Friday, August 25, 2023 10:04 PM

Notes Link:
Akhil (Admin)
https://bit.ly/oracledbnotes
Mobile: 91541 56192 (Only Whatsapp)
ORACLE installation video link:
https://bit.ly/orainstall

ORACLE (SQL & PL/SQL) @ 11:00 AM (IST) by

Mr.Shiva Chaitanya
Day-1 https://youtu.be/L2TdkaLrgeg
Day-2 https://youtu.be/pcJRloABrYQ

ORACLE 11AM Page 1

Syllabus
Friday, August 25, 2023 11:57 AM

ORACLE
DATABASE
SQL TABLES
PL/SQL ROWS & COLUMNS

SQL:

SQL 5 sub languages & DDL, DRL, TCL, DML, DCL

its commands
Built-In Functions String Functions, Conversion Functions,
aggregate functions …. etc
Clauses SELECT, ORDER BY, DISTINCT, GROUP
BY, HAVING, ….
JOINS Equi, Outer, Non-Equi, Cross, Self joins
Constraints PK, FK, Check, Unique …..
SET OPERATORS UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT …
Sub Queries Single row, Multi row, inline view,
correlated …..
VIEWS types of views
INDEXES types of indexes
MATERIALIZED VIEWS
SEQUENCES
SYNONYMS

PL/SQL

ORACLE 11AM Page 2

 PL/SQL

PL/SQL Basics Data Types, Declare, Assign, print, read

Control Structures
Cursors
Collections
Exception handling
PROCEDURES
FUNCTIONS
PACKAGES
TRIGGERS
DYNAMIC SQL
Working with LOBs

ORACLE 11AM Page 3

ORACLE
Friday, August 25, 2023 11:16 AM

Database
DBMS
RDBMS
Metadata

Database:

Bank DB College DB

Branches Courses
Customers Students
Transactions Marks
Products Fee
Employee Staff
. Library
.

Database:
• database is a collection of interrelated data in an organized
form.

• Database contains interrelated data. Bank DB contains Bank

related data only. It does not maintain college related data

• Database must be arranged in meaningful format [organized].

ORACLE 11AM Page 4

DBMS:
• DBMS => DataBase Management System / Software

• DBMS is a software that is used to create and maintain

the database.

• DBMS software is used to store business data and analyze

business data.

Evaluation of DBMS:

Before 1960s => in BOOKS

In 1960s => FMS [File Management System]

In 1970s => HDBMS [Hierarchical DBMS]

NDBMS [Network DBMS]

In 1976 => E.F.Codd => RDBMS Concept

ORACLE company founder => Larry Ellison

In 1977 Larry Ellison established a company with the name

"Software Development Laboratories"

In 1979 => first RDBMS software => ORACLE

In 1979 => company name renamed as "Relational Software Inc."

In 1983 => company name renamed as "ORACLE corp"

RDBMS:
• RDBMS => Relational DataBase Management System / Software.

Relation => Table

ORACLE 11AM Page 5
• Relation => Table

• RDBMS is a software that is used to create and maintain the

database in the form of tables.

Examples:
ORACLE SQL SERVER MY SQL DB2 POSTGRE SQL

Example:

CUSTOMER => Table / Relation / Entity 3 columns

2 rows
CID CNAME CCITY
1001 AA HYD
Column / attribute /
1002 BB MUMBAI field / property

row / record / tuple / entity instance

Table is a collection of rows and columns

Row / Record • horizontal representation of data

• is a collection of field values

Column / Field • vertical representation of data

• holds individual values

ORACLE 11AM Page 6

 Database => collection of interrelated in an organized

DBMS => is a software => create & maintain the DB

RDBMS => is a software => create & maintain the DB in the

form of tables

Metadata [Data Definition]:

• Metadata is data about the data
• It describes about the data

Examples:
Field names => empid, ename, salary
Table name => EMPLOYEE
data type => NUMBER
field size => NUMBER(4) => 4 is field size

EMPLOYEE

empid ename salary

1001 RAJU 5000
KIRAN => ERROR
7899
9999
10000 => error

empid NUMBER(4) => -9999 to 9999

ORACLE 11AM Page 7

Friday, August 25, 2023 11:55 AM

Bank DB

Customer Table
cid acno cname ccity PAN AADHAR MOBILE MAILID

Transactions Table
T_date_time TID TTYPE AMOUNT Acno

Emp Table
Empno Ename Sal DOJ DOB DOR

ORACLE 11AM Page 8

ORACLE
Saturday, August 26, 2023 11:20 AM

ORACLE:
• is a relational database management software [RDBMS]

• Relation => Table

• ORACLE DB Software is used to create and maintain the

database in the form of tables.

• Using ORACLE, we can store, manipulate and retrieve the

data of database

manipulate => 3 actions [INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE]

Example:
new emp joined INSERT
emp promoted UPDATE
emp resigned DELETE

• retrieve => opening existing data

Example:
check balance
online shopping

• ORACLE DB SOFTWARE 2nd version introduced in 1979.

• 1st version they didn't release to market.

• latest version for WINDOWS OS is: ORACLE 21C

• latest version for LINUX OS is: ORACLE 23C

ORACLE => RDBMS

DATABASE
SQL TABLES
PL/SQL ROWS & COLUMNS

To deal with ORACLE DB, we use 2 Languages. They are:

• SQL
• PL/SQL

ORACLE 11AM Page 9

 SQL:
• SQL => Structured Query Language

• SQL is a Query Language.

• It is used to write queries.
• Query is a request that is sent to DB Server.
○ Example: SELECT ename,sal FROM emp; => query
In C:
• Query => request / command / instruction Function:
is a set of statements
• Queries are written to communicate with ORACLE DB
In Java:
• SQL is Non-Procedural Language. It means, we will not Method:
write any set of statements or programs in SQL. Just we is a set of statements
write queries.
In PL/SQL:
• SQL is Unified Language. It means, it is common language Procedure:
to communicate with many Relational databases is a set of statements

ORACLE SQL SERVER MY SQL

DATABASE DATABASE DATABASE
TABLES TABLES TABLES

SQL SQL SQL

• SQL provides built-in functions to make our tasks easier.

• SQL provides commands to write the queries.

SQL sub languages:

SQL provides 5 sub languages. They are:

DDL CREATE
• Data Definition Language ALTER
• Data Definition => metadata
• It mainly deals with metadata DROP
FLASHBACK [ORACLE 10g]
PURGE [ORACLE 10g]

ORACLE 11AM Page 10

 PURGE [ORACLE 10g]

TRUNCATE
RENAME

DRL / DQL SELECT

• DRL => Data Retrieval Language
• DQL => Data Query Language
• It deals with data retrievals

TCL COMMIT
• Transaction Control Language ROLLBACK
• It deals with transactions SAVEPOINT

DML: INSERT
• Data Manipulation Language UPDATE
• It deals with data manipulations DELETE

INSERT ALL [ORACLE 9i]

MERGE [ORACLE 9i]

DCL: GRANT
• Data Control Language REVOKE
• It deals with data accessibility

PL/SQL:
• PL/SQL=> Procedural Language / Structured Query Language

• PL/SQL = SQL + Programming

• PL/SQL is extension of SQL.

• It is a Procedural Language. We can write programs or set of

statements.

• All SQL queries can be written as statements in PL/SQL program

ORACLE 11AM Page 11

DDL
Monday, August 28, 2023 11:19 AM

• DDL:
• DDL => Data Definition Language

• Data Definition => metadata

• it deals with metadata

ORACLE SQL provides following DDL commands:

• CREATE
• ALTER

• DROP
• FLASHBACK
• PURGE

• TRUNCATE
• RENAME

ORACLE
CREATE:
DATABASE
• CREATE command is used to create the table.
TABLES
VIEWS
Syntax:
INDEXES
< > Any ORACLE DB Objects
M.VIEWS
CREATE TABLE <table_name> [ ] Optional SEQUENCES
(
SYNONYMS
<field_name> <data_type> [,
<field_name> <data_type>,
PROCEDURES
…………….
FUNCTIONS
……………]
PACKAGES
);
TRIGGERS

Data types in ORACLE SQL:

• Data type tells,

○ how much memory has to be allocated
○ which type of data should be accepted
○ domain [range] of the column

ORACLE SQL provides following data types:

Character Related Char(n)

Varchar2(n)
'RAJU' LONG
'CLERK' CLOB

ORACLE 11AM Page 12

 nChar(n)
nVarchar2(n)
nCLOB

Number Related NUMBER(p)

1234 NUMBER(p,s)
6000.00

Date & Time Related DATE

TIMESTAMP
25-DEC-22
28-AUG-23 11:55:0.0 AM

Binary Related BFILE

BLOB
images
audios
videos

Char(n):
• n => max size
• It is used to hold strings [string => a group of chars]
• It is Fixed Length Char Data Type
• max size: 2000 bytes [2000 chars]
• default size: 1
• Examples: statecode, pan_number

Varchar2(n):
• n => max size
• It is used to hold strings [string => a group of chars]
• It is Variable Length Char Data Type
• max size: 4000 bytes [4000 chars]
• default size: no default size
• Examples, ename, job

State_Code CHAR(2) ename VARCHAR2(10)

---------------------- ---------------
TS VIJAY
AP RAJU
UP RAMESH
WB
MH

Note:
Char related data types can accept letters, digits and special
chars

ORACLE 11AM Page 13

VehicleNumber CHAR(10) mail_id VARCHAR2(30)
------------------------ ------------------
TS08AA1234 raju1234@gmail.com
sai@gmail.com

PAN_NUMBER CHAR(10) pname VARCHAR2(20)

------------------- -----------
ABC4D12345 laptop
micro processor

Varchar2(n) data type can hold maximum of 4000 chars.

To hold more than 4000 characters, we can use LONG or CLOB.

LONG:
• It is used to hold large amounts of chars
• max size: 2 GB
• LONG type has some restrictions. They are:
○ we can create only one column as LONG type in a table.
○ we cannot use built-in functions on LONG type.

CLOB:
• CLOB => Character Large Object
• It is used to hold large amounts of chars
• max size: 4 GB
• In one table any number of CLOB columns can be created.
• We can use built-in functions on CLOB type.

Examples:

product_features CLOB

feedback CLOB

comments CLOB

complaints CLOB

experience_summary CLOB

ORACLE 11AM Page 14

Monday, August 28, 2023 12:04 PM

Demo1
F1 CHAR(10) F2 VARCHAR2(10)
10 RAJU6spaces RAJU 4
10 NARESH4spaces NARESH 6
10 SAI7spaces SAI 3

Fixed Length Variable length

Data Type data type

ORACLE 11AM Page 15