EQN-560

ERD of BRIDGES AND

CONCRETE DAMS
Instructor:
Dr. Saurabh Shiradhonkar
Department of Earthquake Engineering
saurabhrsfeq@iitr.ac.in

MS Teams
Tuesday & Thursday – 3 pm to 4 pm
Friday – 3 pm to 5 pm
Bridge For Design
 Bridge For Design

 Four Girders @ 3000 C/C

 For steel girder Straight Span of 36000 C/C of Bearings (Total length
of Girder 37200)
 For Precast girder Straight Span of 19000 C/C of Bearings (Total
length of Girder 20000)
 Deck Concrete M40, Girder Steel fy = 350 MPa 7500
Bridge For Design
 Concrete Properties
As per IRC 112:2011
 Analysis for Loads on RC Slab

Self Weight of Slab (DL) - kN/m2

Wearing Coat / Surfacing (SIDL**) - kN/m2
Footpath Load & Services (SIDL) - kN/m2
Crash Barrier (SIDL) – kN/ m2 STRIP Load
Traffic Load (LL)
Footpath Live Load (LL) kN/m2
 Design Actions by Analysis
 Flexure – Bending Moment – (kN/m) / m-width
 Shear – Shear Force – (kN) / m-width
 Slab Width – 1 m, Calculate Bending Moment, Shear Force
and Support Reactions

1250 3000 3000 3000 1250

G1 G2 G3 G4
Analysis for Vehicle Loads (LL)
Analysis for Vehicle Loads (LL)
Effective Width
Effective Width
Effective Width
Effective Width
Effective Width
 Effective Width
 For two or more concentrated loads placed in a line in the
direction of the span, the bending moment/ shear force per
meter width of slab shall be calculated separately for each
load according to its appropriate effective width and added
together for design
 Effective Width
 For two or more loads not in a line in the direction of the
span, if the effective width of slab for one load does not
overlap the effective width of slab for another load, both
calculated separately, then the slab for each load can be
designed separately
 Effective Width
 If the effective width of slab for one load overlaps the
effective width of slab for an adjacent-load, the overlapping
portion of the slab shall be designed for the combined effect
of the two loads
 Use smaller width on one side for each load so that it does
not overlap – treating them as combined load
 Footpath Live Load
 Footpath Live Load should be 4 kN/m2
 Footpath Live Load should be increased to 5 kN/m2 if crowd
load is expected – near religious place. In that case, entire
bridge should be designed to have crowd load of 5 kN/m2.
 Reduction of footpath live load is permitted for the design of
longer girders but not for slab.
 Loads on RC Slab (1m Strip)
 Dead Load (DL)
300 mm, 0.3*25 = 7.5 kN/m
 Footpath-Services & Crash Barriers (SIDL-1)
Crash Barrier = 28.0 kN/m
Footpath & Services (0.2m High) = 5.0 kN/m
 Wearing Coat / Surfacing (SIDL-2)
Unit Weight = 22 kN/m3
Thickness = 0.075m
Load = 0.075m x 22 kN/ m3 x 1m = 1.65 kN/m
 Footpath Live Load (LL) (FP-LL)
Load = 4.00 kN/m
 Vectorization of Loads
 Any distributed load case can be represented by a set of equivalent
point loads at regular interval – say Δx = 0.1m
 For 11.5m slab, each load vector will have 116 values – first value
P1 for x1 =0.00m, second value at x2=x1+ Δx=0.10m,.., and last
value P116 for x116=11.5 m
 Vectorization should be done for all load cases – DL, SIDL-1, SIDL-2,
FP-LL, LL-1a,…, LL-2a,..
 Loads on RC Slab (1m Strip)
 Footpath-Services & Crash Barriers (SIDL-1)
Crash Barrier = 28.0 kN/m
x = 0.0 m to x = 0.5 m & X = 11.0 m to 11.5 m
Footpath & Services (0.2m High) = 5.0 kN/m
x = 0.5 m to x = 2.0 m & X = 9.50 m to 11.0 m
 Wearing Coat / Surfacing (SIDL-2)
Unit Weight = 22 kN/m3
Thickness = 0.075m
Load = 0.075m x 22 kN/ m3 x 1m = 1.65 kN/m
x = 2.0 m to x = 9.50 m
 Footpath Live Load (LL) (FP-LL)
Load = 4.00 kN/m
x = 0.5 m to x = 2.0 m & X = 9.50 m to 11.0 m
 IRC Class 70R (Wheeled)

 Wheel contact: 22 cm x 86 cm
 Impact factor: 0.25
 Wheel load: 125 kN
 Positioning of Load Patches
 Wheel positions from
X = 2 m to 9.5 m

1250 3000 3000 3000 1250

G1 G2 G3 G4
 Design Actions by Analysis
 From different positions of wheels, analyze to find maximum
values – as LL-1 values
Bending Moment – kN-m/m at all supports and middle of span
Shear Force kN/m at all supports (left and right of support)
Support Reaction kN/m on G1, G2, G3 & G4
 Repeat the exercise for different Tyre sets, and 2-Lane Class-A
Traffic Load and find maximum values – as LL-2, LL-3,…. values
 Find maximum LL values of responses
 Analysis using Influence Lines
 From Static analyses, influence line vectors (ordinates) need be
generated at point load locations for response quantities of
interest
Bending Moment – kN-m/m at all supports and middle of span
Shear Force kN/m at all supports (left and right of support)
Support Reaction kN/m on G1, G2, G3 & G4
 Required design forces for any load vector then can be computed
directly
 Combination of Loads for Limit State
Design
 For Verification of Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
1. Basic Combination
2. Accidental Combination
3. Seismic Combination
 For three types of combination, Load Factors are defined
separately for
1. Verification of Equilibrium under ULS – for checking overturning,
sliding and uplift
2. Verification of Structural Strength under ULS
 Combination of Loads for Limit State
Design
 For Verification of Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
1. Rare Combination - for checking stress limit
2. Frequent Combination - for checking deflection, vibration and
crack width
3. Quasi-permanent Combination - for checking settlement,
shrinkage, creep effects and permanent stress in concrete
 For three types of combination, Load Factors are defined
separately
 Partial Safety Factors for Verification of
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
 Basic combination
 Partial Safety Factors for Verification of
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
 Rare/Frequent Combination

 Rare Combination
 Partial Safety Factors for Verification of
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
 Frequent Combination
 Combination of Loads
 Frequent Combination
 Combination of Loads
Bending moment at G2 (kNm/m)

* Leading
** 0.75 for Frequent Combination
ULS – BM @ G3 = -58.23 kNm/m
SLS Rare – BM @ G3 = -38.55 kNm/m
 Concrete Properties
As per IRC 112:2011
 Design for Flexure
As per IS 456:2000
 Design for Flexure
As per IS 456:2000
 Design Capacity in Flexure
As per IS 456:2000
 Flexure: Main Reinforcement
Requirements for main reinforcement
 Minimum reinforcement on tension face

 Maximum reinforcement at any face

 Minimum secondary longitudinal (traffic direction)

reinforcement should be 20% of main slab
(transverse of traffic) reinforcement
 Design for Shear
Nominal shear stress is used for design

Actual shear stress depends on shape of member

cross-section
 Shear stress is resisted by concrete, and if required
by transverse reinforcement
 Design for Shear IS:456 (2000)
Design shear strength of concrete (τc) depends on
longitudinal steel and grade of concrete

Shear reinforcement is required for shear stress

exceeding this value
Maximum permissible shear stress is limited
Design for Shear IS:456 (2000)
 Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
• Shear Zones of Flexural Members
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Diagonal Tension Stress Fields
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Design for Shear IRC:112 (2016)
Serviceability Limit States
Limiting State of Cracking
 Crack Width Limits
For reinforced concrete members, maximum
recommended crack width W max is 0.3mm for
moderate and severe exposure, and 0.2 mm for
extreme exposure conditions
Minimum reinforcement requirements are
specified for tension crack control

Additional recommendations on surface

reinforcement bar sizes and spacing are also available
in various codes for crack control
Crack Width Calculation
Crack Width Calculation
Crack Width Calculation
Crack Width Calculation
Crack Width Calculation
Crack Width Calculations: Stress in
Reinforcing Steel
 Limit State of Deflection
 Deflection for Live Load (Vehicular only) should be
less than L/800
 Deflection for Live Load (Vehicular and Pedestrian
or Pedestrian only) should be less than L/1000
 Deflection for Live Load on a cantilever span
(Vehicular only) should be less than L/300
 Deflection for Live Load on a cantilever span
(Vehicular and Pedestrian or Pedestrian only)
should be less than L/375
 Limit State of Deflection
 Moment of Inertia: Difficult to assess the cracked
moment of inertia (varies with loads and load
combinations) – it can be take as 70 percent of
uncracked moment of inertia
 Modulus of Elasticity: For loads applied long
enough to cause creep, the total deformation
including creep may be calculated using Effective
Modulus of Elasticity for concrete
 Time-Dependence of Properties
and Deformations of Concrete
 The formulas for Development of Mean
Compressive Strength with Time, Development of
Mean Tensile Strength with Time, Development of
Mean Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete with time
are available in IRC:112-2011.
 The formulas for Variation of Autogenous and
Drying Shrinkage Strain with Time, and Variation of
Creep Coefficient with time are available in
IRC:112-2011.
 Time-Dependence of Properties
and Deformations of Concrete
 The formulas for Development of Mean
Compressive Strength with Time, Development of
Mean Tensile Strength with Time, Development of
Mean Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete with time
are available in IRC:112-2011.
 The formulas for Variation of Autogenous and
Drying Shrinkage Strain with Time, and Variation of
Creep Coefficient with time are available in
IRC:112-2011.
Wheels on the Edge
Expansion Joint Details