Mercury Halide (Metal Bulb 45-70
(MBI))
Mercury Halide (Linear Metal 40-70
High pressure K Bulb (MBIL))
discharge lamps Mercury Halide Fluorescent 45-70
Metal Bulb (MB)
Mercury Fluorescent Metal 35-50
Bulb (MBF)
Fluorescent Metal Bulb with 40-45
L Reflector (MBFR)
Tungsten- Fluorescent Metal 40-45
Bulb (MBTF)
Sodium Neon (SON) 60-110
M Tubular-SON (SON-T) 55-110
Linear-SON (SON-L) 55-110
Reflector-SON (SON-R) 75-80
Low pressure Sodium Oxide (SOX) 70-135
discharge lamps N Linear Sodium Lamp (SLI) 65-110
Incandescent P Tungsten Halogen (T/H) 17-25
lamp Q Tungsten for lighting 8-18

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Chapter Two Interior Lifting Design

Notes: It is essential for visual performance and a sense of well-being and

health that the colors of bodies and human skin in any environment appear
naturally and correctly.
A color credibility guide was presented with a maximum value of 100 (This
means that all body colors are seen in real without change), and this number
decreases with the decreasing the quality of color credibility.
Lamps with a color credibility of less than 80 should not be used in indoor
places where people work for long periods, except of lighting places with
high ceilings (industrial places with ceilings higher than 6 meters) and
outdoor lighting.
The numbers mentioned in the table below are constantly changing due to
technological development.
Luminous Efficacy and Color Credibility
Lamp Type Typical Use Luminous Color
Efficacy (lm/W) Guide %
Natural Incandescent Home lighting 13 100
High-Power Indoor lighting at great 18 100
Incandescent heights
Tungsten Halogen Immersive lighting 21 100
Tuner Mercury Light Incandescent lamp 20 70
replacement
High Pressure Street lighting and indoor 55 40
Mercury lighting in factories
Metal Halide Indoor lighting in factories 75-100 70-90
Fluorescent General lighting 80-90 55-85
SON Street lighting and 115 20
commercial areas
SOX Street lighting 185 45

Notes:
 Lamp heads comply with IEC 60061-1 Standard
 Lamp holders in general comply with IEC 60061-2, IEC 60838-1
Standards
 Lighting devices comply with IEC 60598-1, IEC 60598-2 Standards

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