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Oral Communication

Communication is a process of sharing messages between people through various channels and contexts. There are many situations where communication can occur, both verbal and nonverbal. Effective communication has several key elements - a speaker encodes a message, transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes and provides feedback. Two common models are the linear Shannon-Weaver model and the interactive transaction model. Communication serves important functions like control, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and information sharing.

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Bianca Manimtim
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22 views

Oral Communication

Communication is a process of sharing messages between people through various channels and contexts. There are many situations where communication can occur, both verbal and nonverbal. Effective communication has several key elements - a speaker encodes a message, transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes and provides feedback. Two common models are the linear Shannon-Weaver model and the interactive transaction model. Communication serves important functions like control, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and information sharing.

Uploaded by

Bianca Manimtim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or


information from one person to another within and across channels,
contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).
There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication
can be manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter
correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.

🔺Nature of Communication🔺
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and
the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words,
actions (nonverbal), or both
spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

🔺Elements of Communication🔺
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand
its mechanics or
process. These elements are the following:
1. Speaker – the source of information or message.
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker
in words or in actions.
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions,
or other forms that the speaker understands.
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal,
verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed.
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the
speaker by the receiver.
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the
message.
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the
receiver.
8. Context – the environment where communication takes place.
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication.

🔺Process of Communication🔺
▪️The speaker generates an idea.
▪️The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions.
▪️The speaker transmits or sends out a message.
▪️The receiver gets the message.
▪️The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context.
▪️The receiver sends or provides feedback.
🔺Models of Communication🔺
1. Shannon-Weaver Model
Known as the mother of all communication models, the Shannon-Weaver
model (1949) depicts communication as a linear or one-way process
consisting of five elements: a source (producer of message); a transmitter
(encoder of message into signals); a channel (signals adapted for
transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and a
destination.This model, however, has been criticized for missing one
essential element in the communication process: feedback. Without
feedback, the speaker will not know whether the receiver understands
the message or not.
2. Transaction Model
Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, the
Transaction Model is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as
one element. This model is more interactive. There is a collaborative
exchange of messages between communicators with the aim of
understanding each other. It also shows that a barrier, such as noise, may
interfere with the flow of communication.
🔺Functions of Communication🔺
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control,
social interaction,
motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.
1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with
others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live
better.
4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression
of their feelings and
emotions.
5. Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey
information.

🔺Features of an Effective Communication🔺


In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip,
and Center (2012) list
the 7 Cs of Effective Communication.
This list is widely used today, especially in public relations and
advertising.
1. Completeness
Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication
process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that
the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate
properly.
2. Conciseness
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it
direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information
should be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the
recipient.
3. Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information
about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference,
education, status, and needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can
easily build rapport with the audience.
4. Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and
supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this
case, the receiver is more connected to the message conveyed.
5. Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture,
values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times
creates a positive impact on the audience.
6. Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words
to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a
single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.
7. Correctness
Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and
increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.

🔺Barriers to Communication🔺
There are instances when miscommunication and misunderstanding occur
because of certain barriers. To become an effective communicator, you
should recognize these barriers that hinder the communication process.
This will enable you to control the situation, reset conditions, and start
anew.
1. Emotional Barriers
2. Use of jargon
3. Lack of confidence
4. Noisy environment
🔺Verbal Communication and Nonverbal Communication🔺
▪️Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to
relay a message. For effective and successful verbal communication, use
words to express ideas which can be easily understood by the person you
are talking to. Consider appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and
vividness when engaging in this type of communication.
1. Appropriateness
The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or
occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal).
2. Brevity
Speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found
to be more credible. Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your
words. Avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to the
message, such as “uh,” “you know,” “I guess,” and others.
3. Clarity
The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently
by a listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your message
and express your ideas and feelings.
4. Ethics
Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles,
ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking
to.
5. Vividness

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