3.

5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Gaussian Kernel:

the only circularly symmetric kernels that are also separable.

(also called isotropic, meaning their response is independent of orientation)

Let
3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Let

distance r
3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Let

Example.
K = 1 and σ = 1

3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels

Gaussian Kernel Gaussian Kernel

size 21x21 size 43x43
K = 1 and σ = 3.5 K = 1 and σ = 7

 3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels

Box lter Gaussian Kernel

size 21x21 size 43x43
Comparison K = 1 and σ = 7

much smoother around the edges

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3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Some important properties of Gaussian kernels:
- Separable
- The meaningful largest kernel size for image processing is 6σ x 6σ
(e.g., a 43 x 43 kernel if σ = 7)
- because the values of a Gaussian function at a distance larger
than 3σ from the mean are small enough that they can be ignored.

Gaussian Kernel Gaussian Kernel

Difference image
size 43x43, σ = 7 size 85x85, σ = 7

3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Some important properties of Gaussian kernels:
- Separable
- The meaningful largest kernel size for image processing is 6σ x 6σ
(e.g., a 43 x 43 kernel if σ = 7)
- because the values of a Gaussian function at a distance larger
than 3σ from the mean are small enough that they can be ignored.
- The product and convolution of two Gaussians are Gaussian
functions also.

 3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Example of applications for lowpass ltering: region extraction

Hubble Telescope image lowpass ltering with a thresholding the ltered

Gaussian kernel image
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 3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Lowpass Gaussian Filter Kernels
Example of applications for lowpass ltering: shading correction

(b) Estimate of the shading

(a) Image shaded Result of dividing (a) by (b)
patterns obtained using
lowpass ltering
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3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters

- Order-Statistic (non-linear) Filters
Median Filter
-- the 50th percentile of a ranked set of numbers
-- effective for reducing impulse noise,
or salt-and-pepper noise

Max Filter
-- the 100th percentile filter

Min Filter
-- the 0th percentile filter

credit of this slide: Y. P. Hung

3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
- Order-Statistic (non-linear) Filters

Median Filter

Min Filter Max Filter

source: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~msn/book/new_demo/median/
3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
- Order-Statistic (non-linear) Filters
Median Filter
-- the 50th percentile of a ranked set of numbers
-- effective for reducing impulse noise,
or salt-and-pepper noise

Max Filter
-- the 100th percentile filter

Min Filter
-- the 0th percentile filter

credit of this slide: Y. P. Hung

3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
- Order-Statistic (non-linear) Filters

Salt-and-pepper 19 x 19 Gaussian
7x7 median lter
noise image lowpass lter, σ = 3
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 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Foundation

First Derivative:

Second Derivative:
 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Foundation
• First derivative:
- Zero in areas of constant intensity
- Nonzero at the onset of an intensity step or ramp
- Nonzero along ramps

• Second derivative:
- Zero in areas of constant intensity
- Nonzero at the onset and end of an intensity step or ramp
- Zero along ramps of constant slope

for edge detection

for sharpening













3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Foundation
First derivative for edge detection

What is edge?

Intensity profile 1

0.5 Edge
p(x)
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0.2
1st derivative
0.1
dp
dx 0
0 50 100 150 200
0.05
2nd derivative
0
d2p
dx 2 -0.05
0 50 100 150 200
3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Foundation
Second derivative for sharpening

Intensity profile 1

0.5 Edge
p(x)
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0.2
1st derivative
0.1
dp
dx 0
0 50 100 150 200
0.05
2nd derivative
0
d2p
dx 2 -0.05
0 50 100 150 200
 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Foundation
Second derivative for sharpening Laplacian

1.5

p(x) 0.5

-0.5 Before sharpening

0 50 100 150 200
p(x)
1.5

1
2
d p
p( x ) − 10 0.5
dx 2
0
After sharpening
-0.5
0 50 100 150 200
d2p
p( x ) − 10 2
Laplacian sharpening results in larger intensity discontinuity dx
near the edge.
3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Laplacian
The simplest isotropic derivative kernel is the Laplacian

¶ 2
f ¶ 2
f
Ñ2 f = 2 + 2
¶ x ¶ y

Discrete form: ¶2 f
= f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x - 1, y ) - 2 f ( x, y )
¶ x
2

¶2 f
= f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y - 1) - 2 f ( x, y )
¶ y
2

We then have:

Ñ 2 f = [ f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x - 1, y ) + f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y - 1)]
- 4 f ( x, y )
3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Laplacian
Ñ 2 f = [ f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x - 1, y ) + f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y - 1)]
- 4 f ( x, y )

The corresponding spatial lter:

Other Laplacian kernels:

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 1.5

3.6 Sharpening
p(x)
(Highpass) Spatial Filters
1

0.5

- the Laplacian 0

-0.5
0 50 100 150 200

1.5

1
2
d p
Recall that p( x ) − 10 0.5
dx 2
0

-0.5
0 50 100 150 200

Laplacian sharpening results in larger intensity discontinuity

near the edge.

the Laplacian for image sharpening:

g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) - Ñ f 2

A general form in the book:

 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Laplacian
Example of Laplacian image sharpening

Laplacian image

Original image

g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) - Ñ 2 f
Laplacian kernel
g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) - Ñ 2 f
 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Laplacian
The entire enhancement can be combined into a single
ltering operation
g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) - Ñ 2 f
= f ( x, y ) - [ f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x - 1, y )
+ f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y - 1) - 4 f ( x, y )]
= 5 f ( x, y ) - f ( x + 1, y ) - f ( x - 1, y )
- f ( x, y + 1) - f ( x, y - 1)

other variant:
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3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Laplacian
Example of Laplacian image sharpening

credit of this slide: C. Nikou

 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Unsharp Masking and Highboost Filtering
Unsharp Masking
Steps:
(1) Blur the image
b(x,y)=Blur{f(x,y)}
(1)
(2) Subtract the blurred image
from the original (the result is
called the mask) (2)
gmask(x,y)=f(x,y)-b(x,y)

(3) Add the mask to the original (3)

g(x,y)=f(x,y)+k gmask(x,y)

k = 1: Unsharp Masking k > 1: Highboost Filtering










 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- Unsharp Masking and Highboost Filtering

Original Image

Blurred Image

Mask

Unsharp Masking Result

Highboost Filtering Result

(k = 4.5)


 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Gradient
First derivatives in image processing are implemented using the
magnitude of the gradient.

The magnitude (length) of this vector:

 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Gradient
The magnitude (length) of this vector:

For practical reasons this can be simpli ed as:

The simplest approximation:

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 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Gradient
Two other de nition:

Roberts Cross-
Gradient Operators

Sobel Operators
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 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters
- the Gradient
Example of using the gradient for edge enhancement:

Original Image Sobel Operators

Sobel operators are typically used for edge detection.

 3.7 Highpass, Bandreject, and
Bandpass Filters from Low Pass Filters
Skip this subchapter, because most of the
contents belongs to Chapter 4.
 3.8 Combing Spatial Enhancement Methods

• Successful image enhancement is

typically not achieved using a
single operation. Rather we
combine a range of techniques in
order to achieve a nal result.

credit of this slide: C. Nikou

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3.8 Combing Spatial Enhancement Methods

credit of this slide: C. Nikou

3.8 Combing Spatial Enhancement Methods
3.8 Combing Spatial Enhancement Methods

credit of this slide: C. Nikou

3.8 Combing Spatial Enhancement Methods

credit of this slide: C. Nikou

3.8 Combing Spatial Enhancement Methods
Original Image Final Image
Introduction to Image Processing

Ch 3. Intensity Transformations
and Spatial Filtering
Kuan-Wen Chen