GRADE 7 MATHEMATICS

REVIEWER – THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION

BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOMETRY

The word Geometry was originated from the two Greek words “geo” which means
“earth” and “metron” which means measurement. In short Geometry means “Earth
Measuring”. It is also a branch of Mathematics that deals with the study of shapes,
measures, and angles.

UNDEFINED TERMS IN GEOMETRY

1. Point - It has no length, width, or thickness. It occupies no space. It is named by a
capital letter.
Example: Point A

2. Line - It has infinite length but has no width and thickness. It is straight. There is
exactly one line through any two points.
Example:

3. Plane - It has infinite length and width, but no thickness. It is a flat surface. There
is only one plane through any three points not on the same line.
Example:

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 Space – The set of all points
 Figure – Any set of points.
 Collinear Points – Points that lie in the same line.

 Non-Collinear Points – Points that do not lie on the same line.

 Coplanar Points – Points that lie on the same plane.

 Non-Coplanar Points – Points that do not lie on the same

plane.
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 Intersecting lines are two lines with a common point.
That point is called the point of intersection.

 Two lines are said to be perpendicular lines if they intersect to form right angles.

 Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect.

 If three or more lines pass through a single

point, then these are called concurrent lines. This single
point at which these lines intersect is called the point of
concurrency.

 Skew lines are two lines that are not coplanar.

SUBSETS OF A LINE
Line is a set of points arranged in a row. It extends infinitely in both directions. Two points
will determine a line. The subsets of a line are the line segment and the ray.

Line Segment – It is a subset of a line that has two distinct

endpoints. Unlike a line, line segment does not extend infinitely.
Rather, it is finite with a measurable length.

Ray – It is a subset of a line that has exactly one endpoint (called

its origin) and one arrow head. The arrow head indicates that a ray
extends infinitely in one direction.

Midpoint – It is the point that divides the segment into two

congruent segments.

Segment Bisector – It is a segment, ray, line or plane that

intersects a segment at its midpoint.
ANGLES

An angle is formed by two non-collinear rays with common endpoint. The two non-collinear
rays are the sides of the angle while the common endpoint is the vertex. An angle is represented by
the symbol ∠.
A protractor is an instrument used to measure angles. The unit of measure we use is the
degree, denoted by °.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES (measures)

 An acute angle measures more than 0° but less than 90°.

 A right angle measures exactly 90°. All right angles are congruent.

 An obtuse angle measures more than 90° but less than 180°.

 A straight angle measures exactly 180°.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGLES AND LINES

 Complementary Angles - Two angles

whose measures add up to 90°.

 Supplementary Angles - Two angles

whose measures add up to 180°.

 Adjacent Angles - Two distinct angles with common vertex

and a common side, but no interior points in common.
  Linear Pair - Two adjacent angles whose measures have
the sum of 180°. These adjacent angles form a straight line.

 Vertical Angles - Two non-adjacent angles formed by two

intersecting lines. Vertical angles are congruent.

 Congruent Angles are angles with the same

measure.

 Two lines are parallel if:

1. They are coplanar.
2. They do not intersect.
3. The distance between the corresponding points of the
parallel lines is equal.

 Two lines are perpendicular if:

1. They are intersecting.
2. They form right angles.
Angles Formed By Parallel Lines Cut By A Transversal Line

Two lines are parallel if and only if they are coplanar and do not intersect. Line that
intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a transversal line. When parallel lines are cut
by a transversal line, they formed eight angles.
Exercises:
POLYGONS
The word polygon is derived from two Greek words “polus” meaning “many” and “gonia”
meaning “angles”. Combining these terms, polygon literally means many angles.
Each segment is called the side of the polygon and each endpoint where the sides meet is
called the vertex of the polygon.

CONCAVE and CONVEX POLYGONS

 A non-convex/concave polygon has at

least one diagonal with points outside the
polygon. A polygon is concave if and only
if at least one of its interior angles is
greater than 180 degrees.

 A convex polygon is defined as a polygon

with all its interior angles less than 180
degrees. All the diagonals of a convex
polygon lie entirely inside the polygon.

Note: A diagonal of a polygon is a segment that connects two non-consecutive vertices. The number
n ( n−3 )
of diagonals in a convex polygon with n sides is given by the formula:
2
FINDING THE SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES

An interior angle of a polygon is an angle inside the polygon at one of its vertices.

Number of
Name of Number of Sum of the
Number of Sides Diagonals from
Polygon Triangles Interior Angles
a Fixed Vertex
Triangle 3 0 1 180
Quadrilateral 4 1 2 360
Pentagon 5 2 3 540
Hexagon 6 3 4 720
Heptagon 7 4 5 900
Octagon 8 5 6 1080
Nonagon 9 6 7 1260
Decagon 10 7 8 1440
Undecagon 11 8 9 1620
Dodecagon 12 9 10 1800
n-gon n n-3 n-2 (n-2)180

Note: Tne number of triangles of a given polygon can be obtained using the formula: n−2

Exercise 1. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the
following convex polygon.

S= ( n−2 ) 180
S= ( 6−2 ) 180
S= ( 4 ) 180
S=720 degrees

Exercise 2. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a regular nonagon and the
measure of each of its interior angles.
A nonagon has 9 sides, then n=9.
Using S= ( n−2 ) 180
S= ( n−2 ) 180
S= ( 9−2 ) 180
S= (7 ) 180
S=1260 degrees

( n−2 ) 180
Measure of each interior angles ¿
9
Measure of each interior angles ¿ 140 degrees

Exercise 3. The sum of the measures of interior angles of a polygon is 1440. How many sides
does the polygon have?

S= ( n−2 ) 180
1440= ( n−2 ) 180
1440 ( n−2 ) 180
=
180 180
8=n−2
8+2=n
 n=10 sides

FINDING THE SUM OF EXTERIOR ANGLES

An exterior angle of a polygon is an angle outside the polygon formed by one of its sides and
the extension of the adjacent side. All exterior angles of any polygon always sum up to 360 degrees.

Exercise 1. If the polygon has 12 sides, what is the measurement of each of its exterior
angle?
Since it is given that the sum of all the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360, then we
can conclude that:
360
M= ; where n=sides of the polygon
n
360
M=
12
M =30 degrees

Exercise 2. Each of the exterior angle of the polygon measures 60 degrees. How many sides
that does the polygon have?
360
M=
n
360
60=
n
60 n=360
n=6 sides

ANGLE SUM THEOREM

The Angle Sum Theorem states that the sum of all the interior

angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.

Examples:
Examples: (Algebraic Expressions)

7 x−3+77+ 50=180
7 x=180−124
7 x=56
7 x 56
=
7 7
x=8

Substitute the value of x to the missing angle.

7 x−3
7 ( 8 ) −3=53 degrees .

53+77+50=180 degrees

EXTERIOR ANGLE THEOREM

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum

of the two remote/opposite interior angles.

Examples:
Examples: (Algebraic Expression)

30+ 4 x+ 2=8+6 x
4 x−6 x=8−2−30
−2 x=−24
−2 x −24
=
−2 −12
x=12

Substitute the value of x to the missing angle.

4 x+2=4 (12 ) +2=50
8+6 x =8+6 ( 12 )=80
30+50=80
VERTICAL ANGLE THEOREM

Vertical Angle Theorem states that vertical angles are

congruent.

Example: (Algebraic Expression)

x +16=4 x−5
x−4 x=−5−16
−3 x=−21
x=7
Substitute the value of x to the missing angle.
x +16=7 +16=23 degrees
4 x−5=4 ( 7 ) −5=23 degrees

QUADRILATERALS

Quad means four, lateral means sides. Quadrilaterals are two dimensional shapes with four
sides and four angles. The sum of all interior angles of a quadrilateral is equal to 360 degrees.
THREE SPECIAL TYPES OF QUADRILATERAL

1. PARALLELOGRAM

 Opposite sides are parallel.

 Opposite sides are equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
Sub-Types of Parallelogram
Rectangle
 Opposite sides are parallel.
 Opposite sides are equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
 A parallelogram is rectangle if and only if it has four right angles.
Rhombus
 Opposite sides are parallel.
 Opposite sides are equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
 A parallelogram is rhombus if and only if it has four congruent/equal sides.
Square
 Opposite sides are parallel.
 Opposite sides are equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
 A parallelogram is a square if and only if it has four congruent/equal sides and four
right angles.
2. TRAPEZOID
 Opposite sides are parallel.
  Adjacent angles measure up to 180 degrees.
Sub-Type of Trapezoid
Isosceles Trapezoid
 Has one pair of parallel and unequal opposite sides.
 Has one pair of congruent non-parallel sides.
3. KITE
 Has two pairs of adjacent equal sides.
 One pair of opposite angle is equal.

CIRCLE

A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point called the
center. The center is the midpoint of a circle. The distance around the circle is the circumference.
Circle is named by its center. We use the symbol ⊙ to represent a circle.