PHYSICS KINEMATICS

KINEMATICS
SYNOPSIS - 1
INTRODUCTION:
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics, which deals about the motion of
a body without considering the cause for its motion.
REST
Kinematics is when a body does not change its position with respect to
i t s
surroundings, the body is said to be at rest.
Example : A chair lying in a room is in the state of rest, because it does
not change its position with respect to (w.r.t) the surroundings of the
room.
MOTION
When a body changes its position with respect to its surroundings, it is
said to be in motion.
Example : A car changing its position w.r.t. trees, houses, etc., is in the
state of motion.
REST AND MOTION AS RELATIVE TERMS
Seemingly, rest and motion are opposed to each other, yet there is a
close relation between them, and it is very difficult to say, whether a
body is in a state of rest or in a state of motion.
Example : A person sitting in the compartment of a moving train is in the
state of rest, with respect to the surroundings of compartment. Yet he is
in the state of motion, if he compares himself with the surroundings
outsidethe compartment.
SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
(a) Scalar Quantities : The physical quantities which are expressed in
magnitude only are called scalar quantities. They do not have any
direction.
Examples of scalar quantities :
2 kg sugar tells about the magnitude of its mass, but has no direc-
tion.
Mass, length, time, area, volume, density, energy, power, tempera-
t u r e ,
current, etc., are scalar quantities.
(b) Vector Quantities : The physical quantities which are expressed in
magnitude as well as direction are called vector quantities.
Examples of vector quantities :
60 m towards east is a vector quantity, as it tells about magnitude as well
as direction.
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, retardation, momentum, impulse,
force are the example of vectors.

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Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

1. They are expressed in magnitude only. 1. They are expressed in magnitude as well
as direction.
2. They can be added by simple arithmetic 2. They cannot be added by simple
means. arithmetic means.
3. They cannot be easily plotted on graph 3. They can be easily plotted on graph
paper. paper.
Example: Speed, Mass, Time, etc. Example: Velocity, Acceleration, etc.

BASIC TERMS IN KINETICS:

1. Distance : the length of the path travelled by a body in certain inter-
val of time is called distance.
DISTANCE IS A SCALAR QUANTITY
Units of distance : In C.G.S. system, distance is measured in
centimetres and in S.I. system it is measured in metres. It is de-
noted by the letter ‘S’.
2. Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial position
and the final position of a body is called displacement.

Fig. 2.1 shows two points A and B which can be reached by the
paths AB, ACB or ADB or any other supposed path. However, the
shortest distance between points A and B is AB. Thus AB is the
displacement of a body.
Displacement is a vector quantity and, hence is directional. Without
direction, displacement has no meaning. For example, if a body moves
10 m, it means the body has covered a distance of 10 m in any
direction. However, if a body moves 10 m towards west, then dis-
placement of the body is 10 m (west).
Is it possible to have a moving body with zero displacement, but
covering a large distance ?
Yes, it is possible. For example, if a body completes one revolution
along a circular path, distance covered by the body will be 2r ,
whereas its displacement will be zero. Similarly, earth has a zero
displacement about its own axis after 24 hours, whereas it covers a
very large distance.

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WORK SHEET - 1
1. Out of the following physical quantities, vector is
1) Displacement 2) Mass 3) Time 4) Density
2. A toy car is moving on a circular path of radi 21 m. it statrts from P and
reaches Q. Calculate distance covered by car.

1) 21 m 2) 33 m 3) 32 m 4) 21 2 m
3. In above question, calculate the displacement ?
1) 21 m 2) 33 m 3) 32 m 4) 21 2 m
4. The ratio of Diplacement to distance is
1) Always = 1 2) Always, < 1 3) Always,  1 4) Always  1
5. If a body completes half revolution along a circular path. The ratio of
distance by displacement is

1)  2) 3) 2 4) None of these
2
6. A boy travels distance of 3 km east, these 6 km towards north and finally
5 km towards east find total distance ?
1) 10 km 2) 14 km 3) 24 km 4) 10 2 km
7. In above question find displacement.
1) 10 km 2) 14 km 3) 24 km 4) 2 10 km

Reasoning Answer Type

8. Statement - I :In Circular motion the displacement of a body at any time
is zero.
Statement - II : Displacement is length between initial and final point.
1) Both Statement - I and Statement - II are true
2) Both Statement - I and Statement - II are false
3) Only Statement - I is true 4) Only Statement - II is true

Multi Answer Type

9. The characteristice is vector quantity ?
1) It has magnitude 2) It has direction
3) It has magnitude but not direction
4) It has direction but not magnitude
10. Choose the scalar quantities ?
1) Velocity 2) Mass 3) Displacement 4) Time

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Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
In a field of Dinensions 3 m  4 m , the dog walks from A to B and then
from B to C.

11. What is the total distance covered by dog

1) 4 m 2) 3 m 3) 7 m 4) 5 m
12. What is the displacement of the dog ?
1) 4 m 2) 3 m 3) 7 m 4) 5 m
13. In above discusion, if dog again comes back to A, then find displacement.
1) 5 m 2) 10 m 3) 0 m 4) 14 m
Writeup-2
An insect moves 3 m east, 4 m north and 12 m Vertically up. Then
14. What is the total distance covered by insect ?
1) 18 m 2) 19 m 3) 20 m 4) 21 m
15. What is the displacement covered by insect ?
1) 12 m 2) 13 m 3) 14 m 4) 15 m
16. If insect fly again to initial position, along the same path, find total dis-
tance covered ?
1) 18 m 2) 19 m 3) 0 m 4) 38 m

Subjective Answer Type

17. Define (i) Scalar quantity (ii) Vector quantity.
18. Difine (i) Distance (ii) Displacement.

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SYNOPSIS - 2
BASIC TERMS IN KINETICS:
3) Speed : Rate of change of motion is called speed.
Or
Distance covered by a moving body per unit time is called speed.
Thus, if S is the distance covered by a body in time t then :
Distance S
Speed = 
Time t
Speed is a scalar quantity as it has magnitude, but not direction.
Units of Speed : In C.G.S. system, unit of speed is cm/s or cms 1 .
In S.I. system, unit of speed is m/s or ms 1 .
Uniform Speed : If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time (however small may be the time intervals). it is said to be moving
with uniform speed.
Example : A rotating fan, a rocket moving in space, etc., have uniform
speeds.
Variable Speed : If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of
time, it is said to be moving with a variable speed.
Example : A train starting from a station, a dog chasing a cat, etc., have
variable speed.
Average speed: The ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the
total time taken by the body to cover the distance is called average speed..
Thus :
Total distance travelled
Average Speed =
Total time taken
Instantaneous Speed : If the speed of a body is continuously changing
with time, then the speed at some particular instant during the motion
is called
instantaneous speed.
For example, speedometer of a moving automobile measures instanta-
neous speed.
4) Velocity : The rate of change of motion in a specified direction is called
velocity.
Or
Rate of change of displacement is called velocity.
It is a vector quantity, as it is expressed in magnitude as well as direc
tion.
Units of Velocity : It has same units as speed except that the direction is
specified.
For example, 36 km/h towards east is the velocity of a body, whereas 36
km/h only is the speed of a body.

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Uniform Velocity : When a body covers equal distances in equal inter-

vals of time (however small may be the time interval) in a specified direc-
tion, the body is said to be moving with uniform velocity.
Veriable Velocity : When a body covers unequal distances in equal in-
tervals of time in a specified direction, the body is said to be moving with
a variable
velocity.
The velocity of a body becomes variable when
(i) the magnitude changes (ii) the direction changes. For example, a
rotating fan at a constant speed has variable velocity, because of continu-
ous change in
direction.
Average Velocity : The ratio of the total distance travelled in a specified
direction to the total time taken by the body to travel that distance is
called average velocity. Thus, average velocity :
Total distance travelled in specified direction
A.V. =
Total time taken
It is possibe to have a moving body with an average velocity zero, but
its average speed is not zero. For example, when a body moves in a
circle, the displacement after one complete rotation is zero, therefore,
its average velocity is zero. However, as it covers a certain distance in a
certain time interval, its speed is not zero.
5. Acceleration : In general the moving bodies do not have uniform veloc-
ity. For example, a cyclist moving through a busy street does not have a
uniform velocity. The velocity of the cyclist may change in magnitude or
direction or both. In such a case the cyclist is said to have an accelerated
motion.
The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration.
Positive Acceleration : If the velocity of a body is increasing with respect
to time, the acceleration is said to be positive.
Negative Acceleration : If the velocity of a body is decreasing with re-
spect to time, the acceleration is said to be negative. The negative accel-
eration is sometimes called de-acceleration or retardation.
Change in velocity
Thus, acceleration =
Time
Displacement 1
= 
Time Time
Displacement
=
 Time 
2

L
= or LT 2
T2

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where (L) stands for length and (T) for time.

Unit of Acceleration : We have already proved that
Displacement
acceleration =
 Time 
2

Thus, unit of acceleration is a derived unit and has unit of length and
unit of time.
Thus, in C.G.S. system, acceleration is
cm
expressed in or cms 2 . Similarly, in S.I.
S2
m
system, it is expressed inor ms 2 .
S2
It must be remembered that acceleration is a vector quantity, as it is
expressed in magnitude and direction . It is generally represented by
letter ‘a’.

Uniform Acceleration : When a body describes equal changes in velocity

in equal intervals of time (however small may be the time intervals) it is
said to be moving with uniform acceleration.
6. Acceleration due to gravity : When a body falls freely, its velocity con-
stantly increases with respect to time and, hence is acted upon by a
uniform acceleration.
The acceleration of a freely falling body, under the action of gravity of
earth, is called acceleration due to gravity.
The value of acceleration due to gravity is constant at a given place. How-
ever, its value changes from place to place.
For example, acceleration due to gravity is maximum at poles. Its
value with respect to poles decreases, if the body is taken towards equa-
tor, or to a high altitude, or deep inside a mine.
Magnitude of acceleration due to gravity
The average value of acceleration due to gravity (denoted as ‘g’) is taken
as 9.8 m/s 2 in S.I. system and 980 cm/s 2 in C.G.S. system. The value of ‘g’
is  9.8 m/s 2 , if a body falls towards earth and - 9.8 m/s 2 , if the body rises
vertically upward.

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WORK SHEET - 2

Single Answer Type

1. 1km h1  _____ ms 1
18 1 11 1 5 5
1) ms 2) ms 3) ms 1 4) ms 1
5 5 13 18
2. A train starting from rest, picks up a speed of 20ms 1 in 200 s. Calculate
uniform rate of acceleration
1) 1ms 2 2) 1.5 ms 2 3) 0.1ms 2 4) 0.5 ms 2
3. A ball is thrown up vertically and returns back to thrower in 6s.
Assuming there is no air friction, calculate the acceleration while ball is
returning
1) 6 ms 2 2) 12 ms 2 3) 0 ms 2 4) 10 ms 2
4. A speeding car changes its velocity from 109 km h 1 to 36 km h 1 in 4s.
Calculate its de-acceleration in km h 2
1) 5 km h 2 2) 6480 km h 2 3) 64800 km h 2 4) 61800 km h 2
5. In above question calculate the acceleration in ms 2
1) 4 ms 2 2) 5 ms 2 3) 3.8 ms 2 4) 0 ms 2
6. The change in velocity of motor bike is 54 km h 1 in one minute. Calculate
its acceleration in ms 2
1) 0.35 ms 2 2) 0.25 ms 2 3) 0.33 ms 2 4) 0.32 ms 2
7. In above question, calculate the acceleration in km h 2
1) 3240 km h 2 2) 3124 km h 2 3) 3140 km h 2 4) 4123km h 2

Multi Answer Type

8. Choose the unit(s) of acceleration
1) ms 1 2) ms 2 3) cm s 1 4) cm s 2

Comprehension Type
1
A car covers 90 km in 1 hours towards east.
2
9. Calculate the displacement of car
1) 90 km 2) 90 km - east 3) 90 km - west 4) 90 m

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10. The velocity of car in km h 1 is

1) 180 km h 1 2) 90 km h 1 3) 60 km h 1 4) 30 km h 1
11. The velocity of car in ms 1 , is
1) 13.47 ms 1 2) 10.47 ms 1 3) 12.67 ms 1 4) 16.67 ms 1

Integer Answer Type

12. A race horse runs straight towards north and covers 540 m in one
minute. Then its velocity is ____ ms 1

Subjective Answer Type

13. An aeroplane flies towards south and covers 324 km in 20 minutes. Cal-
culate (i) Displacement of aeroplane
(ii) Its velocity in (a) kmh 1 (b) ms .
1

14. The velocity of a car changes from 18kmh -1 to 72 kmh -1 in 30 s.

Calculate (i) change in velocity in ms 1 . (ii) Acceleration in (a) kmh 2 (b)
ms 2

SYNOPSIS - 3
EQUATIONS OF MOTION:
When the velocity of body is changing during its motion, then the motion
of body is governed by the following equations called equations of mo-
tion.
i) V  utat
1 2
ii) S  ut  at
2
iii) V  u  2 as
2 2

i) To prove V  u  at
We know from the definition of acceleration
change in velocity
a
time taken for the change
V u
a 
t
Where V  final velocity and u = initial velocity, t = time
 at  V  u
V  u  at
Hence first equation of motion is proved.

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1 2
ii. To prove S  ut  at
2
Let a body is moved from initial position A to final position by covering a
displacement ‘S’ in a time ‘t’ with acceleration ‘a’.
Let us say u be the initial velocity and V be the final velocity.
 Final velocity is given by V  u  at ----(1)
Now displacement (S) = average velocity  time
 u V 
S  t
 2 
 u   u  at  
S  t (Q from (1))
 2 
 2u  at 
S  t
 2 
1
 S  ut  at 2
2
Hence second equation of motion is proved.
iii. To prove V 2  u 2  2 as
V u
From first equation of motion we can have t  ....(a)
a
1 2
From second equation of motion S  ut  at ------(b)
2
 from equation (a) and (b)
2
V u  1 V u 
S  u   a 
 a  2  a 
uV  u 2 1 V  u  2Vu 
2 2

S  a
a 2 a2
uV  u 2 V  u  2uV 
2 2

 
a 2a
2  2V  u 2   V 2  u 2  2uV 

2a
2uV  2u 2  V 2  u 2  2uV

2a
 2as  V 2  u 2
 V 2  u 2  2as
Hence third equation of motion is proved.

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WORK SHEET - 3

Single Answer Type

1. A motor bike, initially at rest, picks up a velocity of 72kmh 1 over a dis-
tance of 40m. Calculate the acceleration.
1) 10m / s 2 2) 5m / s 2 3) 15m / s 2 4) 20m / s 2
2. In above question calculate time in which it picks up above velocity.
1) 1s 2) 2s 3) 3s 4) 4s
3. An aeroplane lands at 216kmh and stops after covering a runway of 2
 1

km. Calculate the acceleration.

1) 0.8 m / s 2 2) 0.9 m / s 2 3) 0.9 m / s 2 4) 0.8 m / s 2
4. In above question find the time in which it comes to rest.
1) 66.67s 2) 32.47s 3) 25s 4) 63.45s
5. A motor bike running at 90 kmh 1 is slowed down to 18 kmh 1 in 2.5 s.
Calculate the acceleration.
1) 8 m / s 2 2) 4 m / s 2 3) 8 m / s 2 4) 4 m / s 2
6. In above question find the distance covered during slow down.
1) 40 m 2) 37.5 m 3) 47.5 m 4) 32.3 m

Multi Answer Type

7. A cyclist driving at 36 kmh 1 stops his mount in 2s, by application of breaks.
Calculate its retardation and distance covered during the application of
breaks
1) 5m / s 2 , 10m 2) 5m / s 2 ,10m 3) 10m / s 2 , 5m 4) 5m / s 2 , 5m
8. Choose the correct regarding equations of motion
1 2
1) V  u  at 2) S  ut  at 3) V  utat 4) V 2  u 2  2as
2

Integer Answer Type

9. A motor bike running at 90 kmh 1 , is slowed down to 54 kmh 1 by the application
of breaks, over a distance of 40 m. If the breaks are applied with the same
force, Then total time in which bike comes to rest is ______

Comprehension Type
A truck running at 90 kmh 1 , is brought to rest over a distance of 25m.
10. Calculate the retardation.
1) 12.5m / s 2 2) 25m / s 2 3) 15m / s 2 4) 14m / s 2

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11. Calculate the time for which breaks are applied

1) 1s 2) 2s 3) 3s 4) 4s

12. A car, initially at rest, picks up a velocity of , over a distance of 25

m. Calculate
i) acceleration of car (ii) time in which it picks up above velocity.
13. An aeroplane lands with a velocity of and comes to rest, after
covering a runway of 1000m. Calculate (i) retardation (ii) time in which
aeroplane comes to rest.

14. A car, initially at rest, picks up a velocity of in minute. Calculate

(i) acceleration (ii) distance covered by car:

15. An aeroplane touches down at and stops after 2 minutes. Calculate
(i) acceleration (ii) length of runway.
16. A car running at is slowed down to by the application of
brakes over a distance of 20 m. Calculate de-acceleration of car. If the
brakes are applied with the same force calculate (i) total time in which car
stops and (ii) total distance covered by it.

1. Recap of equations of motion for a body moving with uniform accelera-

tion are:

a) b) c) d)
Where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = total time,
s = displacement and sn = displacement in nth second.
2. Motion due to gravity : Motion due to gravity can be studied as:
a) Freely falling body b) Body projected vertically upwards
c) Projectile motion.(will be discussed later)
Freely falling body: Whenever a body is falling freely ( no initial force is
applied ) then u = 0 . The equations for a freely falling body are:

a) v=gt b) c) d)
Body projected vertically upwards: Whenever a body is projected vertically
upwards, then a = –g. The equations of motion for a body projected vertically
upwards are:

a) b) c) d)
Whenever a body is projected vertically upwards: velocity becomes zero at
the highest point.
i) Maximum height : The vertical distance travelled by a body before its
velocity becomes zero is called maximum height reached by the body.

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If a body is projected vertically upwards with a velocity 'u', the maximum

height (h) reached by the body is . Where g = acceleration due to

gravity.
ii) Time of ascent : Time taken by the body to reach the highest point is

called time of ascent ( )and is given by

iii) Time of descent : Time taken by the body to travel from the maximum

height to the ground is called time of descent ( td) is given by .

In the absence of air resistance, time of ascent is equal to time of descent.
iv) Time of flight : The total time spent by the body in air is called time of

flight (t) is given by t = ta+td= .

Note: If 'u' is the velocity with which a body is projected vertically upwards
and 'v' is the velocity with which the body reaches the point of projection,
then v = u.

VERTICAL PROJECTION OF AN OBJECT FROM A TOWER: or

*3. Sign convention: Normally we take vertically upward direction positive
(and
downward negative) and horizontally rightwards positive (or leftwards
negative)

(a) Sign convention for motion in vertical direction

+Ve –Ve
(b) Sign convention for motion in horizontal direction -Ve
+Ve
Important points:
i) It can be observed when either u = 0, or

ii) In the first two cases when either u = 0 or motion is only accel-
erated.
iii) When motion is first retarded (till the velocity becomes zero) and
then accelerated in opposite direction.
*iv) As per our convention (vertically upward positive) acceleration due to
gravity ‘g’ is always negative whether the particle is moving upwards or down-
wards as g is always directed towards downward direction. Velocity from the
point of projection in the upward direction is positive while in the downward
direction negative. Displacement s is measured from the point of projection
after some time t.
Important note on difference between distance (d) and displacement (s) for
motion of bodies under gravity:

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1 2
The ‘s’ in equations of motion ( s  ut 
at and v2 = u2 + 2as) is really the dis-
2
placement not the distance. They have different values only when u and a are
of opposite sign or u   a
Let us take the following two cases.
Case 1. When u is either zero or parallel to a, then motion is simply acceler-
ated and in this case distance is equal to displacement. So we can write,
1 2
d  s  ut  at
2
Case 2. When u is antiparallel to a, the motion is first retarded then accel-
erated in opposite direction. So distance is either greater than or equal to
displacement  d  s  . In this case first find the time when velocity becomes
zero. Say it is t 0.
u
Hence,0 = u–2t 0  t0 
a
Now if the given time t  t 0 : distance and displacement are equal. So
1 2
d  s  ut  at For t  t 0 (with u positive and a negative)
2
For t  t 0 : distance is greater than displacement. d = d1 + d2

u2
Here, d1 = distance travelled before coming to rest 
2a

1
a  t  t0 
2
d 2 = distance travelled in remaining time t  t 0 
2
u2 1
 a  t  t0 
2
 d
2a 2

1 2
Note that displacement is still s  ut  at with ‘u’ positive and ‘a’ negative.
2
Velocity on reaching the ground:
When a body is dropped from a height h, its initial velocity is zero. Let the
final velocity on reaching the ground be v. For a freely falling body,
v2 – u2 = 2gh, but u = 0 therefore,v2 – 0 = 2gh or v  2gh __ ____ ____ __
(10)
Further, in case of a body thrown upwards, we have for initial velocity.
u  2gh ______________ (11)
Comparing equation (10) and (11), we conclude that the velocity of the body
falling from height h, on reaching the ground is equal to the velocity with
which it is projected vertically upwards to reach the same height h.
The upwards velocity at any point in its flight is the same as its down-
ward velocity at that point.

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WORK SHEET - 4

Single Answer Type

1. A ball released from certain height h reaches the ground in time T. Where
5T
will it be from the point of release at time ?
6
2 2 2 2
1 3 5 3
1)   h 2)   1h 3)   h 4)   h
 2  4  6 2
2. A body is released from the top of the tower H metre high. It takes t second
to reach the ground. Where is the body t/2 second after release ?

1) At H/2 metre from ground 2) At H/4 metre from ground

3) At 3H/4 metre from ground 4) At H/6 metre from ground
3. A body is dropped from a height of 20 m above the ground. If gravity disappears
1 second after it starts falling , the total time it takes to hit the ground is (g =10
ms –2).
1) 4.5s 2) 2s 3) 2.5s 4) 3s
4. A stone is dropped from the top of the tower and reaches the ground in 3s.
Then the height of the tower is ( g = 9.8m/s2)
1) 18.6m 2) 39.2m 3) 44.1m 4) 98m
5. A body falls freely from a tower of height ‘h’. The velocity with which it strikes
the ground is [g = acceleration due to gravity]

2g g h
1) 2gh 2) 3) 4) g
h h
6. Two stones of different masses are dropped simultaneously from the top of a
building.
Then which is correct among these?
1) larger stone hits the ground earlier.
2) smaller stone hits the ground earlier.
3) which of the stones reaches the ground earlier depends on the composition
of the stone.
4)none of these.

Multi Answer Type

7. A body is falling under gravity, then the distance covered
1) in 1st second of its motion is 4.9m
2) in 2nd second of its motion is 14.7m
3) in 3rd second of its motion is 24.5m
4) in 4th second second of its motion is 34.3 m

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8. The distance travelled by a freely falling body is directly proportional to

1) the mass of the body 2) the acceleration due to gravity.
3) the square of the time of fall 4) the time of fall
9. If a body is dropped from a tower of height 50m, then [ g = 10 m/s 2]
1) the time it takes to reach the ground is 10 sec.
2) the time it takes to reach half the length of the tower is 5 sec.
3) the velocity with it strikes the ground is 1000 m/s.
4) the velocity of the body at half of the maximum height is 500 m/sec.

Reasoning Answer Type

10. Statement I : A body falling freely moves with constant velocity.
Statement II: The body falls freely, when acceleration of the body is equal
to acceleration due to gravity.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

Comprehension Type
When a body is dropped freely it accelerates.
11. A stone released with zero velocity from the top of a tower reaches the ground
in 4 second, the height of the tower is about [g = 10ms–2]
1) 20 m 2) 40 m 3) 80 m 4) 160 m
12. Take the uniform acceleration near the surface of earth to be 9.8ms –2 for a free
fall. What is the velocity of a body at the end of two second of free fall, if the
initial velocity is zero? ( g = 9.8m/s2)
1) 9.8ms–1 2) 19.6 ms–1 3) 29.4 ms–1 4) 4.9 ms–1
13. How far a stone shall free fall in 1 second released from rest?( g = 9.8m/s2)
1) 4.9m 2) 9.8m 3) 19.6m 4) 29.4 m
When a body is dropped freely its velocity increases.
14. A body is dropped from the top of a tower. It acquires a velocity 20 m s–1 on
reaching the ground. Then the height of the tower is (Take g = 10 m s–2)
1) 10 m 2) 30 m 3) 20 m 4) 15 m
15. A body freely falling from rest has acquired a velocity ‘v’ after it falls through
a height h. The distance it has to fall further for its velocity to become
double is
1) 3 h 2) 4 h 3) 8 h 4) 10 h
16. If a freely falling body in the last second travels a distance equal to the
distance travelled in the first three seconds, the time of its travel is
1) 3 sec 2) 4 sec 3) 5 sec 4) 6 sec

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Matrix Matching Type

17. For a freely falling body, match the following
Column -I Column-II
2h
a) Velocity of the body on reaching the ground is 1)
g
b) Distance travelled by the body is in ‘t’ sec is 2) gt
1 2
c) velocity of the body after a time ‘t’ sec is 3) gt
2
d) time (t) taken by a body t0 reach the ground is 4) 2gh
5) 2g

Integer Answer Type

18. A cricket ball is dropped from a height of 20 metres. The time it takes to fall
through this height is________sec. [g = 10m/s2]

Subjective Answer Type

19. A boy drops stones at regular intervals of time from the roof of a building on
to the ground 9 m below. The first stone released by him strikes the ground
at the moment he has just released the fifth stone. The third stone is at a
height of ______ , above the ground at this moment. ( g = 10 ms–2 ]
20. If a body is projected vertically up, its velocity decreases to half of its initial
velocity at a height ‘h’ above the ground. Then maximum height reached by
it is
21. A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping balls at regular
intervals of one second. when the 6th ball is being dropped, then

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SYNOPSIS - 5
1. Graphs
i) A linear equation between x and y represents a straight line between x
and y,
e.g. y = 4x –2, y = 5x + 3, 3x = y–2 equations represent straight line on x–y
graph.
To draw the straight line find x–intercept and y–intercept. Joining these two
intercepts will give the graph of straight line.
For example to draw the graph of y = 4x–2. Find x–intercept and y–intercept.
To find
x–intercept put y = 0 in the given equation i.e., 4x – 2 = 0  4x = 2  x =
2 and to find y – intercept put x = 0 in the given equation i.e., y = 4(0) – 2 
y = –2
Join these two intercepts to get the required graph of straight line as shown.
Y

2 X
-2

ii) x  y or y = kx represents a straight line passing through origin.

iii) The graph of y = k (constant) is a straight line parallel to x – axis.
iv) The graph of x = k (constant) is a straight line parallel to y – axis.
1
v) x  represents a rectangular hyperbola in x–y graph. Shape of rectangular
y
hyperbola is as shown in figure
Y

vi) A quadratic equation in x and y represents a parabola in x–y graph, e.g.,

y = 3x2+2, y2 = 4x, x2 = y–2 equations represent parabola in x–y graph. The shape
of parabola of form y = kx2 where k is a constant is as shown in the figure.
y

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dy y
2.If z  or , then the value of z at any point on x-y graph can be obtained
dx x
by the slope of the graph at that point.
For example, for one dimensional motion
 ds 
a) slope of displacement–time graph gives velocity  as v  .
 dt 

 dv 
b) slope of velocity–time graph gives acceleration  as a  .
 dt 
3. If z = yx or y(dx) or x(dy), then the value of z between x1 and x2 or between y1
and y 2 can be obtained by the area of graph between x 1 and x2 or y1 and y2.
For example, for one dimensional motion
a) area under velocity–time graph gives displacement (as ds = v dt).
b) area under acceleration–time graph gives change in velocity (as dv = a
dt).
Note: Go through these points after completing the work sheet.
1 Slopes of v-t or s–t graphs can never be infinite at any point, because infinite slope
of v–t graph means infinite acceleration. Similarly, infinite slope of s-t graph means
infinite velocity. Hence, the following graphs are not possible:
v s

t t
2. At one time, two values of velocity or displacement are not possible. Hence, the
following graphs are not acceptable:
v s
v1 s1

v2 s2
t t
t0 t0
3. Different values of displacements in s–t graph corresponding to given v–t graph
can be calculated just by calculating areas under v–t graph. There is no need
of using equations like v = u + at etc.
Summary:
 ds 
a) slope of displacement–time graph gives velocity  as v  .
 dt 

 dv 
b) slope of velocity–time graph gives acceleration  as a  .
 dt 
c) area under velocity–time graph gives displacement (as ds = v dt).
d) area under acceleration–time graph gives change in velocity (as dv = a dt).

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WORK SHEET - 5

Single Answer Type

1. The speed of a car as a function of time is shown in figure. What is the
distance travelled by the car in 8seconds and its acceleration?

speed in m/s
20

10

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time in second

1) 8m, 25ms–2 2) 80m, 25ms–2 3) 8m, 2.5ms–2 4) 80m, 2.5ms–2

2. The velocity (v) versus time (t) graph of a body in a straight line is as shown
in figure The displacement of the body in 5sec is
V (in m/s)

2
1
t(sec)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
1) 2m 2) 3m 3) 4m 4) 5m
3. The figure given here shows the velocity-time graph of a one-dimensional
motion. Which of the following characteristics of the particle is represented
by the shaded area ?
velocity

time
1) Velocity 2) Acceleration 3) Displacement 4) Speed

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4. Which of the following cannot be the distance (x)- time (t) graph ?``

x x
1) 2) 3) x 4)
x
t t t
t
5. Figure shows the displacement (s) - time (t) graph of a particle moving on the
X–axis.

o t0 t
Which is correct given below?
1) The particle is at rest
2) The velocity of particle increases upto time t0 and then increases
3) The velocity of particle increases upto time t0 and then becomes
constant
4) The particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time t 0, and then stops.
6. A train moves from one station to another in 2 hours time. Its speed – time
graph during this motion is shown in figure. The maximum acceleration
during this journey is___

C
60
speed (km/h)

40

20 A B

0 0.5 1 1.5 2.0

Time in hours

1) 140km/h2 2) 160km/h2 3) 100km/h2 4) 120km/h2

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Multi Answer Type

7. v
5m/s

0 40 t(s)
20
-5m/s

From the velocity (v) - time (t) plot shown in figure,then which of the following
is correct?
1) the distance travelled by the particle during the first 40seconds is 100m
2) total displacement travelled by the particle during the first 40seconds is
zero
3) the average velocity during the first 40seconds is zero
4) the average velocity during the first 40seconds is 2.5m/s
8.
v (in m/s)

8
6
4
2

0 t (second)
5 10

Figure shows the graph of velocity (v) versus time (t) for a particle going
along the X-axis. Then which of the following is correct?

1) the acceleration of the particle is 0.6m/s2

2) the distance travelled in 0 to 10sec is 50m
3) the displacement travelled in 0 to 10sec is 50m
4) the acceleration of the particle is 6m/s2
9.
displacement (in meter)

100

50
Time (in second)
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

Figure shows the graph of the displacement of a particle going along the X-
axis as a function of time.Then which of the following is correct?

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1) the average velocity during 0 to 10s is 5m/s

2) instantaneous velocity at 5 sec is zero
3) instantaneous velocity at 12 sec is –20m/s.
4) the average velocity during 0 to 10s is 10 m/s

Reasoning Answer Type

10. Statement I : The slope of displacement – time graph gives velocity.
Statement II : The area covered under velocity – time graph give s
displacement.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement
I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

Comprehension Type

50
A B
40
velocity (m/s)

30
20

10
C
0
10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)

The velocity – time graph of a car given above and solve the given questions.
11. what is the acceleration of car from O to A ?
1) 2 m/s2 2) 4 m/s2 3) 6 m/s2 4) 0.5m/s2

12. what is the acceleration of car from A to B ?

1) 1m/s 2 2) 4m/s 2 3) 2m/s 2 4) 0 m/s2
13. what is the retardation of car from B to C ?
1) 1m/s 2 2) 2m/s 2 3) 3m/s 2 4) 4m/s 2

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Matrix Matching Type

14. Column-I Column-II

velocity
a)Uniform velocity 1)
time

velocity
b) Uniform acceleration of the bodyfrom rest 2)
time

c) Uniform acceleration of the body

velocity
(initially not at rest) 3)
time
d) Body starting with uniform

velocity
acceleration that becomes zero 4)
time

5) velocity

time

Integer Answer Type

15. The velocity (v) verses time (t) graph of a body in a straight line is as shown
in figure.

v (in m/s)

2
1 t (in sec)
0
1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
The displacement of the body in 4 sec is ____ m.

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SYNOPSIS - 6
1. Relative motion :
The word ‘relative’ is a very general term, which can be applied to physical,
nonphysical, scalar or vector quantities.
For example, your height is five feet and six inches while your sister’s
height is five feet and four inches. If I ask you how high are you relative to
your sister’s, your answer will be two inches. What you did ?.
You simply subtracted your sister’s height from your height.
The same concept is applied everywhere, whether it is a relative velocity,
relative acceleration or anything else. So, from the above discussion we may
r
now conclude that relative velocity of A with respect to B (written as v AB ) is
r r r
v AB  v A  v B
Similarly, relative acceleration of A with respect to B is
ur ur ur
a AB  a A  a B
If it is a one dimensional motion we can treat the vectors as scalars just by
assigning the positive sign to one direction and negative to the other. So, in
case of a one dimensional motion the above equations can be written as
vAB = vA – vB and aAB = aA – aB
r r ur ur
Further, we can see that v AB   v BA or a BA   a AB
2. Minimum distance between two bodies in motion :
When two bodies are in motion, the questions like, the minimum distance
between them or the time when one body overtakes the other can be solved
easily by the principle of relative motion.
In these type of problems one body is assumed to be at rest and the relative
motion of the other body is considered. By assuming so two body problem is
converted into one body problem and the solution becomes easy.

WORK SHEET - 6

Single Answer Type

1. Two ships A and B travel with equal speeds. A travels east and B travels
south. Velocities of A and B are represented by single arrows and their
relative velocity by a double arrow. Then which of the following vector diagram
gives the velocity of A relative to B ?

A A N
W E
3) 4) S
B B
B 2) B
1)

A A

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  
2. If V A and V B are the velocities of A, B and  is the angle between V A and
   
if  = 90° ie. V A  V B or V B  V A =

VB

1) V B – V A 2) V A – V B 3) VA2  VB2 4) VA + VB
 
3. If V A and V B are the velocities of A and B then relative velocity of A with
respect to B is
       
1) V A  V B 2) V B  V A 3) V A  V B 4) V A  2 V B
4. Two stones are projected from the top of a tower in opposite directions with
the same velocity V at angles 30° and 60° to the horizontal. Then relative
velocity of one stone with respect the other is
1) 2V 2) 2V 3) 2V / 3 4) V / 2
 
5. From the above problem if  is the angle be tween V A and V B the n
   
V A  V B or V B  V A is

1) VA2  VB2 2) VA2  VB2

3) VA2  VB2  2VA VB cos  4) VA2  VB2  2VA VB cos 

6. Car A and car B start moving simultaneously in the same direction along
the line joining them. Car A with a constant acceleration a = 4 m/s 2 , while
car B moves with a constant velocity v = 1 m/s. At time t = 0, car A is 10 m
behind car B. Find the time when car A overtakes car B.
1) 2.5 second 2) 3.5 second 3) 2 second 4) 3 second

Multi Answer Type

7. Consider a car A moving due north at 300 kmph, another car B is moving in
the direction 600 west of north at 200kmph then
1) the velocity of A with respect to B is 264.6 kmph
2) car A appears to move at an angle of sin
1
 0.654  east of north for car B
3) the velocity of A with respect to B is 124.6 kmph
4) car A appears to move at an angle of tan  0.654  east of north for car B
1

8. Two parallel rail tracks run north - south. Train A moves north with a spedd
of 54 kmh-1 and train B moves south with a speed of 90 kmh-1.Then
1) relative velocity of B with respect to A is 40 m/s due south
2) relative velocity of A with respect to B is 40 m/s due south
3) relative velocity of ground with respect to B is 25 m/s due north

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4) velocity of a monkey running on the roof of the train a against its motion
( with a velocity of 18 kmh-1 with respect to train A) as observed by a man
standing on the ground is 10 m/s due north.
9. Two trains, each having a speed of 30 km/hr are headed towards each other
on the same straight track. A bird that can fly at 60 km/hr flies off one train,
when they are 60 km apart and heads directly for the other train. On reaching
the other train, it flies directly back to the first and so on.Then
a 1-a n 
[Note: Let Sn= a + a + a +...... n terms, then Sn =
2 3
]
1-a
1) the number of trips can the bird make from one train to the other
before they crash is infinite.
2) the number of trips can the bird make from one train to the other
before they crash is 86.
3) the total distance travelled by the bird is 60 km
4) the total distance travelled by the bird is 6 km

Reasoning Answer Type

10. Statement I : Relative velocity between two bodies may be equal to the
sum of the velocities of two bodies.
Statement II : Relative velocity between two bodies may be equal to the
difference in velocities of two bodies.

1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement

I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement
I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
11. Statement I : When two bodies are projected one vertically upwards and
one down wards from the top of a tower, then the relative acceleration
between two bodies is zero.
Statement II : Relative acceleration betwee n two bodies is given by
r r r
a AB  aA  aB
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

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Comprehension Type
Relative velocity of a particle (objects) A with respect to B is difined as the
velocity with which A appears to moved is B if considered to be at rest. In
other words, it is the velocity with which A appears to moves as seen by the
B considering itself to be at rest.
12. A boy is clim bin g ver t ically a t r ee wit h a speed of 5m s –1 and a man is running
towards the tree with 10ms–1. Velocity of man relative to boy is
1) 5ms–1 2) 15ms–1 3) 5 2 ms–1 4) 5 5 ms –1
13. A ship A streams down north at a speed of 8kmph and a ship B due west at
a speed of 6kmph. The velocity of ‘A’ relative to B is
1) 10kmph, E(tan–1 4/3) 2) 20 kmph, N(tan–1 4/3)E
3) 10 kmph, NE 4) 2 kmph, E (tan–1 4/3)N
14. A motor car A is moving north east with velocity 250 km/hr and another car
B is moving north - west with a velocity 150 km/hr. What is the relative
velocity of B w.r.t A?
1) 400 km/hr 2) 291.5 km/hr 3) 100 km/hr 4) 300 km/hr

Matrix Matching Type

15. If two trains A and B are moving with velocities 60kmph and 80kmph
respectively, then match column-I with column –II:
Column – I Column – II
a) VAB, if they move in same direction 1) 20 kmph

b) VBA, if they move in opposite direction 2) -20 kmph

c) VBA, if they approach each other 3) 140 kmph

d) VAB, if they move in opposite direction 4) -140 kmph

5) 10 kmph

Integer Answer Type

16. A ship A streams due north at 16kmph and ship B due west at 12kmph.
Velocity of A relative to B is_______kmph

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SYNOPSIS - 7
River – Boat Problems:-
In river –boat problems we come across the following three terms:

v r = absolute velocity of river

B x

W
v br 

A vr


v br = velocity of boatman with respect to river (or velocity of boatman in still

water) and v b = absolute velocity of boatman.
r
Here, it is important to note that v br is the velocity of boatman with which
r
he steers and v b is the actual velocity of boatman relative to ground.
r r r r r r
Further, v br  v b  v r  v b  v br  v r
Now, let us derive some standard results and their special cases.
r
A boatman starts from point A on one bank of a river with velocity v br in the
direction shown in above figure.
r
River is flowing along positive x-direction with velocity v r .
Width of the river is w. Then
r r r
v b  v r  v br
Therefore, vbx = vrx + vbrx = vr – vbr sin 
and vby = vry + vbry =0 + vbr cos  = vbr cos 
Now, time taken by the boatman to cross the river is :
w w
t = v  v cos  - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
by br

Future, displacement along x-axis when he reaches on the other bank (also
called drift) is
w w
x = vbx t = (vr - vbr sin  ) or x = (vr - vbr sin  )
v br cos  v br cos 
Two special cases are :
i) Condition when the boatman crosses the river in shortest interval of
time.

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From Eq. (i) we can see that time (t) will be minimum when  = 0°, i.e., the
boatman should steer his boat perpendicular to the river current.
w
Also, t min 
v br as cos  =1
ii) Condition when the boatman wants to reach point B, i.e., at a point
just opposite from where he started .
In this case, the drift (x) should be zero.
 x=0
w
or (v r  v br sin )  0 or v  v sin 
v br cos  r br

vr v 
or sin   or   sin1  r 
v br  v br 

1  vr 
Hence, to reach point B the boatman should row at an angle   sin   
 v br 
upstream from AB.
We know sinq can never be greater than 1.
So, if v r  v br , the boatman can never reach at point B. Because if vr = vbr,

sin  1or   900 and it is just impossible to reach at B if   900 . Moreover

it can be seen that vb = 0 if vr= vbr and   900 . Similarly, if vr > vbr, sin   1
i,e., no such angle exists. Practically it can be realized in this manner that
it is not possible to reach at B if river velocity (vr) is too high.
iii) Shortest path

B x

w s

A vr

Path length travelled by the boatman when he reaches the opposite shore is

s  w2  x2
Here, w = width of river is constant. So for s to be minimum modulus of x
(drift) should be minimum. Now two cases are possible.

1  vr 
Case 1: When vr< vbr : In this case x = 0, when   sin  
 v br 

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v 
or s min  w at   sin1  r 
 v br 
dx
Case 2: When vr > vbr : In this case x is minimum, where 0
d

d  w  d  w  v r  v br sin   
or  (v r  v br sin )  0 or  0
d  v br cos   d  v br cos  

w d  v r  v br sin  
or vbr d  cos  0

d  v r  vbr sin   cos    v br cos     v r  v br sin    sin  
   0  0
d  cos   cos 2 
or  v br cos 2   (v r  v br sin )( sin )  0 or  v br  v r sin   0

1  v br 
or   sin  
 vr 
Now, at this angle we can find xmin and then smin which comes out to be

v  1  v br 
s min  w  r  at   sin  .
 v br   vr 

WORK SHEET - 7

Single Answer Type

1. A man can swim in still water at 10kmph. The river flows at 5kmph. If he
crosses the river in shortest time, his resultant velocity is
1) 15kmph 2) 5kmph 3) 5 5 kmph 4) none of these
2. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5m/minute. In what direction
should a man on the south bank of the river capable of swimming at 10m/
min, in still water should swim to cross the water in shortest time?
1) East 2) West 3) South 4) North
3. In the above problem, in what direction should he cross the river for the
shortest path ?
1) 30° W of N 2) 30° W of S 3) 30° S of W 4) North
4. A person can swim in still water with velocity 10m/minute. If the river flows
with velocity 4m/minute and width of the river is 500m, he can cross the
river in the shortest time of
1) 5 minutes 2) 50 minutes 3) 25 minutes 4) 12.5 minutes

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5. A boat takes two hours to travel 8km and back in still water lake. If the
velocity of water is 4kmph the time taken for going upstream of 8km and
coming back is
1) 2 hours 20 minutes 2) 2 hours 40 minutes
3) 1 hour 20 minutes 4) 3 hours 30 minutes
6. A boat covers the distance between two points in a river in 12hrs and 8hrs
upstream and downstream respectively. Then time required for the boat to
cover this distance in still water is
1) 4.8hr 2) 9.6hr 3) 10.8hr 4) 8.4 hr.

Multi Answer Type

7. A boat moves with a velocity of 10 kmph relative to the river of width 4.33
km.The water has a uniform speed of 5.00 kmph relative to ground. If the
boat has to reach the exactly opposite point on the other bank of river then
1) The speed with which the boat has to move in the river is 8.66 kmph
2) The angle with which the boat should move with the normal to the river flow
is 30°
3) The time taken by the boat to cross the river is 30 minutes
4) The speed with which the boat has to move in the river is 5 5 kmph
8. A man who can swim at a speed v relative to the water wants to cross a
river of width d, flowing with a speed u. The point opposite him across the
river is A.
d
1) He can reach the point A in time
v
d
2) He can reach the point A in time
v 2  u2
d
3) The minimum time in which he can cross the river is
v
4) He can not reach at A if u  v

Reasoning Answer Type

9. Statement I : To cross the river in a shortest interval of time the boatman
should steer his boat perpendicular to the river current.
Statement II : To cross the river in a shortest interval of time the boatman
should steer his boat parellel to the river current.

IX Class - Physics 192

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement

I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement
I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
10. Statement I : When Vr  Vbr the drift of the boat can be zero.
Statement II : When Vr  Vbr the drift of the boat is minimum.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

Comprehension Type
A man crosses a river from point A. If he swims perpendicular to the bank,
he reaches point ‘C’ in 10 minutes later. If he swims at angle  to AB, he
reaches B in 12.5 minutes,

B C
120m

u
d x


A
11. Find the direction of the boat with the vertical .

1  3  1  2  1  4  1  2 
1) sin   2) sin   3) sin   4) sin  
5 3 5 3
12. Find the velocity of water flow.
1) 0.72 kmph 2) 0.6 kmph 3) 0.3 kmph 4) 0.9 kmph
13. Find the velocity of man.
1) 1.2 kmph 2) 1.5 kmph 3) 1.8 kmph 4) 2 kmph
14. Find the width of the river.
1) 150 m 2) 200 m 3) 120 m 4) 100 m

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Matrix Matching Type

r r
15. A boat travelling with a velocity Vb and Vr is the velocity of river. If the distance
travelled by boat both in up stream and down stream is ‘S’, Then
Column-I Column-II
a) Velocity of boat w.r.t river in up stream 1) Vb  Vr
b) Velocity of boat w.r.t river in down stream 2) Vb  Vr

S
c) Time taken by boat in up stream 3)
Vb  Vr
S
d) Time taken by boat in down stream 4)
Vb  Vr

2S
5)
Vb  Vr

Integer Answer Type

16. A river flows at 5ms –1. It is 200m wide. A man crosses the river in the
shortest time of 25s. If there is no flow and swims with the same velocity,
the time taken to cross the river is ____ sec.

SYNOPSIS - 8
1. If a constant force (and hence constant acceleration ) acts on a particle at
an angle    0 or180  with the direction of its initial velocity (  zero), the
path followed by the particle is a parabola and the motion of the particle is
called projectile motion.
Projectile motion is a two dimensional motion, i.e., motion of the particle is
constrained in a plane.
When a particle is thrown obliquely near the earth’s surface it moves in a
parabolic path, provided the particle remains close to the surface of earth
and the air resistance is negligible. This is an example of projectile motion.
Types of projectile motion:

u
u u

(a) (b) (c)

u
u u

(d) (e) (f)

IX Class - Physics 194
PHYSICS KINEMATICS

In all the above cases acceleration of the particle is g downwards.

Let us first make ourselves familiar with certain terms used in projectile
motion.

Y
g

u A

 H
B
O X
C
R

Figure shows a particle projected from the point O with an initial velocity u
at an angle  with the horizontal. It goes through the highest point A and
falls at B on the horizontal surface through O. The point O is called the
point of projection, the angle
 is called the angle of projection, the distance OB is called the horizontal
range (R) or simply range and the vertical height AC is called the maximum
height (H). The total time taken by the particle in describing the path OAB is
called the time of flight (T)
As we have already discussed, projectile motion is a two dimensional motion
with constant acceleration (normally g). Problems related to projectile mo-
tion of any type can be solved by selecting two appropriate mutually perpen-
dicular directions (x and y ) and substituting the proper values in equation.
1 1
v x  ux  a x t, s x  ux t  a x t 2 , v 2x  u2x  2a x s x , v y  uy  a y t, s y  uy t  a y t 2
2 2
and v y  uy  2a y s y
2 2

In any problem of projectile motion we usually follow the three steps

given below:
Step 1. Select two mutually perpendicular directions x and y.
Step 2. Write down the proper values of ux, ax, uy and ay with sign.
Step 3. Apply those equations from the six listed above which are required
in the problem. What should be the directions x and y or which equations
are to be used, this you will learn after solving some problems of projectile
mo tion. Using the above
methodology let us first prove the three standard results of time of flight (T),
horizontal range (R) and the maximum height (H).
Time of Flight (T)
Refer figure here, x and y axes are in the direction shown in figure. Axis x is
along horizontal direction and axis y is vertically upwards. Thus,
ux = u cos a, uy = u sin a , ax = 0 and ay = –g
At point B, sy = 0. So, applying
1 1
s y  uy t  a y t2 , we have 0  (usin  )t  gt2
2 2

195 IX Class - Physics

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2usin 
t  0 and t 
g

2usin 
Both t = 0 and t  g correspond to the situation where sy = 0. The time

2usin 
t = 0 corresponds to point O and time t  g corresponds to point B.

2usin 
Thus, time of flight of the projectile is : T = tOAB or T
g
Horizontal Range (R)
Distance OB is the range R. This is also equal to the displacement of par-
ticle along
1
x-axis in time t = T. Thus, applying s x  ux t  a x t2 , we get :
2
 2usin   2usin 
R   ucos      0 as ax = 0 and t  T 
 g  g

2u2 sin  cos  u2 sin 2 u2 sin 2

 R g

g
or R
g
Here two points are important regarding the range of a projectile.
(i) Range is maximum when sin 2a = 1 or a = 45° and this maximum range
is:
u2
R max  (at a = 45°)
g
(ii) For given value of u range at a and range at 90° – a are equal although
times of flight and maximum heights may be different. Because
u2 sin 2  90    u2 sin 180  2  u2 sin 2
R 90     R
g g g
So, R30° = R60° or R20° = R70°
This is shown in figure

u
u
60°
30°
X

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Maximum Height (H)

At point A vertical component of velocity becomes zero, i.e., vy = 0. Substitut-
ing the proper values in: v y  uy  2a y s y
2 2

u2 sin 
We have, 0 = (u sin a) + 2(–g)(H)
2
 H
2g
As we have seen in the above derivations that ax = 0, i.e., motion of the
projectile in horizontal direction is uniform. Hence, horizontal component of
velocity u cos a does not change during its motion.
Motion in vertical direction is first retarded then accelerated in opposite
direction. Because uy is upwards and ay is downwards. Hence, vertical com-
ponent of its velocity first decreases from O to A and then increases from A
to B. This can be shown in figure:

A
u
uy

O ux X
B

The coordinates and velocity components of the projectile at time t are

x = sx = ux t = u cos a t
1 1
y  s y  uy t 
a y t 2  usin t  gt2
2 2
vx = ux = u cos a and vy = uy + ayt = u sin a – gt
Therefore, speed of projectile at time t is v  v 2x  v 2y and the angle made by

1  y 
v
its velocity vector with positive x-axis is   tan  v 
 x
x
Equation of trajectory of projectile x = u cos a t  t
ucos 

1 2
Substituting this value of t in, y  usin t  gt , we get
2
gx 2 gt2 gx 2
y  x tan  
2u2 cos 2 
 x tan  
2u2
sec 2
 = x tan  
2u2
1  tan2  
These are the standard equations of trajectory of a projectile. The equation
is quadratic in x. This is why the path of a projectile is a parabola.

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Horizontal projection from the top of a tower

(i) Equation of trajectory
Consider a body projected horizontally with a velocity ‘u’ from the top of
tower (OA) of height ‘h’. For this body the angle of projection is zero, and the
body moves downwards as shown. Since there is no acceleration in horizontal
direction, the horizontal velocity of the body remains constant (i.e. v x = u) at
any point of its motion. The initial velocity along the vertical direction is zero
(i.e. uy = 0). As the time passes vertical component of velocity vy, gradually
increases due to gravity. Let the body reaches the point P in time t, x and y
are the horizontal and vertical distances travelled during this time as shown.
We have uy = 0, a = g and s = y

A u

h p
X  Vx=u
v
vy
X
O R

1 2 1 x
From s  ut  at  y  gt 2 _____________ (1) and t  ____________
(2)
2 2 u
combining equations (1) and (2) we get,
2
1 x  g 
y  g   y   2  x 2 or y = kx2
2 u  2u 
where k = g/ 2u is a constant
2

The above equation represents the equation of parabola. Thus the path of a
body projected horizontally with a uniform velocity is a parabola.
(ii) The time of descent (t d)
For td, the time of descent, y = h, then from equation (1), we have

1 2h
g  t d  or t d 2  2h  td 
2
h _______________
(3)
2 g g
Equation(3) represents the time of descent and in this case, it is equal to
the time of flight. It is seen that the time of descent is independent of the
initial velocity of projection. It depends on the height of the tower.
(iii) Range (R)
The range (R) is the maximum horizontal distance travelled by the body in
reaching the ground. We have
R = u td
 2h   2h  ________________
From equation R  ut d  u 
 g   R  u  g 
(4)
   
The range of the body projected horizontally from the top of a tower depends
on the horizontal velocity of the body and the height of the tower.
IX Class - Physics 198
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(iv) Velocity of projectile (v)

Consider the body at P. Let its velocity be v, and v x and vy are its horizontal
and vertical velocities, respectively. Since u y = 0; then we have
v y = uy + gt  vy = gt and vx = u
Then the magnitude of the velocity v is given by
v  v 2x  v 2y v  u2  g 2t 2
The angle made by instantaneous velocity with the horizontal is given by
vy gt 1  gt 
tan    or   tan  
vx u u

WORK SHEET - 8

Single Answer Type

1. A projectile is thrown with velocity v making an angle  with the horizontal.
It just crosses the tops of two poles, each of height h, after 1second and
3second respectively. The time of flight of the particle is
1) 1s 2) 3s 3) 4s 4) 7.8s
2. A projectile is thrown at angle  with vertical. It reaches a maximum height
H. The time taken to reach the highest point of its path is
H 2H H 2H
1) 2) 3) 4)
g g 2g g cos 
3. A player kicks up a ball at an angle  with the horizontal. The horizontal
range is maximum when  is equal to
1) 90° 2) 60° 3) 45° 4) 30°
4. If the velocity of projection of a projectile is tripled at a given place, then its
maximum range will be
1) quadrupled 2) nine times 3) six times 4) eight times
5. If air resistance is ignored, then the horizontal motion of the oblique projectile
takes place at
1) uniform acceleration 2) variable acceleration
3) uniform retardation 4) uniform velocity
6. A projectile shot into air at some angle with the horizontal has a range of
200m. If the time of flight is 5s, then the horizontal component of the velocity
of the projectile at the highest point of trajectory is
1) 40ms–1 2) 0ms–1 3) 9.8ms–1 4) 20ms–1
7. A ball is thrown at a speed of 40m/s at an angle of 60° with the horizontal.Then
(g = 10m/s2 )
1) the maximum height reached by the ball is 60m
2)the range of the ball is 80 3 m
3) the maximum height reached by the ball is 60 3 m
4) the range of the ball is 20 3 m

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8. A ball is thrown at angle  and another ball is thrown at angle(90°–) with the
horizontal direction from the same point with velocity 39.2 ms–1. The second
ball reaches 50 m higher than the first ball. Find their individual heights. g =
9.8 ms–2.
1) 14.2 m, 64.2 m 2) 18 m, 32.2 m 3) 20 m, 15.2 m 4) 12.2 m, 14.1 m

Multi Answer Type

9. A body is projected with an initial speed of 100 3ms 1 at an angle of 60°
above the horizontal. If g = 10ms-2 then velocity of the projectile.
1) Is perpendicular to its acceleration at the instant t=15sec
2) Is perpendicular to its initial velocity of projection at t= 20sec
3) Is minimum at the highest point
4) Changes both in magnitude and direction during its flight

Reasoning Answer Type

10. Statement I : A body projected with certain velocity making an angle other
than 90° to the horizontal is known as projectile.
Statement II : If a body projected with an initital velocity ‘u’ at an angle 
with horizontal, Then it’s velocity at the maximum height is
ucos 
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

Comprehension Type
A body projected with certain velocity making an angle other than 90° to the
horizontal is known as projectile.
11. Figure. shows a 11ft wide ditch with the approach roads at an angle of 15°
with the horizontal. With what minimum speed should a motorbike be moving
on the road so that it safely crosses the ditch? [g = 32ft/s2]

Assume that the length of the bike is 5ft and it leaves the road, when the
front part runs out of the approach road.

11ft

15° 15°
1) 32ft/s 2) 16ft/s 3) 8ft/s 4) 64ft/s

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PHYSICS KINEMATICS

12. From a point on the ground at a distance 15 m from the foot of a vertical
wall, a ball is thrown at an angle of 45° which just clears the top of the wall
and after wards strikes the ground at a distance 5 m on the other side. Find
the height of the wall.
1) 8.2 m 2) 3.75 m 3) 6.87 m 4) 10.2 m/s
13. A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 kmph with speed of
720 kmph passes directly overhead an antiaircraft gun. At what angle from
the vertical should the gun be fixed for the shell with muzzle speed 400ms –1
to hit the plane?
1) 60° with the vertical 2) 30° with the vertical
3) 45° with the vertical 4) 90° with the vertical

Matrix Matching Type

14. If a body projected with an initital velocity ‘u’ at an angle  with horizontal,
Then match the following.
Column-I Column-II
u2 sin 2
a) Maximum height 1)
g

2usin 
b) Range 2) g

u2
c) Maximum range 3)
g

u2 sin2 
d) Time of flight 4)
g

u2 sin2 
5)
2g

Integer Answer Type

15. A body is thrown with a velocity of 9.8ms–1 making an angle of 30° with the
horizontal. It will hit the ground after a time in sec____. [g = 9.8m/s 2]

201 IX Class - Physics

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Subjective Answer Type

16. A boy stands at 78.4m from a building and throws a ball which just enters a
window 39.2 m above the ground. Calculate the velocity of projection of the
ball.

u
39.2m

A B
78.4m
1) 18 m/s 2) 16.4 m/s 3) 22.5 m/s 4) 39.2 m/s
17. A Particle projected horizontally from the top of a table touches the ground
at a distance ‘d’ from the edge of the table. If h is the height of the table,
then the velocity of projection is

2g g 2g g
1) h 2) h 3) d 4) d
d 2d h 2h

Competitive Galaxy
1. Sunitha types 1800 words in half an hour. What is her typing speed in words per minute?
[NSTSE-2012]
1) 60 2) 600 3) 750 4) 3000
2. In a marathon, Varun runs 800 metres in 2 minutes 40 seconds. What is his speed in metres per
second? [NSTSE-2012]
1) 4 ms 1 2) 5 ms 1 3) 200ms 1 4) 1600ms 1
3. Which of the following physical quantities is constant for a falling object? SLSTSE,AP-2012]
1) Speed 2) Velocity 3) Acceleration 4) Displacement

IX Class - Physics 202

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

KEY & HINTS

W0RK SHEET – 1 (KEY)

1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 4 5) 2

6) 2 7) 1 8) 1 9) 1,2 10) 2,4

11) 3 12) 4 13) 3 14) 2 15) 2

16) 4

1 1 22
2. Distance =  2r =  2   21 = 33 m
4 4 7
3. For displacement join PQ and from triangle PQ is the displacement

 OP    OQ 
2 2
 PQ 

 21   21
2 2


 21 2 m.

1
5. distance =  2r   r
2

displacement = r  r
= 2r

Distance r 
  
Displacement 2r 2
6. Distance = 3 km + 6 km + 5 km
= 14 km

203 IX Class - Physics

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7.

 AN    ND 
2 2
Displacement AD 

 6    3  5
2 2


 36+64
 100  10 km
11. Distance = AB  BC (path length)
= 4 m+3 m
= 7 m.
12. Displacement = AC ( shortest path )

 AB    BC 
2 2
 AC 

 4    3
2 2


 16  9
 25
= 5 m.

13. Since initial and find positions are same.

14. Distance = 3 m + 4 m + 12 m
= 19 m
15. Displacement = 32  42  122
= 9  16  144
= 169
= 13 m.

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PHYSICS KINEMATICS

W0RK SHEET – 2 (KEY)

1) 4 2) 3 3) 4 4) 3 5) 2

6) 2 7) 1 8) 2,4 9) 2 10) 3

11) 4 12) 9

1 km
1. 1 km h 1 
1h
1000m

60  60 s
5
 ms 1
18
V u
2. Acceleration a 
t
20  0 2
a  ms
200
20
a  ms 2  0.1ms 2
200
3. Here the ball is falling under gravitational force.
So acceleration is due to gravity.
a  10 ms 2 (or) 9.8 ms 2
v u
4. Acceleration 
t

a
 36  108  km h 1
4
h
60  60
72  60  60
 km h 2
4
 64800 km h 2
v u
5. a
t

205 IX Class - Physics

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1000 m 1
  36  108   
60  60 s 4 s
72  1000
 ms 2
60  60  4
 5ms 2
change in velocity
6. acceleration  a  
time

 5  1
 54   ms
18 
 
60 s
15 2
 ms  0.25ms 2
60

54kmh 1
a
7. 1 1
h
60
 54  60 kmh 2
 3240 kmh 2
9. Displacement is the directed line segment
displacement
10. Velocity=
time
90km
=
3
hr
2
90
  2 km h 1
3
 60 km h 1
displacement
11. Velocity=
time
90  1000m
=
3
 60  60 s
2
90  1000  2 1
 ms
3  60  60
 16.67 ms 1

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PHYSICS KINEMATICS

displacement
12. Velocity=
time
540m
=  9 ms 1
60s
13. (i) Displacement = 324km  south .
Displacement 324km
= =972kmh -1
(ii) (a)Velocity = Time 1 h
3

1 5  -1 5 -1 
(b) velocity in ms  972  ms 1  270 ms 1 Q 1 kmh = 18 ms 
18
14. (i) Change in velocity =  72-18  kmh -1 =54kmh -1

-1 5
 Change in velocity in ms =54× ms -1 =15ms -1
18

Change in velocity 54kmh -1

(ii) (a) Acceleration in kmh -2 = =
Time 30
h
3600
=54×120kmh -2 = 6480kmh -2
Change in velocity 15 ms 1
(b) Acceleration in ms =
-2
  0.5 ms -2
Time 30 s

W0RK SHEET – 3 (KEY)

1) 2 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3

6) 2 7) 2 8) 2,3 9) 5 10) 1

11) 2

1. Key - 2
Given u = 0
V = 72 kmh 1
5
 72  m / s  20m / s
18
S  40m
Now V 2  u 2  2as

207 IX Class - Physics

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 20 
2
 02  2  a  40
20  20  2  a  40
20  20
a   5m / s 2
2  40
2. Key - 4
Here u = 0, V = 20 m/s, a = 5m / s 2
V  u  at
20  0  5t
 20  5t
 t  4s
3. Key - 3
u  216 kmh 1 , V  0 , S  2000m
5
 216  m / s
8
 60 m / s
V 2  u 2  2 as
02   60   2  a  2000
2

60  60 6  6
a   0.9 m / s 2
2  2000 2  20
4. Key - 1
V  u  at
0  60   0.9  t
 0.9t  60
60
t  66.67 s
0.9
5. Key - 3
u  90 kmh 1 , V  18kmh 1 , t  2.5s
5 5
 90  m/s  18  m/s
18 18
 25m / s  5m / s
V u
a
t
5  25 200
   8 m / s 2
2.5 25
6. Key - 2

IX Class - Physics 208

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

V 2  u 2  2as
 5    25   2  8   s
2 2

25  625  16  s
600  16s
600
s   37.5m
16
7. Key - 2
i) u  36km / h, V  0m / s , t  2s
5
 36  m/s
18
 10m / s
V u 0  10
a a
t 2
 a   5m / s 2
ii) V 2  u 2  2 as

02  10   2  5  s
2

s  100  10s
 s  10m
8. Key - 2,3
9. Key - 5
Given u  90 km / h , V  54 kmh 1 , s  40m
5 5
 90  m/s  54  m/s
18 18
 25m / s  15m / s
Now V 2  u 2  2 as

15    25 
2 2
 2  a  40
400
225  625  80 a  a  
80
 a   5m / s 2
Now, as the same force is contuning till the bike comes to rest.
a   5m / s 2
so V  u  at
0  25   5  t
 5t  25

209 IX Class - Physics

KINEMATICS PHYSICS

 t  5s
10. Key - 1
u  90 kmh 1 , V  0, S  25m
5
 90  m/s
18
 25m / s
V 2  u 2  2as
 0 2   25   2  a  25
2

25  25
a  12.5m / s 2
2  25
11. Key - 2
V  u  at
 25   25 
0  25     t    t  25
 2   2 
2  25
t   2s
25
12. Initial velocity of car u   0 .
Final velocity of car  v   72km h1  20 ms 1
Distance covered by car (S) = 25 m.
Acceleration (a) = ?
Time (t) = ?
i) Applying, v 2  u 2  2aS
400 2
 20    0 
2 2
 2  a  25  a  ms  8ms 2
50
ii) Applying, v  u  at
20
20  0  8  t  t   2.5s
8
13. Initial velocity  u   270 km h1  75ms 1
Final velocity v  0 , Distance (S) = 1000m
i) Applying, v 2  u 2  2aS

 0    75
2 2
 2  a 1000
5625 2
a   ms  2.8125 ms 2
2000

IX Class - Physics 210

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

5625 2
a   ms  2.8125 ms 2
2000
 Retardation = -  a     2.8125 ms 2   2.8125 ms 2
ii. Applying, v  u  at
0  75  2.8125  t
75
t   26.67 s
2.8125
14. Initial velocity of car (u) = 0
Final velocity of car (v) = 72 km h 1  20ms 1

1
Time (t)  min  15s
4
i) Applying, v  u  at
20  0  a 15
20 4
a    1.33ms 2
15 3
1 2 1 4
at  0  30    15   150m
2
ii) Applying, S  ut 
2 2 3

15. Initial velocity (u) = 225 km h 1  62.5 ms 1

Final velocity (v) = 0
Time (t) = 2 min = 120 s
i) Applying v  u  at
0  62.5  a 120
62.5
a    0.52ms 2
100
ii) A p p l y i n g ,
1 1
S  ut  at 2  62.5  120    0.52   120    7500  3744  m  3756m
2

2 2
  7500  3744  m  3756m
16. Case (i) u  72 km h 1  20ms 1 ; v  18 kmh 1  5ms 1 , S  20m, a  ?
Applying, v 2  u 2  2aS

 5    20 
2 2
 2  a  20

375
a    9.375ms 2
40

 De-acceleration    a    9.375ms  9.375ms
2 2

211 IX Class - Physics
KINEMATICS PHYSICS

Case(ii) u  72km h 1  20ms 1 ; v  0; a  9.375ms 2

 (i) applying, v  u  at
0  20  9.375  t
 t  2.13s
1 2 1
at  20  2.13   9.375   2.13  21.34 m.
2
ii) Applying, S  ut 
2 2

WORK SHEET – 4 (KEY)

1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3 5) 1

6) 3 7) 1,2,3,4 8) 2,3 9) 1,2,3,4 10) 4

11) 3 12) 2 13) 1 14) 3 15) 1

16) 3 17) 4,3,2,1 18) 2

2 2
1 1  5T  5
1. h = g T2 and y = g   ,y=   h
2 2  6  6
1 2
2. We have, H  gt it is falls through a distance y in time t/2
2
1 1 1 H
g  t/2   gt2  m
2
y 
2 4 2 4
H 3H
From the ground is = H  
4 4

A
3.
u = 0
gAC= 10m/s

20m

gCB=0

IX Class - Physics 212

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

1
tAB = t AC + t CB = 1 + t CB = ? In AC, S  × 10 × 12 = 5m ;
2
15
Also v = 0 + 10 × 1 = 10m/s In CB, t  = 1.5s
10
 tAB = 1 + 1.5 = 2.5s
1 2 1
4. h= gt = × 9.8 × 3 × 3 = 44.1 m
2 2
5. Using v2 – u2 = 2as, we get v2 = 2gh  v  2gh
6. The acceleration of a freely falling body does not depend upon the mass of
the body.
7. Initial velocity, u = 0 acceleration, a = g = 9.8 ms–2
a 9.8 9.8
Snth  u   2n 1 Snth  0   2  1  1 = m  4.9 m
2 2 2
9.8
S2nd  0   2  2  1  4.9  3 m  3  4.9 m = 14.7m
2
9.8
S3rd  0   2  3  1 = 4.9 × 5 m  5  4.9 m = 24.5m
2
9.8
S4th  0   2  4  1 = 4.9 × 7 m = 34.3 m
2
1
8. We know s = ut + (1/2)at2  s  gt2
2
It is clear from the equation, s  t2
2h 2  50
9.sol. 1) t   10 sec
g 10

h
2 
2) 2  h 50
t   5 sec
g g 10

3) v  2gh  2  10  50  1000m /sec

h 50
4) v  2g    2  10   500 sec
2 2
10. When the 6th ball is dropped the positions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th ball from the
top are as shown in the figure

213 IX Class - Physics

KINEMATICS PHYSICS

6th
1s
5th 2s
th 3s
4
3rd
nd
2
st
1

the duration for the 3rd ball is 3sec, then the position of the 3rd ball is
1 1
h3   gt23  × 9.8 × 9 = 44.1m
2 2
the duration for the 4th ball is 2sec, then the position of the 4th ball is

1 1
h4   gt24  × 9.8 × 4 = 19.6m
2 2
the duration for the 5th ball is 1sec, then the position of the 5th ball is

1 1
h5  × g × t 52  × 9.8 × 1 = 4.9m
2 2
10. statement-I is wrong, statement-II is correct.
1 2 1
  10   4  m Q u  0 = 80 m
2
11. h = ut + gt
2 2
12. v = gt = 9.8 ×2= 19.6m/s
1 2
13. S gt = (1/2)×9.8×12 = 4.9m
2
14. Given u = 0, v = 20 m/s, g = 10 m/s2
20
 v = u + at =20 = 10 × t [ Q u  0 ]  t  2s
10
1 2 1
gt  0   10   2 = 5×2×2m =
2
From 2nd equation of motion h  ut 
2 2
20 m

IX Class - Physics 214

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

15.
A
h

B v

h =?

C 2v

For AB : v2 = 2gh ..... (1)

For BC : (2v) – (v) = 2gh|  3v2 = 2gh| ..... (2)
2 2

Dividing (1)/(2), we get h| = 3h

16. Distance travelled in first 3 seconds
1 2 1 2 1
  9.8   3  = 44.1 m
2
 ut  gt = 0 + gt
2 2 2
Let t1 be the total time of travel. Then
44.1 = distance travelled in the last second.
1 1
or 44.1 = g  2t1  1 = 44.1 =  9.8  2t1  1  t1 = 5 sec
2 2

1 2 1 2 2h 2  20
18. S  ut  gt  h  gt  t    2s
2 2 g 10
19. To find hCE? From figure; hCE = 9 – sAC (distance travelled by 3rd stone)
To find the distance travelled by the 3rd stone we need to find the time
taken by the first stone to hit the ground. Let the time interval between
each drop = t

A 5th stone

B 4th stone

3rd stone
9m C

D 2nd stone

E 1st stone

1 9
 10   4t   9 = 5 × 16t2  t 2 
2
 9
2 80

215 IX Class - Physics

KINEMATICS PHYSICS

1 9 9
 SAC  × 10 × (2t)2 = 20t2 = 20 ×  m
2 80 4
9 36  9 27 108
 hCE = 9 –   m or m
7 4 4 16
u
20. If ‘u’ is the initial velocity, then v =
2
2
u u2  4u2
We know that v – u = –2gh
2 2     u2   2gh    2gh
2 4

u2 h
 
g 3

u2 1  u2  1 8h 4h

 maximum height h = 2g 2  g    =
  2 3 3

WORK SHEET – 5 (KEY)

1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 2 5) 2

6) 2 7) 1,2,3 8) 1,2,3 9) 2,3,4 10) 2

11) 2 12) 4 13) 2 14) 1,2,3,4 15) 2

1.
A
Speed in m/s

20

10

B
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time in second
The area under the line OA gives the distance travelled by the car
1 1
From triangle OAB, distance of car   OB  AB   8  20  80m
2 2
20
Slope of the line gives the acceleration of the car, a   2.5m/s 2
8

2. Area under the velocity – time graph gives displacement of the body.

IX Class - Physics 216

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

1 1 1
displacement in 5 seconds =  2  2  1 2  1 2  11
2 2 2
= 2 + 1– 1 + 1 =3m.

60  20 40 4000
6. maximum acceleration =    160km /hr
1  0.75 0.25 25
7. v
5m/s A

0 B D
20 40 t(s)

-5m/s
C
1) Area under triangle give the total distance travelled by the particle.
1 1
Area of OAB  × 20 × 5 = 50m Area of BCD  × 20 × 5 = 50m.
2 2
 total distance travelled by the particle = 50m + 50m = 100m.
2) total displacement travelled by the particle = 50 – 50 = zero. Hence, average
velocity during this period = zero.
8.
v(in m/s)

8 C
6 B
4 A
2
O D t (second)
5 10
1) The acceleration of the particle = Slope of the straight line suppose slope
at ‘c’
82 6
  = 0.6m/s2
10  0 10
2) The area under the curve OACD gives the displacement of the particle.
28
Hence, distance     10 = 50m
 2 
3) the above graph represents the uniform motion, hence distance and
displacement of the particle is same = 50m.
total displacement
9. Average velocity =
time

217 IX Class - Physics

KINEMATICS PHYSICS

100
from the given graph, Average velocity   10m/s
10
Instantaneous velocity at any time is equal to the slope of that line at
50
A  = 20m/s. at 5sec instantaneous velocity = zero.
2.5
11. The slope of velocity - time graph gives acceleration.
40
acceleration =  4m /s2
10
12. Car moves with uniform velocity from A to B. So, the acceleration becomes
zero.
40
13. Retardation =  2m /s2
20
1 1
15. Displacement =  3  2  1 2
2 2
= 3 – 1 = 2m
0  100
at 12sec, = slope  = –20m/s.
5

WORK SHEET – 6 (KEY)

1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 2 5) 3

6) 1 7) 1,2 8) 1,3,4 9) 1,3 10) 2

11) 1 12) 4 13) 1 14) 2 15) 2,3,3,3

16) 20

1. Relative velocity of A with respect to B means velocity of A – velocity of B. It

means velocity of A is towards east and velocity of B in the reversed
direction (i.e. north) is added it.

IX Class - Physics 218

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

N vA-vB
E -vB
W
S
vA

vB

   
2.
 
If  = 90°, ie., V A  V B V A  V B or V B  V A  VA2  VB2

 
3. If V A and V B are the velocities of A and B then relative velocity of A with
  
respect to B is V A – V B and relative velocity of B with respect to A is V B –

VA
4. v

30°
60°

Since the angle between the two projections is 90°.

Relative velocity of one stone with respect to other  V12  V22  V 2  V 2

 2V
 
5. If  is the angle between V A and V B
   
VA  VB or VB  VA  VA2  VB2  2VA VB cos 

6. Given uA = 0, u B = 1 m/s, aA = 4 m/s2 and aB = 0

Assuming car B to be at rest, we have uAB = uA – uB = 0 – 1 = –1 m/s
aAB = aA – aB = 4 – 0 = 4 m/s2
Now, the problem can be assumed in simplified form as follows :

219 IX Class - Physics

KINEMATICS PHYSICS

1 2
Substituting the proper values in equation s = ut + at
2
1
we get 10 = – t +  4  t2 
2
2t2  t  10  0 or

1  1  80 1  81 1 9
t  = or t  2.5 s and  2s
4 4 4
Ignoring the negative value, the desired time is 2.5 s.
Note : The above problem can also be solved without using the concept of rela-
tive motion as under,
At the time when A overtakes B, sA = sB + 10 
1
 4  t 2  1  t  10
2
or 2t 2  t  10  0
which on solving gives t = 2.5 second and –2 second, the same as we found
above.
This approach (by taking absolute values) is more suitable in case of two body
problem in one dimensional motion.
54  5 90  5
8. v A  54kmh1  ms 1  15ms 1 ; v B  90kmh1  ms 1  25ms 1
18 18
(a) vBA = vB – vA (b) vGB =0 – vB = – vB (c) vMA = vM – vA
9. The relative velocity of one train relative to the other = 60 km/hr and as
the
distance between the train is 60 km, the two trains will crash after 1 hr.
(a) Now, the velocity of bird with respect to train towards which it is moving
will be = 90 km/hr. So, the time taken by bird for I trip, t = (60/90) = 2/3 hr
and in this time the trains have moved towards each other (2\3) × 60 = 40 km,
so the
remaining distance = 60 – 40 = 20 km. so, the time taken by bird for II trip,
t2 = 20/90 = (2/32) hr.
Proceeding in the same way time taken by the bird for nth trip, tn = (2/3n) hr.
Now, if the bird makes n trips till the train crashes, t1 + t2 + t3 + ............tn =
1 hr
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 
i.e.,  2  ........  n  1hr or 1   2  ........  n1   1hr
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

2 1  1/3  
n n

or 3  1  1/3   1hr or 1   1   1 or 3n   , i.e., n  

    3
So, the bird will make infinite trips.

IX Class - Physics 220

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

(b) As the speed of bird is 60 km/hr and the two trains crash after 1 hr. So
the total distance travelled by the bird is the distance travelled by the bird in
 km 
1 hr. i.e., d  60    1hr  60 km
 hr 

12.
vb
vm

-vb
Velocity of man
relative to boy
(vm-vb)

10    5   125  5 5 ms –1
2 2
Velocity of man relative to boy 
13.

vA-vB
vA

w 
vB -vB

8   6
2 2
Velocity of A relative to B  v A  v B  = 10 kmph

8 4 4
tan      = Tan–1   towards East.
6 3 3
14.

N
vB vA

W E
90°

v A

S
 
Let VA and VB be the velocities of A and B respectively. Then relative velocity
  
 
of B w.r.t. A  VB  VA  VB    VA 
 
 
From figure, angle between VA and VB is 90°

221 IX Class - Physics

KINEMATICS PHYSICS


 V relative  VA2  VB2  2VA VB cos   150 
2
  250   0 = 291.54 kmph.
2

16.
(vB) (-vB)
12 kmph -12 kmph
B

(vA)
16 kmph v A  vB

12  16 
2 2
|V A – V B |  VA2  VB2 =   144  256  400 =20 kmph

WORK SHEET – 7 (KEY)

1) 3 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 2

6) 2 7) 1,2,3 8) 2,3,4 9) 3 10) 2

11) 1 12) 1 13) 1 14) 2 15) 2,1,3,4

16) 25

1. Resultant velocity of man,

B vr

vb Vresultant
River
Flow
A

5  10   5 5 kmph

2 2
vres = Vr2  Vm2 


2. u = Velocity of water current. v = Velocity of man

IX Class - Physics 222

PHYSICS KINEMATICS

u Q N

W E
River
v current S


P
The river is crossed by a velocity equal to the component of velocity along the
width of the river. d = width of river.
 = angle between north and direction of motion of man.
dis tan ce d
t  For shortest time,  = 0°
velocity v cos 
He should swim towards north.
3. For shortest path, resultant of u and v must be along PQ.
u 5 1
sin        30 He should swim at 30° W of N.
v 10 2
Width of river 500
4. Shortest time to cross the river =  = 50 minute
Velocity of person 10
5. The boat travels 16 km in 2 hours in still water.
16km
 Velocity of boat, Vb  = 8 km/hr Velocity of river flow, Vr = 4 km/hr
2hr
Velocity of boat in down stream = Vb + Vr = 8 + 4 = 12 km/hr
Time taken by the boat to cover a distance 8 km in downstream is t D
8km 2
  hr Velocity of boat in upstream = Vb – Vr = 8 – 4 = 4 km/hr
12km/hr 3
Time taken by the boat to cover a distance 8 km in upstream is
8km 2 
TU  = 2 hr  Total time of travel = tD + tU    2  hr = 2 hr 40 minutes
4 3 
6. i) Let ‘S’ be the distance between two points.
ii) Also, assume that the velocity of boat in still water is v and the velocity of
flow of water is u.
S
Then, for downward journey, t  v  u  1
1

S
for upward journey, t  v  u   2 . Adding equations (1) and (2)
2

S S S 2t1t 2 2  8  12 = 9.6hr
  2 v or t   
t1 t2 v t1  t 2 8  12

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7.
Vr

d
Vbr


10    5   75  5 3 kmph
2 2
1) v b  v br 2  v r 2 

vr 5 1
2) sin    
v br 10 2
 = 30° with the vertical
d 4.33 1
3) t    0.5hr
v b 8.66 2
= 0.5 × 60 minutes
= 30 minutes.
11. Let u is the velocity of man and v is the velocity of water flow.
From the given data 120 = Vt 1 _____ (1)
Let t1 is the time taken if he swims perpendicular to the bank
 u t 1 = d ___________ (2) In second case, u sin  = V _________ (3)
and d = u cos  × t 2 ______________
(4)
t1 10 4
From (2) and (3) u t1 = u cos  × t2  cos   t  12.5  5 or
2

3 3
sin      sin1   __________
(5)
5 5
120 120
12. From equation (1) velocity of water flow v    720m/hr __ ____ __
t1 10/60
(6)
= 0.72 kmph
13. From equation (3) u sin  = V
v 720  5
 velocity of man, u    240  5 m/hr=1.2 kmph
sin  3
10
14. From equation (2) the width of the river, d = ut1 = 1.2 × = 0.2km or 200m.
60
Width of river 200
16. Velocity of man =  = 8 ms–1
Time taken to cross the river 25
Time taken by the man to cross the river in still water
Width of river 200
=  = 25 sec
Time taken cross the river 8

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[Note : In still water time taken to cross the river is the shortest time, i.e. 25s]

WORK SHEET – 8 (KEY)

1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 2 5) 4

6) 1 7) 1,2 8) 1 9) 1,2,3,4 10) 2

11) 1 12) 2 13) 2 14) 5,1,3,2 15) 1

1 2 1
1. h = v sin  t gt or gt 2  v sin t  h  0
2 2
This is a quadratic equation in t whose roots are t1, t2
 v sin 
 t1 + t2   1  sum of the roots t1 + t2 = –b/a
g
2
2v sin 
or t1  t 2  T or T = (1 + 3)s = 4s
g

u2 cos2 
2. H or ucos   2gH Let ‘t’ in the time of ascent
2g

u cos  2gH 2gH 2H

t  or t  
g g g g
3. Horizontal range is maximum when   45 .
4. Max. range  u2.
5. The only force acting on a projectile is the force of gravity which acts
vertically downwards. It has no horizontal component. So, horizontal
motion of the oblique projectile takes place at uniform velocity.
u2 sin 2 2 usin 
6.  200, 5
g g

u2  2sin  cos  g 200

Dividing,    40 or u cos  = 40ms–1
g 2usin  5
It may be noted here that the horizontal component of the velocity of projection
remains the same during the flight of the projectile.

u2.sin2  40  40   sin 60 

2

7. (a) Hmax   = 60m

2g 10

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3
40  40 
(b) Range of the ball R  u sin 2 
2
2  80 3m
g 10
8. For the first ball, angle of projection = , velocity of projection, u =39.2 ms–1
u2 sin2 
Let h be the maximum height attained by it. As, maximum height =
2g

 39.2
2
sin2 
 h - - - - - - - - (1)
2  9.8
For second all, Angle of projection =  90    . Velocity of proje ction,
u = 39.2 ms–1
Maximum height reached = (h + 50)m
u2 sin2  90     39.2
2
cos 2 
 h  50  = - - - - - - - -(2)
2g 2  9.8

 39.2
2

Adding (1) and (2), we get 2h  50 

2  9.8
sin 2
  cos2  

 39.2
2

  78.4 or 2h = 78.4 – 50 = 28.4 or h = 14.2 m

2  9.8
 Height of the first ball, = h = 14.2 m.
Height of the second ball = h + 50 = 14.2 + 50 = 64.2m.
sin 2  u2 sin 30
11. From range, R = u2 16  or u = 32ft/s.
g 32
12. Let u be the velocity of projection from O at an angle 45°, which just clears
the top A of wall of height h. Given, horizontal range = 15 + 5 = 20 m
u2 sin 2  u2 sin 2  45 u2
So,  20 or  20 or  20 - - - - - -
g g g
(1)
y

u A

h
45°
B
O X
15m 5m

Let (x, y) be the coordinates of A, then x = 15 m and y = h.

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PHYSICS KINEMATICS

1 gx 2
Using the equation of trajectory, we have y  x tan  
2 u2 cos 2 

1 152
h  15 tan 45    3.75 m
2 20  1
2
13. Let the fighter plane be flying horizontally with a speed u’ at height OP = 1.5
km, and point O represents the position of anti-aircraft gun. Let the shell be
fired with velocity u making an angle  with the vertical direction so that it
hits the fighter plant at B.Figure
1
u =720 km/h B
P X

u
ucos


O
usin

Resolving u into two rectangular components, we have: u cos  acts verti-

cally upwards and u sin  acts horizontally. If t is the time taken by the
shell to hit the fighter plane, then horizontal distance travelled by the
fighter plane in time t with velocity u' is equal to the horizontal distance
travelled by the shell in time t with
velocity u sin  i.e., u y t  usin  t or sin   uy /u
' '

Here, uy= 720 km h–1 = 720×(1000 m) × (60 × 60 s)–1

= 200 ms–1, and u = 400 ms–1  sin   200/400  1/2 or   30 with verti-
cal.
2usin  2  9.8  sin 30 1
15. Time of flight,    2   1s
g 9.8 2
16. Let a boy standing at A throw a ball with a velocity u at an angle  with the
horizontal, which just enters window W.
As the boy is at 78.4m from the building and the ball just enters the window
u2 sin2 
39.2m above the ground, therefore Max. height,  39.2m - - - -
2g
(1)
u2 sin 2
and horizontal range,  2  78.4m - - - - - - (2)
g

227 IX Class - Physics

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u2 sin2  g 39.2
Dividing (1) by (2), we get  2  or
2g u sin2 2  78.4

sin2  1
 or tan   1 or   45
2  2sin  cos  4

u2 sin 90
Substituting in (2), we get  2  78.4 or u = 39.2m/s
9.8
17.
u

d
2h g
d = u  Velocity of projection, u = d 
g 2h

Competitive Galaxy
1. Key - 1
Number of words typed
Typing speed =
Time taken
1800 words
=  60 words per minute
1
 60m
2
2. Key - 2
Given distance = 800 m
time = 2 min 40s
 2  60   40  160s
distance
 speed=
time taken
800m
  5m / s
160 s
3. Key - 3
Here the acceleration is due to gravitational force which is constant.
F
a   Constant.
m
Q mass of falling body is constant 

IX Class - Physics 228