Control Statements in

‘C’
 Control Statements
• Selection Statements
–Using if and if...else
–Nested if Statements
–Using switch Statements
–Conditional Operator
• Repetition Statements
–Looping: while, do-while, and for
–Nested loops
–Using break and continue
 Selection Statements
• if Statements
• switch Statements
• Conditional Operators
 if Statements
if (Condition) true
Condition ?
{
statement(s); false
statement1
}
statement2

Example:
if (i > 0) statement3
{
printf("i = %d “, i );
}
 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a
common mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
printf ("The area for the circle
of radius %d is =%d“, radius,area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is neither
a compilation error nor a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block
style.
 The if...else Statement
if (condition)
{
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else
{
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
 if...else Example

if (radius >= 0)
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
printf("The area for the circle of radius
%d is =%d" , radius, area);
}
else
{
printf(“Radius can not be Negative ");
}
 Multiple Alternative if Statements

if (score >= 90) if (score >= 90)

grade = ‘A’; grade = ‘A’;
else else if (score >= 80)
if (score >= 80) grade = ‘B’;
grade = ‘B’; else if (score >= 70)
else grade = ‘C’;
if (score >= 70) else if (score >= 60)
grade = ‘C’; grade = ‘D’;
else else
if (score >= 60) grade = ‘F’;
grade = ‘D’;
else
grade = ‘F’;
 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same block.
For example, the following statement
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
printf("A");
else
printf("B");

Other combination is :
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i < j)
{
if (i > k)
printf("A");
}
else
printf("B");
 switch Statements
switch (variable-name)
{
case value1:
Execute this;
break;
case value2:
Execute this;
break;

case valueN:
Execute this;
break;
default:
Execute this;
}
 switch Statement Flow Chart

default
value1
Variable
value2
valueN

Execute this; Execute this; Execute this; Execute this;

Next
Statement
 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression must yield a value of char or
int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses.
The value1, ..., and valueN must have the same data type
as the value of the switch-expression. The resulting
statements in the case statement are executed when the
value in the case statement matches the value of the
switch-expression. (The case statements are executed in
sequential order.)

The keyword break is optional, but it should be used at

the end of each case in order to terminate the remainder
of the switch statement.

If the break statement is not present, the next case

statement will be executed.
 switch Statement Rules,
cont…..
The default case, which is optional, can be
used to perform actions when none of the specified
cases is true.

The order of the cases (including the default

case) does not matter. However, it is a good
programming style to follow the logical sequence of
the cases and place the default case at the end.
 Caution
Do not forget to use a break statement when one is
needed. For example, the following code always
displays Wrong number of years regardless of what
num is. Suppose the num is 15. The statement
rate = 8.50 is executed, then the statement
rate = 9.0, and finally the statement,
printf("Wrong number of years").

switch (num) {
case 7: rate = 7.25;
case 15: rate = 8.50;
case 30: rate = 9.0;
default: printlf("Wrong number of years");
}
 Example: switch-case
int w = 20;
switch(w)
{
case 10: printf(“First”);
break;
case 20: printf(“Second”);
break;
case 30: printf(“Third”);
break;
default: printf(“Wrong value…”);
}
 Conditional Operator
(condition) ? exp1 : exp2

if (x > 0) y = 1
else y = -1;

is equivalent to

y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;

Ternary operator
 Conditional Operator

if (num % 2 == 0)
printf(“%d is even”,num);
else
printf(“%d is odd”,num);

(num%2==0)?printf(“even”):printf(“odd”);
 Repetitions

9 while Loops
9 do-while Loops
9 for Loops
9 break and continue
 while Loop Flow Chart

while (continuation-condition)
{
false
// loop-body; Continuation
condition?
}
true

Statement(s)

Next
Statement
 while Loop Flow Chart, cont.
i = 0;

false
(i < 100)
int i = 0;
while (i < 100)
true
{
printf("Welcome to C!"); printf("Welcome to C!");
i++;
i++;
}
Next
Statement
 do-while Loop
Statement(s)

true
Continue
condition?
do
{ false

Next
// Loop body; Statement

} while (continue-condition);
 for Loop
for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
//loop body;
}
Initialization

false
Increment Continuation
Decrement condition?

true

Statement(s)
(loop-body)

Next
Statement
 for Loop Example
i=0

false
i<100?
i++
true

printf(“W elcom e to C ”);

int i;
for (i=0;i<100;i++)
{
printf("Welcome to C"); N ext
} Statem ent
 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for
clause before the loop body is a common
mistake, as shown below:

Wrong
for (int i=0; i<10; i++);
{
printf("i is %d“,i);
}
 Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
while (i<10); Wrong
{
printf("i is %d“,i);
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the following
semicolon is needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do
{
printf("i is %d“,i);
i++; Correct
} while (i<10);
 Which Loop to Use?
The three forms of loop statements, while, do, and
for, are expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a
loop in any of these three forms.
It is recommend that you use the one that is most
intuitive and comfortable for you. In general, a for loop
may be used if the number of repetitions is known, as, for
example, when you need to print a message 100 times. A
while loop may be used if the number of repetitions is not
known, as in the case of reading the numbers until the
input is 0. A do-while loop can be used to replace a while
loop if the loop body has to be executed before testing the
continuation condition.
The break Keyword

Continuation false
condition?

true

Statement(s)

break

Statement(s)

Next
Statement
 Example: break statement
int a = 10;
while( a >= 0 )
{
printf(“\nValue of a = %d”,a);
a--;
if(a==5)
break;
}
Output:
Value of a = 10
Value of a = 9
Value of a = 8
Value of a = 7
Value of a = 6
The continue Keyword
false
Continue
condition?

true

Statement(s)

continue

Statement(s)

Next
Statement
Example: continue statement
int a = 6;
while( a >= 0 )
{
a--;
if(a==3)
continue;
printf(“\nValue of a = %d”,a);
}
Output:
Value of a = 5
Value of a = 4
Value of a = 2
Value of a = 1
Value of a = 0
 Test your skills…
If – else construct

1. Find the largest number from

three inputted numbers.

2. Find whether the accepted year

is leap year or not ?
 Test your skills…
while loop construct

1. Display all the even numbers from 20

to 300.

2. Find whether the entered number is

prime or not ?

3. Calculate squares of all the numbers

from -10 to 50.
 Test your skills…
for loop construct

1. Calculate the factorial of the given

number n.

2. Calculate sum of digits of given

number.

3. Calculate squares of all the numbers

from -10 to 50.
 Created By,
• Mr. Tushar B Kute,
Lecturer in Information Technology,
K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik.
tbkute@gmail.com