Windows Programming

Chapter Six
Database Programming in C#

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 LINQ
 The LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a part of a
language but not a complete language.
 It was introduced by Microsoft with .NET Framework 3.5
and C# 3.0 and is available in System.Linq namespace.
 LINQ provides us common query syntax which allows us
to query the data from various data sources.
 That means using a single query we can get or set the data
from various data sources such as SQL Server database,
XML documents, ADO.NET Datasets, and any other in-
memory objects such as Collections, Generics, etc.

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 LINQ Architecture

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 LINQ…
 Suppose we are developing a .NET Application and that application requires
data from different data sources.
For example
 The application needs data from SQL Server Database.
 So as a developer in order to access the data from SQL Server Database, we need
to understand ADO.NET and SQL Server-specific syntaxes.
 If the database is Oracle then we need to learn SQL Syntax specific to Oracle
Database.
 If the application needs data from an XML Document.
 So as a developer in order to work with XML Document, we need to understand
XPath and XSLT queries.
 However, LINQ provides a uniform programming model (i.e. common query
syntax) which allows us to work with different data sources but using a
standard or unified coding style.
 As a result, we don’t require to learn different syntaxes to query different data
sources.

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 ADO.NET
 ADO.NET (Active Data Object).NET is a set of classes that comes with the
Microsoft .NET framework to facilitate data access from managed languages.
 ADO.NET has been in existence for a long time and it provides a
comprehensive and complete set of libraries for data access.
The strength of ADO.NET is :-
1. It lets applications access various types of data using the same methodology.
 If you know how to use ADO.NET to access a SQL Server database then
the same methodology can be used to access any other type of database
(like Oracle or MS Access) by just using a different set of classes.
2. ADO.NET provides two models for data access:
 Connected model : where you can keep the connection with the
database and perform data access.
 Disconnected model : let us perform data access on disconnected
objects.

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 ADO.NET Architecture

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 ADO.NET Components
.NET Framework Data Provider
 The .NET Framework Data Providers are components that have been
explicitly designed for data manipulation and fast, forward-only, read-only
access to data.
Core Objects of .NET Framework Data Providers
 Connection: Establishes a connection to a specific data source.
 The base class for all Connection objects is the DbConnection class.
 Command: Executes a command against a data source.
 The base class for all Command objects is the DbCommand class.
 DataReader: Reads a forward-only, read-only stream of data from a data
source.
 The base class for all DataReader objects is the DbDataReader class.
 DataAdapter: Populates a DataSet and resolves updates with the data
source.
 The base class for all DataAdapter objects is the DbDataAdapter class.

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 ADO.NET Components…
DataSet
 The ADO.NET DataSet is explicitly designed for data
access independent of any data source.
 As a result, it can be used with multiple and differing data
sources, used with XML data, or used to manage data local
to the application.
 The DataSet contains a collection of one or more
DataTable objects consisting of rows and columns of data,
and also primary key, foreign key, constraint, and relation
information about the data in the DataTable objects.

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 ADO.NET Components…
DataSet…
 Use a DataSet to do the following:-
 Cache data locally in your application so that you can
manipulate it.
 If you only need to read the results of a query, the DataReader
is the better choice.
 If you access remote data between tiers or from an XML Web
service.
 Interact with data dynamically such as binding to a Windows
Forms control or combining and relating data from multiple
sources.
 Perform extensive processing on data without requiring an open
connection to the data source, which frees the connection to be
used by other clients.

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 The following figure shows the ADO.NET objects

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 ADO.net Common Classes under
using System.Data.SqlClient;
Class Description

SqlConnection It is used to create SQL Server connection. This class

cannot be inherited.

SqlCommand It is used to execute database queries. This class cannot

be inherited.

SqlDataAdapter It represents a set of data commands and a database

connection that are used to fill the DataSet. This class
cannot be inherited.

SqlDataReader It is used to read rows from a SQL Server database.

This class cannot be inherited.

SqlException This class is used to throw SQL exceptions. It throws

an exception when an error is occurred. This class
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cannot be inherited.
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 Accessing data with ADO.NET object
 In a typical scenario requiring data access, we need to
perform four major tasks:
1. Connecting to the database
2. Passing the request to the database, i.e., a command
like select, insert, or update.
3. Getting back the results, i.e., rows and/or the
number of rows effected.
4. Storing the result and displaying it to the user.

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 Accessing data with ADO.NET object…
 Connection object is - An object in ADO.NET that allows you to
open and execute commands against a database.
 The following code creates an instance of the SqlConnection
object, sets the connectionString property, and opens a connection
to the database:

 Command object is used to call a stored procedure or execute a

dynamic SQL statements (insert, update, delete, and select) .
 The Command’s ExecuteNonQuery method is used to execute
nonresult-returning queries such as an INSERT or UPDATE
command.
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 Accessing data with ADO.NET object…
 The following code demonstrates how to execute an insert statement
against the database:-

SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection();

cn.ConnectionString =
"Server=myServerAddress;Database=myDataBase;UserId=myUsername;
Password=myPassword;";
cn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
cmd.CommandText = "INSERT INTO Person (FirstName, LastName)
VALUES ('Joe', 'Smith')";
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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 Accessing data with ADO.NET object…
 ExecuteReader method Executes the CommandText against the
Connection and returns a DbDataReader.
 A DBDataReader object is a read-only, forward-only cursor
connected to the database.

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 Accessing data with ADO.NET object…
The following code prints all the records in the Person table to the
output window using a DBDataReader object.

SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection();

cn.ConnectionString = "Server=myServerAddress;Database=myDataBase;User
Id=myUsername;Password=myPassword;";
cn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
cmd.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Person";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.HasRows) {
while (dr.Read()) {
Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("First Name: {0} , Last Name: {1}",
dr["FirstName"], dr["LastName"]));
}
}
dr.Close();
cn.Close();

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 End of Chapter Six

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