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BIO Notes Class 12

This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the Indian skipper frog (Rana tigrina). Some key points: - It is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded) amphibian that uses camouflage and mimicry. It can aestivate (summer sleep) and hibernate. - Males have vocal sacs and nuptial pads on their forelimbs used in reproduction. Females lack these features. - Its organ systems include digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine and reproductive systems. - It has a three-chambered heart and lungs for respiration on land, while its skin also resp

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Marwa Khot
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56 views

BIO Notes Class 12

This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the Indian skipper frog (Rana tigrina). Some key points: - It is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded) amphibian that uses camouflage and mimicry. It can aestivate (summer sleep) and hibernate. - Males have vocal sacs and nuptial pads on their forelimbs used in reproduction. Females lack these features. - Its organ systems include digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine and reproductive systems. - It has a three-chambered heart and lungs for respiration on land, while its skin also resp

Uploaded by

Marwa Khot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phylum: Chordata/ Class : Amphibia/ Genus : Rana/ Species : tigrina

(a) poikilotherms (cold blooded)/ (camouflage).mimicry/ aestivation (summer sleep) and hibernation (winter)

A mouth, paired nostrils, and bulged eyes (covered by a nictitating membrane) are present./ On either side of
eyes have a membranous tympanum (ear).
Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism. Male frogs have sound producing vocal sac and also a copulatory (nuptial) pad
on the first digit of fore limbs which no females

Mouth → buccal cavity → pharynx → oesophagus → stomach → intestine → rectum → cloaca.


Liver = bile that is stored in gall bladder. Pancreas= pancreatic juice
Partially digested food (chyme)-from the stomach to the duodenum.
Duodenum receives bile and pancreatic juices through a common bile duct.
Bile emulsifies fat. Pancreatic juice digests carbohydrates and proteins.

skin as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration). Dissolved oxygen in the water is exchanged through
the skin by diffusion. During aestivation and hibernation respiration- skin.
On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs (pulmonary respiration) act as the respiratory organs./ The lungs
present in the thorax.

Closed type. Includes Blood vascular system (heart, blood vessels & blood) and lymphatic system (lymph,
lymph channels & lymph nodes).
heart is a 3-chamber (2 atria, 1 ventricle) covered by a membrane pericardium.
sinus venosus (Triangle) joins the right atrium. It receives blood through major veins (vena cava). The
ventricle opens into a saclike conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.
arteries= heat to body/ veins= body to heart
Hepatic portal system (venous connection between liver and intestine) and renal portal system
(between kidney and lower parts of the body)

- kidneys(side of vertebral column) (2), ureters (2), cloaca & urinary bladder
Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenals &
gonads.

Central nervous system (brain & spinal cord),


Peripheral nervous system (cranial & spinal nerves)/ Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic &
parasympathetic).
10 pairs of cranial nerves arising from brain./ Brain in a bony brain box(cranium).
(between kidney and lower parts of the body)
- kidneys(side of vertebral column) (2), ureters (2), cloaca & urinary bladder
Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenals &
gonads.
Central nervous system (brain & spinal cord),
Peripheral nervous system (cranial & spinal nerves)/ Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic &
parasympathetic).
10 pairs of cranial nerves arising from brain./ Brain in a bony brain box(cranium).
Fore-brain: olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres, unpaired diencephalon. Mid-brain: a pair of
optic lobes. Hind-brain: cerebellum & medulla oblongata.
Medulla oblon passes through the foramen magnum. continues into spinal cord.
Sensory papillae: touch/ Nasal epithelium: smell/ Tympanum with internal ears: hearing and balancing
(equilibrium).
- Male= a pair of yellowish ovoid testes, found adhered to upper part of kidneys by a double fold of
peritoneum (mesorchium).
13) Vasa efferentia (10-12 in number) arise from testes, enter the kidneys on their side and open into
Bidder’s canal. It communicates with urinogenital duct that comes out of the kidneys and opens into
cloaca.The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal matter, urine and sperms to the
exterior.
The female= a pair of ovaries, situated near kidneys( no function with them)
A pair of oviduct arising from the ovaries opens into the cloaca separately.
2500 to 3000 ova at a time

(b)bacteria, blue-green, mycoplasma & PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). Bacteria have 4 basic
shapes: Coccus (Spherical), Bacillus (Rod-shaped), Vibrium (Comma-shaped) & Spirillum (Spiral).
Acrocentric chromosome: Centromere is close to its end forming one very short and one very long
arm/ Telocentric chromosome: Terminal centromere.
Some chromosomes have non-staining secondary constrictions at a constant location.called satellite.

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