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Lecture 4

The document defines complement, absolute complement, and relative complement in set theory. The absolute complement of a set A is the set of elements not in A, when considering all possible sets. The relative complement of A with respect to a set B is the elements of B that are not in A. De Morgan's laws relate the union and intersection of sets to the complements of those sets. Venn diagrams use overlapping circles to represent sets and their relationships, such as intersections showing common elements. A subset is a set contained entirely within another set.

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vivek gupta
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63 views

Lecture 4

The document defines complement, absolute complement, and relative complement in set theory. The absolute complement of a set A is the set of elements not in A, when considering all possible sets. The relative complement of A with respect to a set B is the elements of B that are not in A. De Morgan's laws relate the union and intersection of sets to the complements of those sets. Venn diagrams use overlapping circles to represent sets and their relationships, such as intersections showing common elements. A subset is a set contained entirely within another set.

Uploaded by

vivek gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEMENT

In set theory, the complement of a set A, often denoted by A∁ (or A′), is the set
of elements not in A.
When all sets in the universe, i.e. all sets under consideration, are considered to
be members of a given set U, the absolute complement of A is the set of
elements in U that are not in A.
The relative complement of A with respect to a set B, also termed the set
difference of B and A, written B ∖A, is the set of elements in B that are not in A.

Absolute complement
Definition[edit]
If A is a set, then the absolute complement of A (or simply the complement
of A) is the set of elements not in A (within a larger set that is implicitly
defined). In other words, let U be a set that contains all the elements under
study; if there is no need to mention U, either because it has been previously
specified, or it is obvious and unique, then the absolute complement of A is the
relative complement of A in U.

Relative complement
Definition[edit]
If A and B are sets, then the relative complement of A in B, also termed the set
difference of B and A, is the set of elements in B but not in A.
The relative complement of A in B is denoted B∖A according to the ISO 31-11
standard. It is sometimes written B−A,
Formally:
De Morgan’s Law
De Morgan’s Law is applicable in relating the union and intersection of two sets via
their complements. There are two laws under De Morgan’s Law. Let’s learn them
briefly
De Morgan’s Law of Union
De Morgan’s Law of Union states that the complement of the union of two sets is
equal to the intersection of the complement of individual sets. Mathematically it can
be expressed as
(A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
De Morgan’s Law of Intersection
De Morgan’s Law of Intersection states that the complement of the intersection of two
sets is equal to the union of the complement of individual sets. Mathematically it can
be expressed as
(A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’

What is Venn Diagram?


Venn Diagrams are used to represent the groups of data in circles, if the circles are
overlapping, some elements in the groups are common, if they are not overlapping,
there is nothing common between the groups or sets of data. The sets are represented
as circles and the circles are shown inside the rectangle which is representing the
Universal set. A universal set contains all the circles since it has all the elements
present involving all the sets.
John Venn, a famous logician gave the concept of diagrams in 1918, this is why the
diagrams are named Venn diagrams. There are several benefits of Venn Diagrams,
 Venn diagram is used for the classification of data belonging to the same
category but different sub-categories.
 The comparison of the different data becomes easier through the Venn
diagram, also the relationship between the data.
 Grouping the information and finding similarities and differences among
them becomes easy.
 The different unknown parameters can be easily understood and found
with the help of Venn diagrams.
Example of Venn Diagram
Venn diagrams are highly useful in solving problems of sets and other problems.
Venn diagrams are useful in representing the data in picture form. Let’s learn more
about the Venn diagram through an example,
Subset
Subset is actually a set of values that is contained inside another set i.e. we can say
that set B is the subset of set A if all the values of set B are contained in set A.
For example, if we take N as the set of all the natural numbers and W as the set of all
whole numbers then,
N = Set of all Natural Numbers
W = set of all Whole Numbers
we can say that N is a subset of W as all the values of set N are contained in set W.
We represent the subset using the ⊆ symbol. In the above example, we write,
N⊆W
It is read as N is a subset of W.
Class Exercise:

Venn Diagram for Sets Operations


There are different operations that can be done on sets in order to find the possible
unknown parameter, for example, if two sets have something in common, their
intersection is possible. The basic operations performed on the set are,
 Union of Set
 Intersection of Set
 Complement of Set
 Difference of Set

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