CHAPTER 8

Application of Integrals
Summary
• Area under simple curves Y
¾ Consider that a curve y = f(x), the line x = a, y=d
x = b and x-axis collectively acquires an area
and the area under the curve is considered as
composed of large number of vertical thin strips. x
Now assume that there is an arbitrary strip with dy
height y and width dx. x = g(y)
Then dA which represents area of elementary
strip = ydx, where y = f(x). y=c
Total area A of the region between the curve X′ X
O
y = f(x), x = a, x = b and x-axis is equal to the Y′
sum of areas of all elementary vertical thin strips ¾ If the curve is positioned below x-axis, which
across the region PQRS. is f(x) < 0 from x = a to x = b, then the
b b
which is given by, A = ∫
a
y dx = ∫
a
f (x)dx numerical value of the area which is
bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and
Y the ordinates x = a, x = b will come out to
y = f(x) be negative. But, if the numerical value of
R
the area is to be taken into consideration,
S then is given by:
y b
x=a A= ∫ a
f (x) dx
x=b Y
X′ X
O P dx Q
Y′
Elementary Area: The area which is located
X′ O X
at an arbitrary position within the region which x=b
is specified by some value of x between a and b x=a
)
¾ Now consider the area A of the region which is f( x
bounded by the curve x = g(y), the lines y = c, y=
y = d and y-axis. Y′
Total area A of the region between the curve ¾ There is a possibility that some portion of the
x = g(y), y = c, y = d and y-axis is equal to the curve is located above x-axis and some portion
sum of areas of all elementary horizontal thin of it is located below x-axis.
strips. Let suppose A1 is the area below x-axis and A2is
In this case the area A is given by the area above x-axis. Now, the area of the region
d d which is bounded by the curve y = f(x), x = a,
A= ∫ c
x dy = ∫ c
g(y)dy x = b and x-axis can be given by A = |A1| + |A2|.
 Y which can be stated as,
A2 A = Area bounded by the curve {y = f(x)}
– Area bounded by the curve {y = g(x)}
x=b where f(x) > g(x).
Y y = f(x)
X′ X dx y = f(x) – g(x)
O
x=a
y

A1
Y′ x=a y = g(x)
• Area of the region bounded by a curve and a x=b
line X′ X
¾ Area of the region bounded by a line and a curve O
is used to find the area bounded by a line and a Y′
parabola, a line and an ellipse, a line and a circle ¾ In other case if the two curves y = f(x) and
etc. The standard equation will be used for these y = g(x) where f(x) ≥ g(x) in [a, c] and f(x) ≤ g(x) in
mentioned curves. [c, b] with a condition that a < c < b, intersect at
x = a, x = c and x = b, then the area bounded by
¾ Area of the region can be calculated by taking
the curves is given by:
the sum of the area of either horizontal or
c b
vertical elementary strips but vertical strips are
mostly preferred.
A= ∫a
f (x) − g(x) dx + ∫ g(x) − f(x) dx
c

which is stated as:

• Area between two curves
Total area = Area of the region ACBDA
¾ Assume that there are two curves, y = f(x) and
y = g(x), where f(x) ≥ g(x) in [a, b]. The ordinates + Area of the region BPRQB
x = a and x = b give the point of intersection of y = g(x)
Y y = f(x) P
these two curves. Suppose that these curves C
intersect at f(x) with width dx. B R
A
Consider an elementary vertical strip of height
y, where y = f(x). D y = g(x) Q y = f(x)
∴ dA = y dx x=a x=c x=b
Now the area is given by,
X′ X
O
∫a [ f (x) − g(x)] dx = ∫a f (x) dx − ∫a g(x)dx
b b b
A= Y′
 Exercise
1. The area bounded by the curve, y = x3, x – axis 8. If area bounded by the curves y2 = 4ax and y = mx
and the two ordinates x = 1, x = 2 is
a2
is , then the value of m is
15 15 3
(a) (b)
2 4 (a) 2 (b) – 2
17 17 (c) 1/2 (d) None of these
(c) (d) 9. Area bounded by the curve y = k sin x between
2 4
x = π and x = 2π, is
2. The area bounded by the curves y = sin4 x, x = 0,
(a) 2K sq. units (b) 0
π
x = and y = 0, is K2
2 (c) sq. units (d) K sq. units
2
3 3 10. The area of the region bounded by the curves
(a) (b) y =|x – 2|, x = 1, x = 3 and the x-axis is
8 16
(a) 4 (b) 2
3π 3π
(c) (d) (c) 3 (d) 1
18 16
11. The area enclosed by the parabola y2 = 4ax and
3. The area bounded by the curves xy = 1, x = 1, the straight line y = 2ax, is
x = 3 and y = 0, is
(a) log 2 (b) log 3 a2 1
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units
(c) log 4 (d) None 3 3a2
4. The area of the loop between the curve y = a 1 2
sin x and x – axis, is (c) sq. units (b) sq. units
3a 3a
(a) a (b) 2a 12. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = tan x,
(c) 3a (d) 4a
π
5. If A is the area lying between the curve y = sinx tangent drawn to the curve at x = and the
4
π x-axis is
and x – axis, between x = 0 and x = , then area
2 1 1
of the region between the curve y = sin 2x and (a) (b) log 2 −
4 4
x – axis, in the same interval, is
1
(a) A (b) 2A (c) log 2 + (d) None of the above
4
A 3A 13. The area of the region bounded by y = |x –1| and
(c) (d) y = 1 is
2 4
(a) 2 (b) 1
6. The area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x –
axis and the ordinates x = 1 and x = b is (b – 1) (c) 1/2 (d) None of these
cos (3b + 4). Then, f(x) = ? 14. Area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its
(a) (x – 1) sin(3x + 4) latus rectum is
(b) 3(x – 1) sin(3x + 4) + cos (3x + 4) 2 2 4 2
(a) a sq. units (b) a sq. units
(c) cos (3x + 4) – 3 (x – 1) sin (3x + 4) 3 3
(d) None of these 8 2 3 2
(c) a sq. units (d) a sq. units
7. Area bounded by curve xy = c, x-axis between 3 8
x = 1 and x = 4, is 15. The area of region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 1 ≤ x + y} is
(a) c log 3 sq. units π2 π2
(a) (b)
(b) 2 log c sq. units 5 2
(c) 2c log 2 sq. units π2 π 1
(c) (d) −
(d) 2c log5 sq. units 3 4 2
16. The area bounded by the curves y2 – x = 0 and 18. The area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4, line
y – x2 = 0 is
x = 3y and x-axis lying in the first quadrant, is
7 1 π π
(a) (b) (a) (b)
3 3 2 4
5 π
(c) (d) 1 (c) (d) π
3 3
19. The area bounded by curves y = cosx and y = sinx
17. The area of the upper half of the circle whose
π
equation is (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 is given by and ordinates x = 0 and x = is
4
2
(a) ∫0 2x − x2 dx (a) 2 (b) 2 +1
(c) 2 –1 (d) 2( 2 − 1)
1
∫0
2
(b) 2x − x dx 20. For which of the following values of m, the area
of the region bounded by the curve y = x – x2 and
2 9
(c) ∫1 2x − x2 dx the line y = mx equals
2
(a) – 4 (b) – 2
π
(d) (c) 2 (d) 4
4

Answer Keys
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)

Solutions
1. Given curve is y = x3 3 21
y > 0 for 1 < x < 2 ∴ Area ( A ) = ∫1 y dx = ∫1 x dx
and it does not intersect x-axis at any point
= [ log x ]1 = log 3 sq − units
3
between x = 1 and x = 2

2 4. The curve y = a sin x interacts x-axis at x = 0 and

2 3 ⎡ x4 ⎤ 15
∴ Area ( A ) = ∫ x dx =⎢ ⎥ = sq − units x = π.
1
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦1 4
X=π
2. Required area is between the curve, x-axis and
π
the ordinates x = 0, x =
2

π X
π O
∴ Area ( A ) = ∫ 2 sin 4 x dx
0

π
3.1 π 3π ∴ Area ( A ) = ∫0 a sin xdx
= × = sq − units
4.2 2 16
= [ −a cos x ]0
π
3. The required area is the area between the curve
xy = 1 and x – axis between the ordinates x = 1
and x = 3. = 2a sq-units
 2π
π
5. A = ∫2 sin x dx
9. Area = ∫ y dx
π
0
2π

π = ∫ k sin x dx
= [ − cos x ]
π
2
0
= 1sq − unit
2π

= − k ∫ sin x dx
π π
and A1 = ∫
0
2 sin 2x dx
= k [ cos x ]π
2π

π =2k
= ∫ 0
2 2sin x.cos xdx 10. y = 1(x – 2)

π
= ⎡sin2 x ⎤ 2 = 1 (2,0)
⎣ ⎦0 x=3
x=1
∴ A1 = A 3

b
Area = ∫ x − 2 dx
∫1 f ( x ) dx = ( b − 1) cos (3b + 4 )
1
6.
2 3

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. b, we get,

= ∫ ( 2 − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx
1 2
f(b) = –3(b – 1) sin (3b + 4) + cos (3b + 4) 2 3
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤ 2
⇒ f(x) = cos (3x + 4) –3 (x – 1) sin (3x + 4). = ⎢ 2x − ⎥ + ⎢ − 2x ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦1 ⎣ 2 ⎦2
4 4 C
7. Area = ∫
1
ydx = ∫
1 x
dx =1
11. y2 = 4ax
= C [ log x ]1
4

y = 2ax
= C [ log 4 − log1] = C log 4 (2 ax)2 = 4 ax
= C ⎡⎣ log 22 ⎤⎦ = 2C log 2 1
x = 0,
8. y = mx a
1 /a

Area = ∫ (y
0
1 − y 2 ) dx

1 /a

2
y = 4ax
= ∫
0
4ax − 2ax dx

(mx)2 = 4 ax 1 /a
⎡ 2 3/ 2 2⎤
4a = ⎢ 2 a ⋅ x − ax ⎥
, 0 ⎣ 3 ⎦0
x=
m2
41 1
4a 4a = −
m2 m2 3a a
Area = ∫ (y 1 − y 2 ) dx = ∫( )
4ax − mx dx
1⎛4 ⎞ 1
0 0 = ⎜ − 1⎟ =
4a
a⎝3 ⎠ 3a
a2 ⎡ 2 4ax 3 / 2 x2 ⎤ m
2

= ⎢ −m ⎥
3 ⎣ 3 2 ⎦0

a2 ⎡4 ⎛ 4a ⎞
32
m ⎛ 4a ⎞ ⎤
2

⎢
= 3 a ⎜ 2⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
3 ⎢⎣ ⎝m ⎠ 2 ⎝ m 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 2
y = 4ax
y = 2ax
1 ⎛4 8 8 ⎞
= ⎜⎝ − ⎟
3 3 m3 m3 ⎠
m3 = 8, m = 2
 13.
y = |x–1|
12.
y=1
P

(1, 0)(2, 0)

y = tanx, x = tan–1y
Area = ∫ (1− |x − 1|)dx
0

π π 1 2
at x = , y = tan = 1 = [ x ]0 + ∫ (x − 1) dx – ∫ (x − 1)dx
2
4 4 0 1
1 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
P ⎜ ,1 ⎟ = 2+⎢ − x⎥ − ⎢ − x⎥ = 1
⎝4 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎦0 ⎣ 2 ⎦1
14. y2 = 4ax
dy
= sec 2 x
dx
π
m = sec2 =2
4 O

⎛ π⎞
Equation of tangent y – 1 = 2 ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠

π Latus Rectum x = a
y = 2x – +1
2 y = 4ax
a
y π 1 Area = 2∫ 4axdx
x= + − 0
2 4 2
a
⎡ 2x3/2 ⎤
1 = 2 ⎢2 a ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦0
Area = ∫ (x2 − x 1 )dy
0 8 2
= a
3
1
⎛y π 1 ⎞ 15.
= ∫ ⎜ + − − tan −1 y ⎟dy
⎝2 4 2 ⎠
0
(0,1) B
1
⎡ y2 ⎛ π 1 ⎞ 1 ⎤
=⎢ + ⎜ − ⎟ y − y tan −1 y + ln(1 + y 2 ) ⎥
⎣ 4 ⎝ 4 2⎠ 2 ⎦0
(1,0)
1 π 1 π 1
= + − − + ln 2 A
4 4 2 4 2

1 x+y=1
= ln 2 −
4
r=1
 πr 2 = ± 2x − x2
Area = − Area of ΔOAB
4
2
Area = ∫ 2x − x 2 dx
π 1 0
= − ×1×1
4 2 18.

π 1
= −
4 2
x = √3y

16. x2 = y

y2 = x
π
(1, 1) 6

(0,0)

x2 + y2 = 4, r = 2

x = 3y

1
y= x
1
Area = ∫0 (y1 − y 2 ) 3

1
1 m = tan θ =
= ∫ ( x − x 2 )dx 3
0

1 π
⎡2 x3 ⎤ 2 1 1 θ=
= ⎢ x3/2 − ⎥ = − = 6
⎣3 3 ⎦0 3 3 3
r 2 π (2)2
Area = θ. = ×
2 6 2
17.
π
=
3

19.
(0,0) (1,0) (2,0) y = cosx

y = sinx

0 π π
4
(x – 1)2 + y2 = 1
2
y = ± 1 − (x − 1)
 π /4 y = x – x2
Area ∫0 (cos x − sin x)dx
y = mx
π /4
= [ sin x + cos x ]0 mx = x – x2
x = 0, x = 1 – m
1 1
= + −1
1− m
2 2 Area = ∫0 (x − x 2 − mx)dx
= 2 −1
9 (1 − m)2 (1 − m)3 m(1 − m) 2
20. = − −
y = mx 2 2 3 2
(1 – m)3 = 27, 1 – m = 3
m = –2

0
y = x – x2