Kufandada Irrigation Scheme: Detailed

Design Report

Project Name: Kufandada River Protection

Version: Final

March 2015
Version #: Final Date: 17 March 2015 Lead Author: Lloyd Agere QA’d by: Leonard Magara

Disclaimer

The British Government’s Department for International Development (DFID)

financed this work as part of the United Kingdom’s aid programme. However, the
views and recommendations contained in this report are those of the consultant,
and DFID is not responsible for, or bound by the recommendations made.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 2 of 48

Contents
List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ 5

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 7

Background ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Project Description ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Cost Estimates and Bill of Quantities .......................................................................................................... 10

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 11

Background ....................................................................................................................................... 11

Project Location and Site Access ............................................................................................................... 11

Structure of the Design Report ................................................................................................................... 12

Project Description ...................................................................................................................................... 13

General Description of the Project Area ..................................................................................................... 13

Available Irrigation land and soil suitability ................................................................................................. 14

Summary of the Hydrology ......................................................................................................................... 15

Water demand ....................................................................................................................................... 16

Description of Kufandada Irrigation Scheme .............................................................................................. 17

System Hydraulics ...................................................................................................................................... 24

Proposed Agronomic Model ....................................................................................................................... 31

Environmental protection ............................................................................................................................ 31

Water supply and sanitation ....................................................................................................................... 32

Sanitation ....................................................................................................................................... 32

Drawings ....................................................................................................................................................... 33

Cost Estimates ............................................................................................................................................. 34

Kufandada Budget Review .......................................................................................................................... 35

Appendices ................................................................................................................................................... 37

Appendix 1: Proposed Weir Stability Calculations ...................................................................................... 37

Appendix 2: Letter of undertaking to enter into a memorandum of Agreement with

ZINWA ....................................................................................................................................... 39

Appendix 3 : Bill of Quantities ..................................................................................................................... 40

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 3 of 48

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location Map ......................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 2 Location of identified irrigation land ....................................................................................... 14

Figure 3 Locations of potential abstraction sites .................................................................................. 19

Figure 4 General layout of proposed Kufandada irrigation scheme .................................................... 22

Figure 5 Pick-up weir site ..................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 6 Hydraulic gradeline for suction and pumping mains .............................................................. 26

Figure 7 Typical Pump performance and system curve ...................................................................... 27

Figure 8 Epanet model showing irrigation system pressures for Kufandada irrigation network ......... 29

Figure 9 Epanet model showing irrigation system flows in l/s for Kufandada irrigation network ......... 30

Figure 10 Proposed cropping programme ............................................................................................. 31

Figure 11 Location of proposed boreholes ............................................................................................ 32

List of Tables

Table 1 Indicative values of crop water needs and sensitivity to water shortage ............................... 16

Table 2 Irrigation design data based on a maize crop ........................................................................ 20

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 4 of 48

List of Acronyms
Acronym Long-Form

ASI Adam Smith International

AC Asbestos Cement
BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development
AGRITEX Department of Agricultural Technical and Extension Services
CBA Cost Benefit Analysis
CBMP Community Based Water Management Project
CRIDF Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility
DDF District Development Fund
DFID Department of International Development
ENPV Economic Net Present Value
EOCC Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital
FOCC Financial Opportunity Cost of Capital
ERR Economic Rate of Return
ECC Engineering Construction Contract
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMA Environmental Management Agency (Zimbabwe)
EMP Environmental Management Plan
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation
FBCR Financial Benefit-Cost Ratio
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
FNPV Financial Net Present Value
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
ICZ Interconsult Zimbabwe (Pvt) ltd
MC Management Contract(or)
MDPE Medium Density Polyethylene
MFI Micro-Finance Institution
MSMEC medium scale enterprises and cooperatives
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
O&M Operation and Maintenance
P and G Preliminary and General
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
TOR Terms of Reference
USD United States Dollar

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 5 of 48

VIP Latrine Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine
WASH Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority
ZIMVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 6 of 48

Executive Summary
Background
The proposed Kufandada Irrigation is among a number of Quick Win water projects identified for possible
development in the region under CRIDF to be delivered relatively quickly in order to demonstrate immediate
benefits. Following reconnaissance and feasibility studies, the project was selected for support under the
Facility.

The proposed Kufandada irrigation scheme will benefit three villages of Ndimo, Nhamo, and Mandivengerei
Villages in Wards 10 and 13 of Bikita District with an estimated 120 households. The location of the scheme
is shown in the map below.

Bikita

Following a reconnaissance visit to the project area, and assessment for possible support, the project was
screened and found to comply with CRIDF’s requirements. A decision was then made to provide support for
the feasibility assessment of the project. This was undertaken and completed during the last quarter of 2014.
The feasibility study developed technical aspects of the project through optioneering, and cost-benefit
analysis, which established the financial and economic viability of the project. Further screening resulted in a
decision to provide support for the implementation of the project. This report is an outline of the key technical
components of the project, the manner in which they will be implemented, as well as Bill of Quantities and
Cost Estimates.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 7 of 48

Project Description
The project area is wholly located in communal land where the community mainly depends on rain-fed
agriculture production to meet its food requirements, and rainfall patterns are no longer predictable as they
were in the past. The main elements of the project are the irrigation scheme, water supply and sanitation as
well as river and environmental protection.

Proposed Irrigation Scheme

Local traditional and community leaders have identified 28 ha of land distributed among three blocks to be
incorporated in the irrigation scheme. The location of the irrigation blocks is shown below.

Block A – 10Ha

Block B – 9Ha

Block C – 9 Ha

The land is currently being utilised under rain-fed farming. It is owned by individual households, who have
ceded their land for common use under the proposed scheme. The scheme also includes land which has
been provided by the Bikita Hospital to establish a nutrition Garden for patients as well as staff.

Analysis of rainfall data from a nearby rainfall stations shows a decreasing rainfall trend after 1999/2000 to
2013/14.

It is proposed to utilise yield from the perennial Mupudzi River as a source of water for the irrigation scheme.
The supply from the river will be supplemented by releases from the upstream Rozva dam. ZINWA has given
an undertaking to issue an abstraction permit and to enter into a memorandum of agreement for the supply of
additional water from the dam, if required during low flows.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 8 of 48

Hydrological analysis indicated that 28 ha could be irrigated from the average yield of the combined flow from
Mupudzi River and Chitoramatende River, supplemented by releases from Rozva dam during periods of low
flow. The irrigated area is apportioned between the three irrigation blocks as follows:

Block A - 10 ha

Block B - 9 ha

Block C - 9 ha

The adopted design criterion for the bulk water supply for irrigation is based on the delivery of water to night
storage over a maximum period of 16 hours using the industry standard which assumes a water demand of
3
15,000 m3/ha/annum. This results in a design flow of 157.3 m /hr for the pumping system. With respect to in-
3
field irrigation, the FAO approach has been adopted which gave a design flow of 204.6 m /hr for the delivery
to the field.

It is proposed to abstract water from Rozva River at a location approximately 250m downstream of existing
Kufandada Dam for the irrigation scheme. The general layout of the scheme is shown in schematic below.

Block A – 10Ha

Proposed High Gravity mains

level reservoir Proposed Pump station

Pumping
mains
Block B – 9Ha

Block C – 9 Ha

Water will be pumped from the river to night storage reservoirs located at an elevated location west of the
river. From the night storage reservoirs, it will gravitate to the irrigation fields.

Water supply and sanitation

Options for the water supply were investigated, including connection to the ZINWA system and the provision
of groundwater supplies. It is recommended that two new boreholes be drilled, as well as the rehabilitation of

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 9 of 48

the broken down hand pump at the existing borehole. The proposed delivery mode for sanitation is for the
project to supply selected building materials for 24 VIPs with the beneficiaries providing construction labour.

Environmental protection

There is widespread stream bank and in-stream cultivation along the Rozva River and its tributaries. This has
resulted in extensive water habitats destruction and siltation of water bodies. It is proposed to re-establish the
statutory 30m buffer protection zones and plant grass and indigenous trees for protection in select areas.

Cost Estimates and Bill of Quantities

Bill of Quantities have been developed based on abstraction of water from Rozva River and the irrigation of 28
ha, including the provision of 2 new boreholes, the rehabilitation of a one, and supply of building materials for
the construction of VIP latrines. It is estimated that the project will cost USD

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 10 of 48

Introduction
Background
The Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility (CRIDF), supported by DFID aims to deliver
sustainable small-scale infrastructure across 11 SADC countries. The demand driven programme focuses on
water services, water resources management and agriculture with the objective of creating a lasting impact on
the region’s water and food security. Among a number of parallel programmes, CRIDF will support projects
which can be delivered relatively quickly, to demonstrate immediate benefits. To this end, the CRIDF team
has carried out high level consultations to identify these “Quick Win” projects throughout the region.

The feasibility study for the proposed river protection irrigation scheme established that the environmental
protection works and irrigation of approximately 28 ha of land from a new take-off weir on Rozva River at
Kufandada village near Bikita, Zimbabwe, was technically feasible. It also demonstrated the financial and
economic feasibility of the project, and that there were significant positive environmental impacts arising from
its implementation. This report outlines the development of a technical design for the Kufandada Irrigation
Scheme based on the option selected at feasibility stage. It covers salient technical issues to provide the back
ground of key components of the project to enable its construction.

The proposed Kufandada irrigation scheme will benefit three villages of Ndimo, Nhamo, and Mandivengerei
Villages in Wards 10 and 13 of the District with an estimated 120 households. In addition, the scheme will also
benefit the Bikita Rural Hospital and its staff.

Project Location and Site Access

The proposed project area is within three villages called Ndimo, Nhamo and Mandivengerei Villages which are
in wards 10 and 13 of Bikita District. All these villages are located approx. 7km from Nyika Growth Point and
3km from Bikita DA’s offices which is the local government service centre for the district. Figure 1 bewlow
shows the location of Bikita District Administrative Centre.

Access to the proposed scheme is via the main road from Nyika Growth Point, which branches off the
Masvingo road to turn southwards to Bikita District Centre. The scheme is located across the Rozva River just
south of Bikita Hospital.

The villagers are mainly peasant farmers with a few of them employed by local government agencies and
other private enterprises at Bikita Service Centre and Nyika Growth point respectively. There are no major
economic activities in the area except some commercial farming activities at nearby Rozva dam located near
Nyika Growth Point and also other dams located further south of Bikita. Bikita Minerals, a world renowned
lithium producer is some 30km away.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 11 of 48

Figure 1 Location Map

Bikita

The project area is located in relatively dry agro-ecological region III of Zimbabwe where yearly rainfall
typically ranges from 650 to 800mm. The soils in the area are generally sandy gravelly loam soils and the
peasants there are mostly involved in seasonal cultivation of the staple crop maize.

Structure of the Design Report

This report covers salient technical aspects on the design of Kufandada Scheme to provide some context to
the accompanying design drawings. It covers a general description of the project area, the main components
of the scheme, design assumptions and key hydraulic features, concerning the transfer of water from
proposed river abstraction works to the irrigation fields.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 12 of 48

Project Description
General Description of the Project Area
The project area is wholly located in communal land where the community mainly depends on rain-fed
agriculture production to meet its food requirements. However, the rainfall pattern is no longer as predictable
as it was in the past, with the now frequent short rainfall season resulting in poor agricultural yields. Most
farmers have adopted conservation agriculture in an effort to increase crop yields while contour ridging is no
longer common. Although there is still a dependence on livestock, the number of large livestock has dwindled
significantly. Most poor households derive their livelihoods from the sale of wild fruits (mashuku and chakata),
while the able bodied community members depend on casual work at the nearby business centres and the
fledgling Rozva and Shereni irrigation schemes, 7 and 30km away respectively.

There is rapid urbanization affecting the two wards due to the nearby Bikita administrative centre, where parts
of ward 13 have now been co-opted in the centre’s development plans.

Water supply coverage is generally poor although some villagers have private connections from the ZINWA
system which supplies Bikita. Generally the villagers get water for their domestic purposes in shallow and
deep wells. Of three boreholes constructed and equipped with bush pumps only one is still functional.
Consequently, some villagers walk more than a kilometre to the existing borehole to augment their domestic
water supplies

Land-use is dominated by rain-fed agriculture, grazing and small gardens. Due to the hilly terrain, isolated
patches of vegetation flourish on the slopes which used to provide a habitat for large forms of wildlife such as
hyenas, baboons, kudu, buck, rock rabbits and hares. In general wild life population has declined due to
habitat destruction and unrestricted hunting in the area. Grasslands occur on the edges of crop fields and
provide pastures for the cattle.

The Mpudzi River as well as the Rozva River transport large volumes of silt that is washed into the river from
the hinterland. This resulted in the silting of the Kufandada Dam, which was constructed some 20 years ago.
Water passes over the silted weir, and is used by community members for laundry, bathing and livestock
watering

Key environmental issues in the project area are land degradation, climate change, declining water availability
and siltation of the streams, exacerbated by general poverty and over-dependence on natural resources for
livelihoods. Unsustainable land management practices are aggravated by periodic droughts and floods. The
Save River Basin has become so heavily degraded that the Environmental Management Agency has declared
it a basin requiring ‘restoration’.

The primary energy source for cooking in ward 10 and 13 is firewood, with very few people connected to the
nearby electricity grid. The project area was selected for CRIDF support because of its vulnerability to

climate change, poor land use practices that impact negatively on transboundary water resources, the
prevalence of extreme poverty, a high rate of population increase, frequent natural disasters such as droughts

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 13 of 48

and floods, and agricultural systems (both crop and livestock production) that depend heavily on rainfall.
Climate variability and change have further exacerbated the scarcity of natural resources such as forests, with
the consequent loss in the biodiversity of flora and fauna. Predictions for the Bikita area indicate that changes
in temperature and weather patterns were affecting the frequency and severity of rainfall, droughts, floods,
access to water and the use of land.

Available Irrigation land and soil suitability

Local traditional and community leaders have identified three blocks of land to be incorporated in the irrigation
scheme. The location of the irrigation blocks is shown in Figure 1 below.

Block A – 10Ha

Block B – 9Ha

Block C – 9 Ha

Figure 2 Location of identified irrigation land

The land is currently being utilised under rain-fed farming. It is owned by individual households, who have
ceded their land for common use under the proposed scheme. The scheme also includes land which has
been provided by the Bikita Hospital to establish a nutrition Garden for patients as well as staff.

A preliminary visual assessment that was undertaken during a recent site visit indicated similar soil types for
all the tree blocks, dominated by sandy soils overlaying a soft quartzite rock. Terrain is gently undulating (3-
5% slope) with visible signs of soil erosion including rills. Reworking of the soils is proposed to improve the
soil for irrigation. This includes deep ploughing, accompanied initially by high rates of application of fertiliser
and irrigation water.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 14 of 48

Summary of the Hydrology

General climate

The hinterland area falls within agro-ecological region 4. However, the area around the project area has a
micro- climate where rainfall is generally higher than the rest of the region. Consequently, it been classified
0
under Region 3. Mean annual temperature is below 20 centigrade, while mean maximum temperatures are
0
around are 30 centigrade. Long term mean annual rainfall is in excess of 1,000 mm. Analysis of rainfall data
from a nearby rainfall stations shows a decreasing rainfall trend after 1999/2000 to 2013/14.

Existing Sources of Water

It is proposed to utilise yield from the perennial Mupudzi River as a source of water for the irrigation scheme.
The river drains an area where rainfall is in the region of 1000 mm per annum. It enters Rozva River just
above the Kufandada dam. A minor tributary, the Chitoramatende flows into Rozva River just below the dam.
Yield analysis was undertaken at a location on Mupudzi River above the confluence with Rozva River, and
below Kufandada dam after the confluence of Rozva River with Chitoramatende River. The results are
summarised below:

Above the confluence with Rozva River

3
10% yield 186,400 m per annum
3
20% yield 286,386 m per an

Just below the confluence Chitoramatenda

3
10% yield 225,544 m per annum
3
20% yield 346,528 m per annum

3
The 20% yield of 346,528 m per annum is adequate to meet the water demand for the 28 Ha irrigable lands.
However, government policy requires the use of 10% yield for the planning of irrigation schemes.

Water rights and permits

A permit will be required from the Catchment Council to abstract water from Rozva River utilising the yield
from Mupudzi River. There will also be a need to enter into a Memorandum of Agreement with ZINWA to
obtain water from Rozva dam to supplement supplies in the event of low flows. ZINWA has given an
undertaking that the permit will be made available, including entering into a Memorandum of Agreement to
facilitate access to water from Rozva Dam for the irrigation scheme.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 15 of 48

Water demand

Irrigation water demand

The estimation of irrigation water demand has been based on industry accepted standards for the region. The
results of the analysis have been used in the design of the bulk water supply, as well as the sizing of irrigation
land to be developed.

Error! Reference source not found. below gives indicative values of water requirements for common cereal
and horticultural crops in Zimbabwe

Table 1 Indicative values of crop water needs and sensitivity to water shortage

Crop Water need (mm/total Sensitivity to drought

growing period)
Bean 300-500 Medium-High
Cabbage 350-500 Medium-High
Maize 500-800 Medium-High
Onion 350-550 Medium-High
Groundnut 500-700 Low-Medium
Potato 500-700 High
Soya bean 450-700 Low-medium
Tomato 400-800 Medium-High

The analysis of bulk irrigation water demand was based on the following assumptions derived for the irrigation
of 28 ha. It does not take into account the varying crop water requirements for different crops or efficiencies
that can be realised by the various irrigation methods in common use. It has been used in the sizing of bulk
water delivery components and to develop the general layout of infield irrigation systems.

Duration of irrigation cycle* : 7 days

Irrigation days per cycle : 5 days

Rate of application : 45 mm per ha/ application

Total available irrigable land : 28 ha

Total irrigation period per year (April – Nov) : 244 days

Total no of cycles per year = 244/7 : 34.85

4 3 3 3
Therefore Irrigation water demand per ha/ year(45 x 10 x 34.85)/10 m : 15,682 m

Effective irrigation days per year = 5 x 34.85 : 174.28 days

Total area of irrigation fields 28 ha

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 16 of 48

 3
Total annual water demand for ha : 439,096 m

Nominal area to be irrigated per cycle : 5.6 ha

3
Total water demand per day : 2,520 m
3
10% Yield of Mupudzi at the confluence with Chitoramatende River : 1,294 m /day

3
The above indicates a shortfall of 1,226 m /day, at a 10% level of service. The average yield of Mupudzi River
3
is estimated at 5,312 m /day. Thus on average, there will be adequate flow to cater for the planned irrigation
scheme, with shortfalls being experienced during periods of low flow. As indicated earlier, these shortfalls will
be supplemented by releases obtained from Rozva Dam.

Domestic water demand and sanitation coverage

Villagers get water for their domestic purposes from shallow and deep wells. During good rainfall years water
is generally available for domestic purposes. However there are reports that shortages occurred in the past
and some boreholes were sunk by some non-governmental organisations to assist the villagers.

Of three boreholes constructed and equipped with bush pumps only one is still functional. Some villagers walk
more than a kilometre to the existing borehole to augment their domestic water supplies.

Estimated No. of households 120

Assuming a household size of 4.5
Total estimated population in the project area 540
Unit water consumption 20 l/person/day
Total water demand per day 10.8 m3

Existing water supplies consist of one functional borehole in Nhamo Village, and two which have broken down
hand pumps. One site was surveyed but not drilled.

Livestock water consumption

Because of relative good availability of perennial river flows on Rozva and Mpudzi Rivers, water for domestic
animal consumption is considered to be adequate.

Description of Kufandada Irrigation Scheme

Size of irrigation scheme

Hydrological analysis indicated that a total of 28 ha could be irrigated from the average yield of the combined
flow from Mupudzi River and Chitoramatende River supplemented by releases from Rozva dam during
periods of low flow. The irrigated area is apportioned between the three irrigation blocks as follows:

Block A - 10 ha

Block B - 9 ha

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 17 of 48

Block C - 9 ha

Two sites have been investigated for the abstraction of water to irrigate the above blocks. The locations of the
sites are shown in the excerpt from the 1:50,000 map Figure 3 below.

Site 1 – Weir on Mupudzi River

Site 1 is located on Mupudzi River, approximately 300 m upstream of the confluence with Rozva River, at
geographic co-ordinates 20° 3.45'S and 31° 35.93'E. There are no rock outcrops visible at the site, which
would be suitable for the 5 m high, 130 m long earth dam. The purpose of the dam will be to facilitate the
diversion of water to the pump station located on the left bank. It would be a run-off river arrangement with
minimum storage, receiving flows only from the Mpudzi River.

The riverbed elevation is approximately 926 m above mean sea level. Assuming a total freeboard of 3 m the
dam would raise the water level to a minimum of 929 m.

Site 2 – Weir on Rozva River

Site 2 is located on Rozva River, approximately 240 m downstream of the existing Kufandada Dam, at
geographic reference 20° 3.958'S and 31° 36.193'E, just after the confluence with Chitoramatende River. The
site has solid rock outcrops across the width of the river channel, which offers ideal foundation conditions for a
masonry weir. The pump station would be located on the right bank.

The weir will act as a pick-up facility to facilitate abstraction of water from the Rozva River. It will receive flows
from both Mupudzi River and Chitoramatende River, both tributaries of the Rozva River. It will also be
possible to utilise releases from Rozva Dam during periods of low/no flows in the Mupudzi and
Chitoramatende Rivers.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 18 of 48

 Site 1

Block A
Site 2

Block B

Block C

Figure 3 Locations of potential abstraction sites

The riverbed elevation is approximately 910 m above mean sea level. Assuming a weir height of 3 m, the weir
will raise the water level to a minimum of about 913 m.

A comparative analysis of the two sites was undertaken at feasibility stage and Site 2 selected for the
diversion of water to the irrigation blocks.

Design flows

Bulk water Supply to Night Storage

The adopted design criterion for the bulk water supply is based on the delivery of bulk water to night storage
over a maximum period of 16 hours using the industry standard which assumes a water demand of 15,000
3
m /ha/annum.

The calculated design flows for the irrigation of 28 ha of Block A are as follows:
3 3
Delivery to night storage - 0.044 m /s =157.5 m /hr

The above flow was used to design the pumping mains for the delivery of bulk water supply.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 19 of 48

Irrigation Water Demand at the Field

Irrigation water demand depends on the type of soils, climate, topography and the irrigation system employed.
The selection of the most appropriate irrigation system was based on agro-socio-economic characteristics of
the commonly used irrigation systems in Zimbabwe. The drag line sprinkler irrigation system was selected as
the most suitable one for adoption at Kufandada Irrigation Scheme.

The FAO approach was adopted to determine the irrigation demand at the field based on sprinkler irrigation of
a maize crop. The results are summarised in Table 2 below.

Table 2 Irrigation design data based on a maize crop

Area to be irrigated (ha) 28

Pan evaporation rate (mm/day) 8 Bindagombe Dam Station

Crop factor (f) 0.7

Water holding capacity (mm/m) 55 Sandy loam

Infiltration rate of the soil 12

Effective rooting depth(m) 0.9

% allowable water depletion 50

System efficiency (%) 80

Effective rainfall (mm/day) 0

lateral spacing (m) 18

Sprinkler spacing (m) 12

Calculated

Evapotranspiration(mm/day) 5.6

Readily available water(mm) 24.8

Net irrigation requirement (mm/day) 5.6

Gross irrigation requirement (mm/day) 7

Calculated Cycle Length 4.4

Actual Cycle Length 5

Irrigable land per day (Ha) 5.6

Wetted area (m²) 216

Application rate (mm/h) 7.87

Sprinkler discharge (m³/h) 1.7

Gross application rate (mm/h) 7.87037037 Sprinkler size is ok

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 20 of 48

Net application rate (mm/hr) 6.3

standing time (hr) 3.9

No of sets per day 2

Working hours per day (hr) 7.9

No of sets per cycle 10.0

Gross application per cycle (mm) 35.0

No of sprinklers operating simultaneously( >=) 130

System Capacity (m³/hr) 220.4

61.2 l/s

The above design flows were used to size the pumping system and gravity mains.

General layout

It is proposed to abstract water from Rozva River at a location approximately 250m downstream of existing
Kufandada Dam to irrigate 28 ha of land distributed in the three blocks as described above. The general
layout of the scheme is shown in schematic Figure 4 below. Water will be pumped from the river to night
storage reservoirs located at an elevated location west of the river. From the night storage reservoirs, it will
gravitate to the irrigation fields. A description of the key components of the scheme is outlined in the following
sub-sections.

Pick-up Weir on the Rozva River

It is proposed to construct a masonry gravity pick-up weir on Rozva River just downstream of the confluence
with Chituramatenda River. The selected site of the weir is rocky, with numerous boulders. A photograph of
the site is shown in Figure 5 below. Foundation conditions are expected to be adequate to support the
masonry structure. However, conditions in the right bank are uncertain due to the absence of a visible rock
outcrop. The weir will be 40 m long and 3.5 m high, at the deepest section of the river. The crest of the weir
will be 1 m wide with a downstream of 4:3, and a vertical upstream face. The stability of the weir was checked
against overturning, sliding and uplifting at a maximum flood surcharge of 2.5 m above the crest using
CADAM 2000 software and found to be adequate. The output from the stability computations is presented in
Appendix 1.

The intake will comprise a raised bellmouth pipe in a screened chamber connected to a 40 m long, 300mm
diameter suction pipe leading to the pumping station in the right bank, downstream of the weir. A gate valve
on the suction main and within the pumping station is proposed for maintenance and installation of additional
appurtenances.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 21 of 48

.

Block A – 10Ha

Proposed High Gravity mains

level reservoir Proposed Pump station

Pumping
mains
Block B – 9Ha

Block C – 9 Ha

Figure 4 General layout of proposed Kufandada irrigation scheme

Depending on ground conditions in the right bank of the river established during the start of construction, it is
proposed to protect the right weir abutment with a combination of gabions, rock and stone pitching. A barrier
to deliberately block access to the top of the weir to discourage villagers and kids will be installed

The weir has been design as a run-of-river structure primarily to raise the water level, with minimal upstream
storage.

Suction Main

The suction main is a 40m long 300mm diameter steel pipe which terminates in a 400mm diameter suction
manifold pipe within the pumping station. An isolation gate valves to allow repairs is proposed within the
pumping station. At the inlet point, the suction pipe will be fitted with a gate to isolate the pump station during
maintenance.

Thrust blocks have been designed to provide support on all the bends along the pipeline. Concrete
encasement has also been designed where there is little cover.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 22 of 48

 Figure 5 Pick-up weir site

Pump Station

The pump station will be located downstream of the weir, above flood level. It will be an excavated dry pit on
the right bank. Two centrifugal pumps will be provided, one duty with one standby pumping, delivering 158
3
m /hr against a total head 60 m. The pumps are designed to switch on and off when the reservoirs are full by
use of a level switch. The pumps will be driven by a 32 kW, 3-phase, 4-pole electric motors supplied from a
dedicated ZETDC transformer.

The low level dry pit of the pump station will ensure a flooded suction under all operating conditions.

The 10 m long and 6 m wide pump station building will be constructed from brick under corrugated iron /
fibreglass roof sheeting, supported on steel trusses. A 1.5 tonne overhead crane will be provided to facilitate
installation and maintenance.
o
Inlet and outlet pipework has been designed with 45 bends to limit head losses in the pump station,
particularly on the suction side.

There will be provision for pump attendants quarters, designed to ZINWA standard. The installation will be
fenced and gated to provide security.

Pumping Mains

From the pump station water will be delivered to 2 No 1 Ml prefabricated night storage reservoirs located on a
hill through an 950m long, 200 mm diameter, mPVC Class 16/Steel pipeline. Air and scour valves will be
provided as necessary along the pipeline.

Thrust blocks have been designed to provide support on all the bends along the pipeline.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 23 of 48

Night Storage

Two prefabricated night storage reservoirs each with a capacity of 1 ML will be supported on reinforced
concrete floor slabs at the top of the knoll. The reservoirs will be fabricated from high yield galvanised iron
sheeting, and lined internally with 1 mm thick PVC.

A valved bifurcation will supply both reservoirs simultaneously from the pump station. There will be separate
outlets from the reservoirs, which will lead to a second bifurcation to deliver water from both reservoirs
simultaneously into the gravity mains.

Gravity Mains

Water will gravitate from the storage reservoir through a 773 m long 250 mm diameter Class 6 mPVC
pipeline which passes through the middle of block A in the east, feeding into secondary mains that supply the
block. At the end of the block, on its eastern boundary, the pipeline will turn southwards, reducing in diameter
to 200 mm class 6 mPVC piping, and running for 309 m before bifurcating near the pump station to feed Block
B to the east and Block C in the south. The 390 m long limb supplying block B will cross the river just below
the weir, passing through a grave yard, to terminate at the western boundary of the block. The section across
the river and through the graveyard will be laid over the 95 m span in steel piping. From the bifurcation, block
C will be fed by a 478 m long 200 mm diameter mPVC class 6 buried pipeline except at stream crossings
where steel, supported on concrete columns, will be used.

Air and scour valves will be provided as necessary along the pipeline. Thrust blocks have been designed to
provide support on all the bends along the pipeline.

Infield Irrigation Systems

Analysis of the three different irrigation systems selected the drag hose sprinkler irrigation system as the most
suitable for adoption for Kufandada irrigation scheme. It is adaptable to any terrain, as well as small irregular
plots. In addition, nearly all crops can be irrigated by the system, although the characteristics of the crop,
especially the height, have been considered in system selection.

A preliminary design of the system has been undertaken to establish the general lay out of the systems. Final
design will be carried out by the equipment supplier.

Typical design data for the system based a maize crop and the size and geometry of the irrigation field is
summarised in Table 2 above.

System Hydraulics

Pumping systems

Figure 6 below shows the hydraulic grade line for the suction and pumping mains. Suction conditions are
flooded throughout the pipeline, with all pressures in the pumping main are above the allowable maximum
working pressure. The contractor will be required to make the final pump selection which will need to be

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 24 of 48

approved by the Engineer. The final control philosophy of the pumps will also be jointly developed with the
contractor to suit final selected pump.

A preliminary pump selection was carried out based on a KSB pump series. The most suitable pump was
found to be the Etanorm 100-08-250. The pump performance and system curves are shown in Figure 7
below. Conditions in the pumping main will be as follows:

Manometric discharge head at normal operating level (weir crest level) =m

Suction conditions for the pump considered are as follows:

Available NPSH = 9.5 m

Required NPSH = 4 m

While the design has been made on the KSB model to test functionality, the BoQs will refer to pump duty point
requirements, and not specific pump model.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 25 of 48

 Figure 6 Hydraulic gradeline for suction and pumping mains

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 26 of 48

 Figure 7 Typical Pump performance and system curve

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 27 of 48

Gravity Mains

The gravity mains has been designed to ensure adequate pressure in the in-field irrigation system, in as far as
is possible, within the constraints of the existing topography. Pressures in Block A range from about 14.05 at
the upstream end of the secondary main, increasing to about 39 m at the extreme end to the east of the block.
The lower pressures in the western side are due to the higher elevations in the western portion of the block. It
will be necessary to use hose pipes for irrigation in the low pressure zones when demand in the system is
close to maximum and pressures are low. All areas under Block B and C are within the minimum design
pressure zone of around 30 m for the use of sprinkler irrigation.

Rapid valve closure at the delivery to the irrigation field within a period of less than critical time of 2.5 seconds
will result in maximum surge pressures being experienced in the system.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 28 of 48

 Figure 8 Epanet model showing irrigation system pressures for Kufandada irrigation network

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 29 of 48

 Figure 9 Epanet model showing irrigation system flows in l/s for Kufandada irrigation network

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 30 of 48

Proposed Agronomic Model

Cropping Patterns

The selected cropping pattern for Kufandada Irrigation Scheme has been designed to increase agricultural
production and the incomes of the poorest families, as well as strengthening organisation at grass-roots level.
New high yielding and more profitable crops are proposed for the scheme as shown:

Figure 10 Proposed cropping programme

The selection of an intensive horticulture production of high value crops is predicated by the limited land size
available as well as the need to maximise incomes among beneficiaries. Technical issues related to rotation
and seasonality, diversity and the need for efficient utilization of irrigation water were also taken into
consideration.

Environmental protection
Extensive erosion is occurring on the left bank of Rozva River immediately downstream of Kufandada Dam.
This erosion is slowly encroaching the area between the river and the main road. It is proposed to place
gabion mats against the gulley walls to arrest the erosion

There is widespread stream bank and in-stream cultivation along the Rozva River and its tributaries. This has
resulted in extensive water habitats destruction and siltation of water bodies. It is proposed to re-establish the
statutory 30m buffer protection zones and plant grass and indigenous trees for protection in select areas.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 31 of 48

Water supply and sanitation
Options for the water supply were investigated, including connection to the ZINWA system and the provision
of groundwater supplies. It is recommended that two new boreholes be drilled, as well as the rehabilitation of
the broken down hand pump at the existing borehole; the location of the boreholes is shown below.

Figure 11 Location of proposed boreholes

Sanitation
Access to proper sanitation facilities is still a challenge for many as they still practice open defecation. The
ventilated-improved pit (VIP) latrine is recommended as the long term solution for sanitation in rural
communities.

The proposed delivery mode for sanitation is for the project to supply selected building materials for 24 VIPs
with the beneficiaries providing construction labour.

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 32 of 48

Drawings
The following drawings have been prepared for the design of components of the scheme.

Drawing Title Drawing No

1. General Layout (insert – locality Map) QW06/CE01

2. Plan and longitudinal section of pumping mains QW06/CE02 SHT 1-5

3. Plan and longitudinal section of suction mains QW06/CE03 SHT 1-9

4. Plan and longitudinal section of suction mains QW06/CE04 SHT 1-5

5. Valve Chamber details QW06/CE05

6. Pumping Station and Weir Details QW06/CE06

7. River Crossing Details QW06/CE07

8. Anchor and Thrust Block Details QW06/CE08

9. 2ml Galvanised Steel Tank, Plan And Sections QW06/SE01

10. Irrigation Field

10.1. Layout of sprinkler system

10.2. Erosion protection and drainage system

10.3. Blair Toilet

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 33 of 48

Cost Estimates
A Bill of Quantities has been developed based on the abstraction of water from Rozva River, and the design
and drawings for the proposed scheme described in the Report. The estimated cost for the implementation of
Kufandada Irrigation Scheme is summarised below.

SUMMARY

1 Pipeline 139,034.51
2 2.0 Ml Reservoir 145,420.00
3 Pump Station 74,990.00
4 Infield Works 72,856.53
5 Weir Construction 51,605.00
6 Environmental 6,937.50
Subtotal 490,843.54

Add CONTINGENCIES 0.10 49,084.35

Add VAT 15% 0.15 73,626.53

TOTAL 613,554.42

Management contractor 90,000.00

Technical support costs 12,000.00
Direct labour costs 2% 9,203.32

GRAND TOTAL 724,757.74

A breakdown of costs is given in the priced Bill of Quantities in Appendix 3.

A comparison of bankability stage budget estimates against current estimates is given below:

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 34 of 48

Kufandada Budget Review
SUMMARY Design Comment
Item Feasibility Stage Difference
Stage

1  Pipe class for pumping main was increased to 16

 additional steel sections

 Pipe fittings were underestimated at the feasibility

PIPELINE 85,692.84 139,034.51 53,341.67 stage

2 2.0 ML RESERVOIR 145,420.00 145,420.00 0.00 -

3  The 11kV overhead line was changed to 33kV

because ZESA is no longer installing 11kV lines

 The transformer was upgraded from 200kVA to

500kVA

 Pump attendant’s quarters was omitted at the

PUMP STATION 56,000.00 74,990.00 18,990.00 feasibility stage

4 INFIELD WORKS 85,249.75 72,856.53 -12,393.22  Secondary infield pipes were reduced

5 WEIR CONSTRUCTION 51,605.00 51,605.00 0.00 -

ENVIRONMENTAL 6,937.50 6,937.50 0.00 -

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 35 of 48

 SUBTOTAL 430,905.09 490,843.54 59,938.45 -

Add CONTINGENCIES 43,090.51 49,084.35 5,993.84 -

Add VAT 15% 64,635.76 73,626.53 8,990.77 -

TOTAL 538,631.36 613,554.42 74,923.06 -

MANAGEMENT -
CONTRACTOR 90,000.00 90,000.00 0.00

TECHNICAL SUPPORT -
COSTS 12,000.00 12,000.00 0.00

DIRECT LABOUR COSTS 8,079.47 9,203.32 1,123.85 -

GRAND TOTAL 648,710.83 724,757.74 76,046.91  10.4 % increase

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 36 of 48

Appendices
Appendix 1: Proposed Weir Stability Calculations

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 37 of 48

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 38 of 48
Appendix 2: Letter of undertaking to enter into a memorandum of Agreement
with ZINWA

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 39 of 48

Appendix 3: Bill of Quantities
Item Description Qty Unit Rate Cost
1 PIPELINE

1.3 Pipe Laying

1.3.1 Supply MPVC pumping mains
a) 200 mm dia Class 16 840 m 39.22 32,944.80

1.3.2 Supply MPVC gravity mains

a) 250 mm dia Class 6 482 m 26.98 13,004.36
b)200mm dia Class 6 601.5 m 17.65 10,616.48
c)160mm dia Class 6 773 m 11.52 8,904.96

1.3.3 Supply Steel gravity mains

a) 160 mm dia PN 160 105 m 80.75 8,478.75

1.3.3 Supply and install fittings pumping

mains
1.3.3.1 mPVC (Class 6) Bends
a) 200 x 45° 0 No. 71.04 0.00
b) 200 x 22,5° 2 No. 71.04 142.08
c) 200 x 11,25° 5 No. 71.04 355.20

1.3.3.2 GI Bends
a) 200 x 45° 2 No. 700.00 1,400.00
b) 200 x 22,5° 4 No. 700.00 2,800.00
c) 200 x 11,25° 1 No. 700.00 700.00

1.3.3.3 CI reducers
a) 250/200 0 No.

1.3.3.4 PVC Tees

200 dia equal tee 0 No. 133.75 0.00

1.3.3.5 CI Gate valves

a) 250 dia 2 No. 2,500.00 5,000.00
b) 200 dia 0 No. 2,500.00 0.00

1.3.3.6 Air Valves

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 40 of 48

 a) 250 dia 0 No. 1,200.00 0.00
b) 200 dia 2 No. 1,200.00 2,400.00

1.3.3.7 Scour Valves

a) 250 dia 0 No. 1,200.00 0.00
b) 200 dia 2 No. 1,200.00 2,400.00

1.3.4 Allow for bulk water meter to suit 200mm 1 No 4,000.00 4,000.00
MPVC pipe

2.4 Supply and install fittings for gravity

mains

2.4.1 mPVC (Class 6) Bends

b) 200 x 45° 9 No. 71.04 639.36
c) 200 x 22,5° 7 No. 71.04 497.28
d) 200 x 11,25° 7 No. 71.04 497.28
e) 250 x 90° 1 No. 124.48 124.48
f) 250 x 45° 2 No. 96.31 192.62
g) 250 x 22,5° 10 No. 96.31 963.10
h) 250 x 11,25° 21 No. 96.31 2,022.51

2.4.2 GI Bends
b) 200 x 45° 2 No. 750.00 1,500.00
c) 200 x 22,5° 4 No. 750.00 3,000.00
d) 200 x 11,25° 1 No. 750.00 750.00

2.4.4 CI reducers
a) 250/200 1 No. 850.00 850.00

2.4.5 PVC Tees

200 dia equal tee 1 No. 133.75 133.75

2.4.6 CI Gate valves

a) 250 dia 2 No. 2,500.00 5,000.00
b) 200 dia 3 No. 2,500.00 7,500.00

2.4.7 Air Valves

a) 250 dia 2 No. 1,200.00 2,400.00

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 41 of 48

 b) 200 dia 3 No. 1,200.00 3,600.00

2.4.8 Scour Valves

a) 250 dia 2 No. 1,200.00 2,400.00
b) 200 dia 4 No. 1,200.00 4,800.00

1.4 Sundries

1.4.1 Precast Concrete Valve Boxes 700mm x 5 No 510.00 2,550.00

400mm C/W concrete lids

1.4.2 a) Valve Marker Posts 5 No 97.50 487.50

3
1.4.3 Allow for concrete thrust blocks at 2 m 165.00 330.00
every change on pipe direction Grade
15

3
1.4.4 Allow for concrete encasing where 10 m 200.00 2,000.00
directed

3
1.4.5 Allow for concrete anchor blocks on 10 m 165.00 1,650.00
steep grades

1.4.6 Allow for connection to reservoir 1 P.Sum 2,000.00 2,000.00

TOTAL FOR PIPELINE 139,034.51

(carried to summary)

2 2.0 ML RESERVOIR

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

2.1 Galvanized Water Storage Tank

Installation

2.1.1 Supply and fix 1,000L galvanised steel 2 No 55,000.00 110,000.00

tank

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 42 of 48

 2.1.2 Earthworks ( leveling and sub base and Sum 5,000.00 5,000.00
hardcore compaction)

2.2 Construction of floor

2.2.1 Concrete Class 15/20 in sub-foundation 60 m3 180.00 10,800.00

blinding.

2.3 High tensile round deformed

reinforcement. Supply, bend, place
and fix.

2.3.1 12mm dia. and smaller. 10800 kg 1.50 16,200.00

2.4 Formwork

2.4.1 Apply 1:3 cement mortar screed 12mm 285 m2 12.00 3,420.00
thick to top of no fines concrete lower
floor slab, steel trowel finish.

TOTAL FOR RESERVOIR 145,420.00

(carried to summary)

3 PUMP STATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

3.1 33 kV line construction 0.5 km 10,000.00 5,000.00

3.2 Supply and install 500 Kva, 33kV/400V 1 Sum 35,000.00 15,000.00
transformer

3.3 Supply and install pump set 2 Sum 10,500.00 21,000.00

3.4 Construct Pump house and ancillaries 1 Sum 15,000.00 15,000.00

3.5 Construct Pump Attendant's Quarters 1 Sum 12,000.00 12,000.00

TOTAL FOR PUMP STATION 68,000.00

(carried to summary)

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 43 of 48

 4 INFIELD WORKS

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

4.1 Land preparation and levelling 15 Ha 600 9,000.00

4.2 Fencing the irrigation scheme 1,923 m 3.25 6,249.75

4.3 Sprinkler irrigation system

4.3.1 Supply and Install infield Sprinkler
system

4.3.1.1 5mm brass Sprinklers 3 bars, 1.7m3/hr, 120 28.00 3,360.00

7.87mm/hr
4.3.1.2 20mm brass garden tape 120 22.60 2,712.00
4.3.1.3 1m x 20mm GI riser pipes 120 6.55 786.00
4.3.1.4 20mm elbows 240 1.25 300.00
4.3.1.5 1m tripod stand complete with 1m GI 120 29.84 3,580.80
riser pipe
4.3.1.6 32m x 20mm reinforced garden hose 120 62.40 7,488.00
4.3.1.7 20mm GI sockets 240 0.85 204.00
4.3.1.8 20mm swage nipples 240 1.65 396.00
4.3.1.9 20-25 Dupli clips 240 0.75 180.00
4.3.1.10 Thread tape rolls 500 0.20 100.00
4.3.1.11 40mm Brass gate valves 20 42.00 840.00
4.3.1.12 50mm Brass gate valves 15 56.00 840.00
4.3.1.13 63mm Brass gate valves 6 60.00 360.00
4.3.1.14 75mm Brass gate valve 2 84.50 169.00
4.3.1.15 90mm Brass gate valve 2 105.00 210.00
4.3.1.16 110mm Cast iron gate valve 2 149.80 299.60
4.3.1.17 500 ml Solvent cement 4 17.82 71.28

4.3.2 Supply HDPE

a) 40mm Class 6 4,130 m 1.30 5,368.90
b) 50mm Class 6 3,423 m 1.30 4,449.90

4.3.3 Supply MPVC pipework

a) 40mm Class 6 201 m 1.23 247.23
b) 50mm Class 6 214 m 1.69 362.20
c) 63mm Class 6 177 m 2.14 378.78

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 44 of 48

 d) 75mm Class 6 252 m 2.58 650.16
f) 110mm Class 6 295 m 5.21 1,535.70
h) 160mm Class 6 872 m 11.52 10,048.67
i) 200mm Class 6 577 m 17.65 10,178.93

4.3.4 MPVC bends to suite MPVC pipes

a) 200 mm 90 deg 1 No 83.58 83.58
b) 160 mm 45 deg 2 No 45.76 91.52
c) 160 mm 22.5 deg 4 No 45.76 183.04
d) 160 mm 11.25 deg 2 No 45.76
d) 110 mm 22.5 deg 2 No 17.70 35.40

4.3.5 Tees
a) 200/50 unequal Tee 10 No 128.73 1,287.30
b) 200/40 unequal Tee 3 No 128.73 386.19
d) 160/75 unequal Tee 1 No 72.60 72.60
e) 110/40 unequal Tee 1 No 27.36 27.36
f) 75/40 unequal Tee 5 No 18.91 94.55
g) 75/63 unequal Tee 1 No 57.91 57.91
h) 50/40 unequal Tee 5 No 18.91 94.55
i) 40 equal Tee 4 No 18.91 75.64

TOTAL FOR INFIELD WORKS 72,856.53

(carried to summary)

5 WEIR CONSTRUCTION

ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

5.1 Clearing of site, excavations (including 700 m3 5 3,500.00
rock blasting) for weir of length 74m
5.2 Weir construction: 74m of 1,5m high 172.42 m3 250 43,105.00
masonry including foundations
5.3 Clearing area, diversion 1 Sum 5000 5,000.00
works/cofferdam construction,
excavations for pump house sump
TOTAL FOR WEIR CONSTRUCTION 51,605.00
(carried to summary)

6 ENVIRONMENTAL

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 45 of 48

 ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

6.1 Allow for environmental protection works 1 Sum 6,000.00

by use of gabions and buffles
6.2 Tree seedlings and planting 1250 plant 0.75 937.50

TOTAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL 6,937.50

(carried to summary)

SUMMARY

1 PIPELINE 139,034.51
2 2.0 ML RESERVOIR 145,420.00
3 PUMP STATION 68,000.00
4 INFIELD WORKS 72,856.53
5 WEIR CONSTRUCTION 51,605.00
6 ENVIRONMENTAL 6,937.50
SUBTOTAL 483,853.54

Add CONTINGENCIES 0.10 48,385.35

Add VAT 15% 0.15 72,578.03

TOTAL 604,816.92

MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR 90,000.00

TECHNICAL SUPPORT COSTS 12,000.00
DIRECT LABOUR COSTS 2% 9,072.25

GRAND TOTAL 715,889.18

CRIDF - Kufandada Detailed Design Report Page 46 of 48