January 18, 2019 Anuj Verma

Class X A
Physics

General Physics
Motion | Energy | Measurement

Equations Variables
𝒎
 𝝆=  𝑨 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 /𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚2
𝑽
𝚫𝒔  𝑽 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 /𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚3
 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝚫𝒗
𝚫𝒕  𝝆 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 /𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
 𝒂= 𝚫𝒕  𝒔 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚
 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕  → 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚
𝒔
𝟏
 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐  𝒗 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑠 −1
 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔  → 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝒗
 𝑭 = 𝒌𝒙  𝒕 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 /𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑠
 𝑭∝𝒂  𝒂 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝟏
 𝑭∝  𝒈 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 [9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑜𝑟 10 𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
𝒎
 𝑭 ∝ 𝒌𝒎𝒂  𝑭 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 /𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑁
 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂  𝒌 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑐ℎ
 𝒘 = 𝒎𝒈  𝒙 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚
𝒎𝒗𝟐  𝑾 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 /𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑁
 𝑭=  𝒎 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 /𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝒓
 𝑴𝑳 = 𝑭𝒅  𝑴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 /𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −1
 𝑴 = 𝒎𝒗  𝒓 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚
 𝑭𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗 − 𝒎𝒖  𝑴𝑳 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 /𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑚
 𝑾 = 𝑭→  𝒅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑚 /
𝒔
 𝑷=
𝑬 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚
𝒕  𝑬 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 /𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐽
 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =  𝑷 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 /𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑊
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑷
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎  𝑬𝒌 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 /𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐽
𝒊𝒏


𝟏
𝑬𝒌 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝒗  𝑬𝒑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 /𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐽
 𝑷𝒔 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 /𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑃𝑎
 𝑬𝒑 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝑭  𝑷𝒇 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 /𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑃𝑎
 𝑷𝒔 =  𝒉 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚
𝑨
 𝑷𝒇 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

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 PHYSICS GENERAL PHYSICS 18/01/2019

Measurements Velocity is a vector quantity, and has a direction

associated with its magnitude.
A unit is a standard against which anything is
measured. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Three basic quantities can be measured Ticker-tape timers have a vibrating marker and
make a mark on a strip every tick. A tick is 1/50th of
 Length [meters]
second.
 Mass [kilogram]
 Time [seconds]
Falling bodies
Volume: It is the amount of space occupied. Cubic A body, on which no external forces except gravity
metre m3 is the unit of volume, but as it is rather act, is said to be in free fall.
large, the cubic centimetre cm3 is often used.
A body in free fall has an acceleration 9.81 ms-2
Powers of 10 are a neat way of writing
[approximated to 10 ms-2]. This is the value of the
measurements, especially if they are very large or
constant of acceleration of gravity, g.
small.
The equations of motion will still apply with
Significant figures a = g.
They represent the ‘accuracy’ of a measurement.
The number of significant figures of a measurement
is decided by the level of accuracy that is justified.
Graphs of equations
The independent quantity, such as time, is always
Systematic errors plotted on the horizontal axis. This axis is commonly
They are measurement errors induced by the called the x-axis.
system. The dependent quantity, such as displacement, is
If an instrument [for example, a ruler] is not always plotted in the vertical axis. This axis is
carefully calibrated to the zero mark before commonly called the y-axis.
beginning the measurement, a zero error is  The units of time must be same on both the
introduced in the system. axes.
 The area under a velocity-time graph
Density always gives the total displacement.
Density is the amount of mass a body has for every  The slope of a velocity-time graph gives the
unit of volume. acceleration of the body.
 The slope of a displacement-time graph
It is calculated by measuring both separately and
gives the velocity of the body.
dividing the volume by the mass.

Speed, velocity and acceleration Weight and stretching

A force maybe defined as a push or a pull, measured
in newtons [N].
Speed is the rate of change of distance.
The weight of a body is the force of gravity on it.
Speed is a scalar quantity, and does not have a
Robert Hooke showed that the extension [𝑥] of a
direction associated with its magnitude.
spring or another elastic object is proportional to
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. the force [𝐹] applied on it.

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 PHYSICS GENERAL PHYSICS 18/01/2019

However, it applies only upto the elastic limit of the If a body with a mass of 1kg accelerates at 1ms-2, it
body. If a body is stretched beyond its elastic limit, has 1 N force.
it does not return to its original length.
∴𝑘=1
Adding forces ∴ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Forces must be added by vector addition, if they are
along a straight line. If they are not, they must first
be resolved into their components using the
Weight
The weight of a body is the force of gravity acting on
parallelogram law.
it, with an acceleration g.
Friction
Friction is the force that opposes one surface
Newton’s third law
If a body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts
moving or trying to move over another.
an equal but opposite force on body A.
When a gradually increasing force is applied on a
OR
body, it does not move. The friction reaches a
maximum point when it just begins to move, called Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
static/starting friction. Once it is in steady motion,
the friction is lesser than the static friction, and is Terminal velocity
called dynamic/sliding friction. The terminal velocity of a body is the velocity it
attains when it falls towards the earth without any
Force and acceleration acceleration.

This happens because the air resistance acting

Newton’s first law upwards equals the weight of the object acting
A body stays at rest, or if moving it continues to downwards.
move at uniform velocity unless an external force
makes it behave differently. Circular motion
Matter has a property that makes it resist changes The centripetal force of a body in uniform circular
to its state of motion. This is called inertia. motion provides an acceleration towards the centre
with constant magnitude.
The mass of a body measures its inertia.
The centrifugal force provides an acceleration away
Newton’s second law from the centre, towards the outside.
 Acceleration is directly proportional to the The magnitude of velocity is the same but tangent
force applied for a fixed mass to the circle and perpendicular to the centripetal
 Acceleration is inversely proportional to the force.
mass of a body for a fixed force

This leads us to deduce a formula for this law.

Moments and levers
The turning effect of a force is called the moment of
𝐹∝𝑎 the force.

1 The sum of clockwise moments is always equal to

𝐹∝
𝑚 the sum of anticlockwise moments.
∴ 𝐹 ∝ 𝑘𝑚𝑎
Conditions for equilibrium:

Motion | Energy | Measurement Page 3 of 4

 PHYSICS GENERAL PHYSICS 18/01/2019

 The sum of forces in one direction equals The unit of work is the joule [J]; it is the work done
the sum of forces in the other direction when a force of 1 newton moves through 1 metre.
 The law of moments must apply.
1𝐽 = 1𝑁 × 1𝑚
Power is the rate of doing work.
Centres of mass The efficiency of a device can be calculated as
A body behaves as though all its mass were below:
concentrated at a point, called the centre of mass 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
or centre of gravity. × 100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
A body topples over when a vertical line from its
centre of mass falls outside its base. Kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic energy is the energy a body has because of
 A body is in stable equilibrium if when its motion.
slightly displaced, it comes back to its
original position. Potential energy is the energy a body has because
 A body is in unstable equilibrium if when of its position or condition.
slightly displaced, it moves further away.
Energy is conserved
 A body is in neutral equilibrium if when
slightly displaced, it stays in its new 1
position. 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2

Momentum Pressure and liquid pressure

Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
of an object. 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Conservation of momentum: When two or more 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑔
bodies act on one another, as in a collision, the total
momentum of the bodies remains constant
provided no external forces act.

The product of the force and time is called the

impulse of force and is equal to the change in
momentum.

Energy transfer

Energy exists in various forms, such as the examples

given below.

 Chemical energy
 Electrical energy
 Heat energy
 Potential energy
 Kinetic energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed and is

hence transferred from one form to another.

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