Final chapter 6

Measures of central tendency&variability

⚫ Percentiles divide the distribution into 100 groups.
⚫ The Pk percentile is defined to be that numerical value such that at most k % of
the values are smaller than Pk and at most (100 – k)% are larger than Pk in an
ordered data set.

Example 1 A teacher gives a 20-point test to 10 stude Find the percentile

rank of a score of 12. Scores: 18, 15, 12, 6, 8, 2, 3, 5, 20, 10.
solution
Ordered set: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20.
Percentile = [(6 + 0.5)/10](100) = 65th percentile. Student did 65% less than 12 of the class.

Find the value of the k th percentile

Procedure: Let p be the percentile and n the sample size.
Step 1: Arrange the data in order.
Step 2: Compute c = (n×p)/100.
Step 3: If c is not a whole number, round up to the next whole number. If c is a whole
number, use the value halfway between c and c+1.

Example: Find the value of the 25th percentile and Find the 80th percentile for the
following data set: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20.

n = 10, p = 25, so c = (10×25)/100 = 2.5. Hence round up to c = 3.

Thus, the value of the 25th percentile is the value X = 5.
Find the 80th percentile.
c = (10× 80)/100 = 8. Thus the value of the 80th percentile is the average of the 8th and 9th
values. Thus, the 80th percentile for the data set is (15 + 18)/2 = 16.5.

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 Coefficient of variation
Coefficient of variation: - ratio of standard deviation to the mean, expressed as percentage

C.V

Population Sample
𝜎 𝑆
C.V = (100) C.V = (100)
𝜇 𝑥

• If 𝜇1 = 29 𝜎1 = 4.6 and 𝜇2 = 84 𝜎2 = 10
Compute: - 𝐶. 𝑉(1) , 𝐶. 𝑉(2)
Solution
𝜎 𝜎
𝐶. 𝑉(1) = (100) 𝐶. 𝑉(2) = (100)
𝜇 𝜇
4.6 10
= (100) =
(100)
29 48
= 15.86% = 11.90%
The shape of measure
1- Mean = median = mode “Data are symmetric”
“bell shape”

2- Mean > Median > Mode “positive skewed” (+ve)

3- Mean < Median < mean Negative skewed (-ve)

Skewed to left

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 Revision chapter 3

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions:

1)The measures of central tendency that will always have unique values are
A) mode and median. C) mode and weighted mean.
B) mean and mode. D) median and mean.

2) Which measures of central tendency are affected the most by outliers?

A) Mean . C) median.
B) mode. D) midrange.

3) For a data set, half of the observations are always less than the …
A) median. B) mode. C) mean. D) midrange.

Use the following to answer questions 4-6: The weights (in grams) of the contents of
several small bottles are 4, 3, 5, 4, 5 and 3. Use this information to answer the following
three questions:

4) The value of the mean is ...

A) 4.00 B) 3.71 C) 4.57 D) 4.50

5) The value of the standard deviation is ...

A) 0.89 B) 0.80 C) 1.25 D) 1.57

6) The value of the coefficient of variation is ...

A) 22.25% B) 20.00% C) 33.69% D) 42.32%

7. Calculate the mean for the following numbers: 1.1 2.3 3.4 -1.5
A) 2.08 B) 5.3 C) 2.27 D) 1.33
8. If you know that ∑ X2 = 20, ∑X = 4 and n = 3, the sample standard deviation will be
A) 6.67 B) 7.33 C) 2.71 D) 9.33
9. If the mean of the daily income in your town is $200, the mode is $100 and the median
is $150, this means that the distribution shape of the daily income is
A) left-skewed B) uniform C) right-skewed D) symmetric
10. The standard deviation of the sample means will be ……………..the standard
deviation of the population.
A) equal to B) larger than
C) smaller than D) can not compare the two
11.When a distribution is bell-shaped, approximately what percentage of data values will
fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean?
A) 99.7% B) 95% C) 50% D) 68%
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12. Find Q1, Q2 and Q3 for the following data set: 12, 50, 22, 18, 15, 13, 5, 6
A) Q1=9, Q2=14, Q3= 20 B) Q1= 6, Q2=14, Q3=22
C) Q1=5, Q2=18, Q3=50 D) Q1=9, Q2=16.5, Q3=36
13. If a sample of data has mean 25 and variance 25, then its coefficient of variation is .....
A) 1% B) 0.2% C) 20% D) 100%
14.Calculate the standard deviation for this sample:2, 5, 3, 5, 4
A) 4.3 B) 18.8 C) 1.7 D) 1.3
15.If a set of 49 data values has the variance 36, then the standard deviation is .........
A) 0.73 B) 6 C) 7 D) 1.36
16.What is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for the following data set?
male, female, female, male, male, male, female
A) The midrange B) The mode C) The median D) The mean

17.The interquartile range includes the following scores

A) 50% of the un ranked scores B) 25% of the ranked scores
C) 75% of the ranked scores D) 50% of the ranked scores
18. If a series of numbers consists of 21 ordered values the median is
A) The 11th value in the ordered series B) The mean between the 10th and 11th value
C) The mean between the 11th and 12th value D) The 10th value in the ordered series
19.The mean of a distribution is 14 and the standard deviation is 5. What is the value
of the coefficient of variation?
A) 60.4 % B) 48.3 % C) 35.7 % D) 27.8 %
20. The heights in centimeters of 5 students are 165, 175, 176, 159, 170 the sample
median and sample mean are respectively
A) 170, 169 B) 170, 170
C) 169, 170 D) 176, 169

21. The mean of a distribution is 23, the median is 24, and the model is
25.5 it is most likely that distribution is
A) Positively skewed B) Symmetrical C) Negatively skewed
22.Which one is not a measure of dispersion
A) The Range B) 50th Percentile C) Inter Quartile Range D) Variable
23. For a data set of 25, 18, 5, 12, 24 and 16 mean is
A) 12 B) 16.7 C) 20.5 D) 18

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24. If 5, 3, 4 and 2 of your sample cases have age of 20, 23, 30 and 25 years,
respectively, the age mode is
A) 20 years B) 23 years C) 25 years D) 30 years

25.The median is a better measure of central tendency then the mean if

A) The variable id discrete B) The distribution is skewed
C) The variable is continuous D) The distribution is symmetric
26.For a data set 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 the variance is
A) 2 B) 2.5 C) 3 D) 3.5
27.Compare the frequency of one value for a variable with another value for the same
variable is called
A) Rate B) Rations C) Proportions D) Percentage
28.The most frequency occurring value in a data set is called the
A) Mode B) Median C) Mid-range D) None of the above
29.Which of the following measures is not sensitive to extreme values
A) Median B) Mode C) Interquartile range D) All of the above
30.Interquartile range is
A) Sensitive to extreme value B) A measure of dispersion
C) The 50th percentile D) The difference between the smallest and largest value in a data set
31.Which of the following is a measure of frequency
A) Rate B) Mean C) Median D) Mode
32. If the mean and the standard deviation of a continuous random variable that is
normally distributed are 20 and 5 respectively find the interval that contains 68% of
the distribution
A) (18,24)
B) (15,25)
C) (12,25)
D) (10,30)
44- …… are points that divided an ordered data into four equal parts
A) Quartiles B) Median C) Mode D) Inter quartile range

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