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Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

This document discusses switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It describes the basic components and operation of an off-line switching supply, including rectification and filtering of the AC input, high frequency switching to step down voltage, and rectification and filtering of the output. It also discusses three common SMPS topologies - forward, flyback, and push-pull converters - and provides circuit diagrams and descriptions of how each one functions to convert and regulate the output voltage.

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Siranjeevi Gnanam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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16 views

Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

This document discusses switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It describes the basic components and operation of an off-line switching supply, including rectification and filtering of the AC input, high frequency switching to step down voltage, and rectification and filtering of the output. It also discusses three common SMPS topologies - forward, flyback, and push-pull converters - and provides circuit diagrams and descriptions of how each one functions to convert and regulate the output voltage.

Uploaded by

Siranjeevi Gnanam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Circuits

Module I: Power supplies - SMPS


Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS):
DC to DC converters and DC to AC converters belong to the category of Switched Mode Power Supplies
(SMPS). The SMPS operating from mains, without using an input transformer at line frequency 50Hz is called
“off-line switching supply”. In off-line switching supply, the main ac mains is directly rectified and filtered and
the DC voltage so obtained is then used as an input to a switching type DC to DC converters.

Figure.1: Basic Block diagram of Switched Mode Power Supply

Figure.2: Switching Power Supply waveforms


1. Rectifier and filter: Used for converting bidirectional ac into unidirectional pulsating d.c. and removing the
unwanted ripple contents of this pulsating d.c.
2. High frequency switching: This unit converting the filtered DC voltage to high frequency pulsating DC
voltage. The switching time and frequency are controlled by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control signal
from PWM oscillator.
3. Low mass step down transformer: High speed switched signal is fed to primary of step-down transformer.
(Note: frequency of the signal and size of the transformer core has inverse relationship, so mass of the
transformer can be reduced. This is one of the advantages of SMPS).
4. Rectifier and filter: This unit rectifies the low voltage high frequency AC signal to DC Voltage and
filtering the rectified voltage. The filtered output is the required DC voltage.
5. Output sensor: It senses the DC output voltage and fed back to isolation circuit.
Electronic Circuits
Module I: Power supplies - SMPS
6. Isolation: This unit provides the isolation to the error amplifier and PWM oscillator.
7. Reference Voltage: It is the control voltage for the output voltage.
8. Error amplifier: It compares the DC output voltage with reference voltage and produce error signal.
9. PWM oscillator: It produces the Pulse width modulated signal for switching the high frequency switch.
Pulse width given to the power switch is inversely proportional to the output voltage.
Different types of SMPS:
There are three types of SMPS commonly employed, depending upon the intended applications, are (a)
Forward converter, (b) Fly-Back converter, and (c) Push-Pull converter.
(a) Forward converter:

Figure.3: Circuit diagram of a forward converter


The choke carries current both when the transistor is conduct as well as it is not.

During off period of transistor the diode carries the current and energy flows into load during both the
periods. The output voltage Vo can only be less than Vs.

During On period of transistor chock stores the energy and passes some energy into output load.

Function of diode is to provide a discharge path for the current in the coil/chock.

(b) Fly-Back converter:

Figure.4: Circuit diagram of fly-back converter


 During the On period of the switch, the energy stored entirely in the magnetic flex on the inductor.
 During the off- period, the energy is discharging to the output voltage circuit.
 The output voltage depends upon duty cycle
Self oscillating fly-back converter:
 It consisting of switching transistor, converter transformer, fast recovery rectifier and output filter
capacitor to form complete dc to dc converter.
Electronic Circuits
Module I: Power supplies - SMPS
 During conduction time of the switching transistor, current through the transformer primary starts
ramping up linearly with a slope equal to Vin/Lp .

Figure.5: Self oscillating fly-back converter


 The voltage induced in the secondary and feedback windings makes the rectifier reverse biased and hold
the transistor ON.
 When the primary current reaches the peak value Ip (core begins to saturate), current tends to rise very
sharply which cannot be supported by the fixed base drive provided by feedback winding. Thus
transistor begins to come out of saturation.
 The output capacitor supplies the load current during the on time of the transistor, when no energy is
being transferred from the primary side, it is constant output power converter.
(c) Push-Pull converter:

Figure.6: push-pull converter


 When transistor Q1 is in saturation, energy is stored in the upper half of the primary winding when the
linearly rising current reaches a value where the transformer core begins to saturate.
 The current tends to rise sharply which is not supported by a more or less fixed base bias. The transistor
starts coming out of saturation.
 This is a regenerative process and ends up in switching off transistor Q1 and switching on transistor Q2.
Thus, transistors Q1 and Q2 switch on and off alternately.
 When Q1 is on, energy is being stored in the upper half of the primary and the energy stored in the
immediately preceding half cycle in the lower half of the primary winding is getting transferred.
 The voltage across secondary is a symmetrical square wave which is then rectified and filtered to get the
dc output.

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