Assignment 1

Signals and Systems

Electronic Engineering
Universidad Santo Tomás

Instructor: David Martínez Ph.D.

February 14, 2023

Ejercicio 1
From the set of exercises, resolve the ones listed below. Work in groups of two peo-
ple. Present the solutions in a formal document.

• 1.1-1 to 1.1-4
• 1.1-6
• 1.1-7
• 1.1-12
• 1.2-2
• 1.2-4
• 1.6-3
• 1.7-1
• 1.7-2
• 1.7-12

1
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136 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

PROBLEMS
1.1-1 Find the energies of the signals illustrated in 1.1-4 Find the power of the periodic signal x(t) shown
Fig. P1.1-1. Comment on the effect on energy in Fig. P1.1-4. Find also the powers and the rms
of sign change, time shifting, or doubling of the values of:
signal. What is the effect on the energy if the (a) −x(t)
signal is multiplied by k? (b) 2x(t)
(c) cx(t)
1.1-2 Repeat Prob. 1.1-1 for the signals in Fig. P1.1-2.
Comment.
1.1-3 (a) Find the energies of the pair of signals 1.1-5 By original design, a system outputs a 10-volt
x(t) and y(t) depicted in Figs. P1.1-3a pulse that is 3 seconds in duration. It is desired
and P1.1-3b. Sketch and find the energies of to upgrade the square-pulse output with a
signals x(t) + y(t) and x(t) − y(t). Can you “soft-start” pulse that steps up to 10 volts in
make any observation from these results? 1-volt increments spaced every 20 milliseconds.
(b) Repeat part (a) for the signal pair illustrated Determine the signal duration T so that the
in Fig. P1.1-3c. Is your observation in “soft-start” pulse has the same signal energy as
part (a) still valid? the original square pulse.

1 1
3
0 2 t 0 2 3 t 2
1 –1

(a) (b) 3
0 2 t
1
6
2
0 3 5 t
1 (d)

(c)
Figure P1.1-1

x(t) x1(t)
1 1

0 t 1 –1 0 t x4(t)
2
(a) (b)

x2(t) t 1 x3(t)

0 1

1 0 1 t 2 0 t 1
(c) (d) (e)
Figure P1.1-2
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Problems 137

x(t) y(t)
1
1 2
0 1 t
0 2 t 1
(a)

x(t) y(t)
1 sin t 1

0 2p t 0 2p t

(b)

x(t)
sin t y(t)
1 1

0 p t 0 p t

(c) Figure P1.1-3

x(t)
8
t3

6 4 2 2 4 6 t

t3
8
Figure P1.1-4

1.1-6 Determine the power and the rms value for each y(t) = sgn[sin(2π t)], where sgn is the sign (or
of the following signals: signum) function.
(a) 5 + 10 cos(100t + π/3) (a) Plot x(t) and determine its power Px and
(b) 10 cos(100t + π/3)+ 16 sin(150t + π/5) energy Ex .
(c) (10 + 2 sin 3t) cos 10t (b) Plot y(t) and determine its power Py and
(d) 10 cos 5t cos 10t energy Ey .
(e) 10 sin 5t cos 10t (c) Consider the complex function f (t) = x(t) +
(f) ejαt cos ω0 t jy(t). Determine the power and energy of
1.1-7 Figure P1.1-7 shows a periodic 50% duty cycle f (t).
dc-offset sawtooth wave x(t) with peak ampli- (d) When real functions x(t) and y(t) are com-
tude A. Determine the energy and power of bined as f (t) = x(t) + jy(t), is it generally
x(t). true that Ef = Ex + Ey and Pf = Px + Py ?
Prove your answer.
1.1-8 Two periodic signals that differ only by a
90-degree phase shift are considered to be 1.1-9 There are many useful properties related to
quadrature signals. For example, cos(2π t) and signal energy. Prove each of the following
sin(2π t) are quadrature signals. Another pair of statements. In each case, let energy signal x1 (t)
quadrature signals is x(t) = sgn[cos(2π t)] and have energy E[x1 (t)], let energy signal x2 (t) have
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138 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

–T O T t

Figure P1.1-7

energy E[x2 (t)], and let T be a nonzero, finite, is

real-valued constant. "
n

(a) Prove E[Tx1 (t)] = T 2 E[x1 (t)]. That is, Px = |Dk |2

amplitude scaling a signal by constant T k=m

scales the signal energy by T 2 . assuming all frequencies to be distinct, that

(b) Prove E[x1 (t)] = E[x1 (t − T)]. That is, is, ωi  = ωk for all i  = k.
shifting a signal does not affect its energy. (b) Use the result in part (a) to determine the
(c) If (x1 (t)  = 0) ⇒ (x2 (t) = 0) and (x2 (t)  = power of each of the signals in Prob. 1.1-6.
0) ⇒ (x1 (t) = 0), then prove E[x1 (t) +
1.1-12 A binary signal x(t) = 0 for t < 0. For positive
x2 (t)] = E[x1 (t)] + E[x2 (t)]. That is, the
time, x(t) toggles between one and zero as
energy of the sum of two nonoverlapping
follows: one for 1 second, zero for 1 second,
signals is the sum of the two individual
one for 1 second, zero for 2 seconds, one for 1
energies.
second, zero for 3 seconds, and so forth. That
(d) Prove E[x1 (Tt)] = (1/|T|)E[x1 (t)]. That is,
is, the “on” time is always 1 second, but the
time-scaling a signal by T reciprocally
“off” time successively increases by 1 second
scales the signal energy by 1/|T|.
between each toggle. A portion of x(t) is shown
1.1-10 Consider the signal x(t) shown in Fig. P1.1-10. in Fig. P1.1-12. Determine the energy and power
Outside the interval shown, x(t) is zero. Deter- of x(t).
mine the signal energy E[x(t)]. [Hint: Use the
1.2-1 For the signal x(t) depicted in Fig. P1.2-1, sketch
results of Prob. 1.1-9.]
the signals
(a) x(−t)
2.5 (b) x(t + 6)
(c) x(3t)
2
(d) x(t/2)
1.5 1.2-2 For the signal x(t) illustrated in Fig. P1.2-2,
sketch
x(t)

1 (a) x(t − 4)
(b) x(t/1.5)
0.5 (c) x(−t)
(d) x(2t − 4)
0
(e) x(2 − t)
–0.5 1.2-3 In Fig. P1.2-3, express signals x1 (t), x2 (t), x3 (t),
–2 –1 0 1 2 3
t x4 (t), and x5 (t) in terms of signal x(t) and
its time-shifted, time-scaled, or time-reversed
Figure P1.1-10
versions.
1.1-11 (a) Show that the power of a signal 1.2-4 For an energy signal x(t) with energy Ex , show
that the energy of any one of the signals −x(t),
"
n x(−t), and x(t − T) is Ex . Show also that the
x(t) = Dk ejωk t energy of x(at) as well as x(at − b) is Ex /a, but
k=m the energy of ax(t) is a2 Ex . This shows that time
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Problems 139

t Figure P1.1-12

x(t)
0.5
6
0 12 15 24 t
1 Figure P1.2-1

x(t)
4
2

4 0 2 t
Figure P1.2-2

x(t) x1(t) x2(t)

1 1 11

0 1 t 1 0 1 t 1 0 1 t

2 x4(t)
x3(t) 1
2 t 2
1
0
13
2 0 t 2

x5(t)
11

1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 t

Figure P1.2-3

inversion and time shifting do not affect signal (b) Plot x(t) over a suitable range of t.
energy. On the other hand, time compression 1.2-6 Consider the signal x(t) = 2−tu(t) , where u(t) is
of a signal (a > 1) reduces the energy, and the unit step function.
time expansion of a signal (a < 1) increases the (a) Accurately sketch x(t) over (−1 ≤ t ≤ 1).
energy. What is the effect on signal energy if the (b) Accurately sketch y(t) = 0.5x(1 − 2t) over
signal is multiplied by a constant a? (−1 ≤ t ≤ 1).
1.2-5 Define 2x(−3t + 1) = t[u(−t − 1) − u(−t + 1)], 1.2-7 Define signals y(t) and z(t) as in Fig. P1.2-7.
where u(t) is the unit step function. (a) Determine constants a, b, and c to produce
(a) Plot 2x(−3t + 1) over a suitable range of t. z(t) = ax(bt + c) in Fig. P1.2-7.
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140 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

y(t) = − 21 x(−3t + 2) z(t) = ax(bt + c)

3 3

−4 0 4 8 t −4 0 4 8 t

Figure P1.2-7

(b) Determine
$ t and sketch a signal v(t) such that false, demonstrate by proof or example why the
z(t) = −∞ v(τ ) dτ . statement is false.
1.3-1 Think of a real-world signal that is a personally (a) Every bounded periodic signal is a power
relevant and interesting. Describe the signal and signal.
then classify it according to the six following (b) Every bounded power signal is a periodic
characteristics: signal.
(a) continuous-time or discrete-time (c) If an energy signal x(t) has energy E, then
(b) analog or digital the energy of x(at) is E/a. Assume a is real
(c) periodic or aperiodic and positive.
(d) energy or power (d) If a power signal x(t) has power P, then the
(e) causal or noncausal power of x(at) is P/a. Assume a is real and
(f) deterministic or random positive.
If possible, think of a second real-world signal 1.3-5 Given x1 (t) = cos (t), x2 (t) = sin (π t), and
that has the opposite six characteristics of your x3 (t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t).
first signal. If such a second signal is not (a) Determine the fundamental periods T1 and
possible, carefully explain why that is the case. T2 of signals x1 (t) and x2 (t).
%∞ (b) Show that x3 (t) is not periodic, which
1.3-2 Define signal y(t) = k=−∞ x(0.5t − 10k),
where requires T3 = k1 T1 = k2 T2 for some integers
 −2t k1 and k2 .
e t≥1 (c) Determine the powers Px1 , Px2 , and Px3 of
x(t) =
0 t<1 signals x1 (t), x2 (t), and x3 (t).
1.3-6 For any constant ω, is the function f (t) = sin (ωt)
(a) Determine the constant a such that the a periodic function of the independent variable
signal x(−2t + a) is borderline anticausal. t? Justify your answer.
(b) Is the signal y(t) periodic? If so, determine 1.3-7 The signal shown in Fig. P1.3-7 is defined as
the period Ty . If not, explain why y(t) is not
periodic. ⎧
⎪
⎨t 0≤t<1
1.3-3 Determine whether each of the following state-
x(t) = 0.5 + 0.5 cos (2π t) 1≤t<2
ments is true or false. If the statement is false, ⎪
⎩
demonstrate this by proof or example. 3−t 2≤t<3
(a) Every continuous-time signal is an analog 0 otherwise
signal. The energy of x(t) is E ≈ 1.0417.
(b) Every discrete-time signal is a digital signal. (a) What is the energy of y1 (t) = (1/3)x(2t)?
(c) If a signal is not an energy signal, then it (b) A periodic signal y2 (t) is defined as
must be a power signal and vice versa.
(d) An energy signal must be of finite duration. )
x(t) 0≤t<4
(e) A power signal cannot be causal. y2 (t) =
(f) A periodic signal cannot be anticausal. y2 (t + 4) ∀t
1.3-4 Determine whether each of the following state-
ments is true or false. If the statement is What is the power of y2 (t)?
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Problems 141

(c) What is the power of y3 (t) = (1/3)y2 (2t)? 4 x1(t)

1
1 2 t
0.8
(a)
0.6
x(t)

x2(t)
0.4 4
t2
0.2
2 4 t
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (seconds) 4
(b)
Figure P1.3-7
Figure P1.4-2
1.3-8 Let y1 (t) = y2 (t) = t2 over 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Notice, this
statement does not require y1 (t) = y2 (t) for all 1.4-3 Letting w(t) = t [u(t) − u(t − 1)], define the peri-
t. odic signal x(t) as
(a) Define y1 (t) as an even, periodic signal with
period T1 = 2. Sketch y1 (t) and determine ∞
"
its power. x(t) = w(2t + 2k) − 0.5w(2t + 2k − 1)
(b) Design an odd, periodic signal y2 (t) with k=−∞

period T2 = 3 and power equal to unity.

Fully describe y2 (t) and sketch the signal (a) Sketch w(t) and x(t). What is the fundamen-
over at least one full period. [Hint: There tal period T0 of signal x(t)?
are an infinite number of possible solutions (b) Sketch y(t) = dtd x(1 − 0.5t).
to this problem—you need to find only one (c) Determine the energy Ez and power
of them!] Pz of the signal z(t) = x(0.5 −
(c) We can create a complex-valued function 1.5t) [u(t) − u(t − 1)]. Sketching z(t) should
y3 (t) = y1 (t) + jy2 (t). Determine whether help.
this signal is periodic. If yes, determine the
1.4-4 Define signal x(t) = u(t −1)−u(t −2.5)−2δ(t −
period T3 . If no, justify why the signal is not
4) + δ(t − 6). $t
periodic.
(a) Sketch y(t) = −∞ x(τ ) dτ .
(d) Determine the power of y3 (t) defined in
(b) Describe a simple change that can be made
part (c). The power of a complex-valued
to the right-most
$t delta function in x(t) so
function z(t) is
that y(t) = −∞ x(τ ) dτ has finite energy.
$∞
# T/2 (c) Sketch z(t) = t x(τ ) dτ .
1
P = lim z(τ )z∗ (τ ) dτ (d) Determine real constants A and B so that
T→∞ T −T/2 w(t) = x t−A B has a region of support
[−2, 2].
1.4-1 Sketch the following signals:
1.4-5 Simplify
 thefollowing expressions:
(a) u(t − 5) − u(t − 7)
sin t
(b) u(t − 5) + u(t − 7) (a) δ(t)
(c) t2 [u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] t +2
2
 
(d) (t − 4)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)] jω + 2
(b) δ(ω)
1.4-2 Express each of the signals in Fig. P1.4-2 by a ω2 + 9
single expression valid for all t. (c) [e−t cos (3t − 60◦ )]δ(t)
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142 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

 π

sin 2 (t − 2) 1 1
(d) δ(1 − t)
t2 + 4
 
1
(e) δ(ω + 3) 0 1 2 3 t
jω + 2
  1
sin kω
(f) δ(ω)
ω (a)
[Hint: Use Eq. (1.10). For part (f) use
L’Hôpital’s rule.]
1
1.4-6 Evaluate
# ∞ the following integrals:
(a) δ(τ )x(t − τ ) dτ 1 2 3
−∞ 0 t
# ∞
1 1 1
(b) x(τ )δ(t − τ ) dτ 1
−∞
# ∞
(b)
(c) δ(t)e−jωt dt
−∞
# ∞ Figure P1.4-9
(d) δ(2t − 3) sin π t dt 1.4-12 Show that
−∞
# ∞ # ∞
(e) δ(t + 3)e−t dt δ̇(t)φ(t) dt = −φ̇(0)
−∞ −∞
# ∞
(f) (t3 + 4)δ(1 − t) dt where φ(t) and φ̇(t) are continuous at t = 0, and
−∞
# ∞ φ(t) → 0 as t → ±∞. This integral defines δ̇(t)
(g) x(2 − t)δ(3 − t) dt as a generalized function. [Hint: Use integration
−∞ by parts.]
# ∞

(h) e(x−1) cos π2 (x − 5) δ(x − 3) dx 1.4-13 A sinusoid eσ t cos ωt can be expressed as a sum
−∞ of exponentials est and e−st [Eq. (1.14)] with
1.4-7 For real and positive constant a, evaluate the complex frequencies s = σ + jω and s = σ − jω.
following integral: Locate in the complex plane the frequencies of
the following sinusoids:
# ∞ (a) cos 3t
δ(at) dt (b) e−3t cos 3t
−∞
(c) e2t cos 3t
1.4-8 (a) Find and sketch dx/dt for the signal x(t) (d) e−2t
shown in Fig. P1.2-2. (e) e2t
(b) Find and sketch d2 x/dt2 for the signal x1 (t) (f) 5
depicted in Fig. P1.4-2a. 1.5-1 Find and sketch the odd and the even compo-
$t nents of the following:
1.4-9 Find and sketch −∞ x(t) dt for the signals x(t)
(a) u(t)
illustrated in Fig. P1.4-9.
(b) tu(t)
1.4-10 Using the generalized function definition of (c) sin ω0 t
impulse [Eq. (1.11) with T = 0], show that δ(t) (d) cos ω0 t
is an even function of t. (e) cos (ω0 t + θ)
1.4-11 Using the generalized function definition of (f) sin ω0 tu(t)
impulse [Eq. (1.11) with T = 0], show that (g) cos ω0 tu(t)
1.5-2 Define x(t) = 2u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) − u(t − 3).
1 (a) Letting xo (t) designate the odd portion of
δ(at) = δ(t)
|a| x(t), accurately sketch xo (1 − 2t).
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Problems 143

(b) Letting xe (t) designate the even portion of

x(t), accurately sketch xe (2 + t/3).
1
1.5-3 (a) Determine even and odd components of the
signal x(t) = e−2t u(t).
(b) Show that the energy of x(t) is the sum of
energies of its odd and even components –1 0 1 2 t
found in part (a).
(c) Generalize the result in part (b) for any finite Figure P1.5-8
energy signal.
(a) Does y(t) have an odd portion, yo (t)? If
1.5-4 (a) If xe (t) and xo (t) are even and the odd
so, determine and carefully sketch yo (t).
components of a real signal x(t), then show
Otherwise, explain why no odd portion
that # ∞ exists.
xe (t)xo (t) dt = 0 (b) Determine and carefully sketch the original
−∞
signal x(t).
(b) Show that
1.5-9 Consider the signal −(1/2)x(−3t + 2) shown in
# ∞ # ∞ Fig. P1.5-9.
x(t) dt = xe (t) dt
−∞ −∞

1.5-5 An aperiodic signal is defined as x(t) = 1

sin (π t)u(t), where u(t) is the continuous-time
step function. Is the odd portion of this signal,
xo (t), periodic? Justify your answer.
0 t
1.5-6 An aperiodic signal is defined as x(t) = –1 1
cos (π t)u(t), where u(t) is the continuous-time Figure P1.5-9
step function. Is the even portion of this signal,
xe (t), periodic? Justify your answer. (a) Determine and carefully sketch the original
signal x(t).
1.5-7 Consider the signal x(t) shown in Fig. P1.5-7.
(b) Determine and carefully sketch the even
portion of the original signal x(t).
(c) Determine and carefully sketch the odd
1 portion of the original signal x(t).
1.5-10 The conjugate symmetric (or Hermitian) portion
of a signal is defined as wcs (t) = (w(t) +
w∗ (−t))/2. Show that the real portion of wcs (t)
0 t
–1 1 is even and that the imaginary portion of wcs (t)
Figure P1.5-7 is odd.
1.5-11 The conjugate antisymmetric (or skew-Hermitian)
(a) Determine and carefully sketch v(t) = portion of a signal is defined as wca (t) =
3x(−(1/2)(t + 1)). (w(t) − w∗ (−t))/2. Show that the real portion
(b) Determine the energy and power of v(t). of wca (t) is odd and that the imaginary portion
(c) Determine and carefully sketch the even of wca (t) is even.
portion of v(t), ve (t). 1.5-12 Define w(t) = ej(t+π/4) .
(d) Let a = 2 and b = 3; sketch v(at + b), (a) Referring to the definition in Prob. 1.5-10,
v(at) + b, av(t + b), and av(t) + b. determine wcs (t). Express your simplified
(e) Let a = −3 and b = −2; sketch v(at + b), answer in standard rectangular form.
v(at) + b, av(t + b), and av(t) + b. (b) Referring to the definition in Prob. 1.5-11,
1.5-8 Consider the signal y(t) = (1/5)x(−2t − 3) determine wca (t). Express your simplified
shown in Fig. P1.5-8. answer in standard polar form.
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144 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

1.5-13 Figure P1.5-13 plots a complex signal w(t) in the

complex plane over the time range (0 ≤ t ≤ 1). x (t) M
The time t = 0 corresponds with the origin, while
the time t = 1 corresponds with the point (2, 1).

y(t) y

Figure P1.6-2
1
1.6-3 From your personal experience, provide an
Im

example of:
(a) a single-input, single-output (SISO) system
(b) a multiple-input, single-output (MISO) sys-
0 1 2 Re tem
Figure P1.5-13 (c) a single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) sys-
tem
(d) a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO)
system
1.7-1 For the systems described by the following
(a) In the complex plane, plot w(t) over (−1 ≤ equations, with the input x(t) and output y(t),
t ≤ 1) if w(t) is an even signal. determine which of the systems are linear and
(b) In the complex plane, plot w(t) over (−1 ≤ which are nonlinear.
t ≤ 1) if w(t) is an odd signal.
(c) In the complex plane, plot w(t) over (−1 ≤ dy(t)
(a) + 2y(t) = x2 (t)
t ≤ 1) if w(t) is a conjugate symmetric dt
signal. [Hint: See Prob. 1.5-10.] dy(t)
(b) + 3ty(t) = t2 x(t)
(d) In the complex plane, plot w(t) over (−1 ≤ dt
t ≤ 1) if w(t) is a conjugate antisymmetric (c) 3y(t) + 2 = x(t)
signal. [Hint: See Prob. 1.5-11.] dy(t)
(e) In the complex plane, plot as much of w(3t) (d) + y2 (t) = x(t)
dt
as possible.  
dy(t) 2
(e) + 2y(t) = x(t)
1.5-14 Define complex signal x(t) = t2 (1 + j) over dt
interval (1 ≤ t ≤ 2). The remaining portion is dy(t) dx(t)
defined such that x(t) is a minimum-energy, (f) + (sin t)y(t) = + 2x(t)
dt dt
skew-Hermitian signal. dy(t) dx(t)
(a) Fully describe x(t) for all t. (g) + 2y(t) = x(t)
dt dt
(b) Sketch y(t) = Re{x(t)} versus the indepen- # t
dent variable t. (h) y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
(c) Sketch z(t) = Re{jx(−2t + 1)} versus the −∞

independent variable t. 1.7-2 For the systems described by the following

(d) Determine the energy and power of x(t). equations, with the input x(t) and output y(t),
[Hint: See Prob. 1.5-11 for a definition of explain with reasons which of the systems are
skew-Hermitian signals.] time-invariant parameter systems and which are
time-varying-parameter systems.
1.6-1 Write the input–output relationship for an (a) y(t) = x(t − 2)
ideal integrator. Determine the zero-input and (b) y(t) = x(−t)
zero-state components of the response. (c) y(t) = x(at)
(d) y(t) = t x(t − 2)
1.6-2 A force x(t) acts on a ball of mass M # 5
(Fig. P1.6-2). Show that the velocity v(t) of the (e) y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
ball at any instant t > 0 can be determined if we −5 2
know the force x(t) over the interval from 0 to t dx(t)
(f) y(t) =
and the ball’s initial velocity v(0). dt
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Problems 145

1.7-3 Two inputs, temperature T(t) and wind speed 1.7-7 Repeat Prob. 1.7-4 for a system that multiplies a
V(t), produce an output, wind chill W(t), given input by a ramp function, r(t) = tu(t). That
according to W(t) = 35.74 + 0.6215T(t) − is, y(t) = x(t)r(t).
35.75 {V(t)}0.16 + 0.4275T(t) {V(t)}0.16 . The 1.7-8 Repeat Prob. 1.7-4 for a system with input x(t)
independent variable here is time, t. Answer that produces output y(t) according to
the following questions yes or no, and provide
mathematical justification for each answer. d
(a) Is this system BIBO-stable? y(t) = x(t − 1)
dt
(b) Is the system memoryless?
(c) Is the system causal? 1.7-9 Repeat Prob. 1.7-4 for a system with input x(t)
(d) For simplicity, let the wind speed be con- that produces output y(t) according to
stant, V(t) = kV . Thus, W(t) = k1 + k2 T(t)
for some constants k1 and k2 . Is this simpli- 
x(t) if x(t) > 0
fied system linear? y(t) =
0 if x(t) ≤ 0
(e) For simplicity, let the temperature be con-
stant, T(t) = kT . Thus, W(t) = k3 +
1.7-10 A continuous-time system is given by
k4 {V(t)}0.16 for some constants k3 and k4 .
Is this simplified system linear? # ∞
1.7-4 Input voltage x(t) applied to an inverting op-amp y(t) = 0.5 x(τ )[δ(t − τ ) − δ(t + τ )] dτ
−∞
follower circuit produces output y(t) according
to Recall that δ(t) designates the Dirac delta func-
⎧ tion.
⎨ −Vref x(t) > Vref (a) Explain what this system does.
y(t + tp ) = Vref x(t) < −Vref (b) Is the system BIBO-stable? Justify your
⎩
−x(t) otherwise answer.
(c) Is the system linear? Justify your answer.
where op-amp reference voltage Vref and prop- (d) Is the system memoryless? Justify your
agation delay tp are both positive constants. answer.
Answer the following questions yes or no, (e) Is the system causal? Justify your answer.
and provide mathematical justification for each (f) Is the system time invariant? Justify your
answer. answer.
(a) Is this system BIBO-stable? 1.7-11 For a certain LTI system with the input x(t),
(b) Is the system causal? the output y(t) and the two initial conditions
(c) Is the system invertible? q1 (0) and q2 (0), the following observations were
(d) Is the system linear? made:
(e) Is the system memoryless?
(f) Is the system time invariant? x(t) q1 (0) q2 (0) y (t)
0 1 −1 e−t u(t)
1.7-5 Repeat Prob. 1.7-4 for a system with input x(t)
0 2 1 e−t (3t + 2)u(t)
that produces output y(t) according to
u(t) −1 −1 2u(t)

−2x(t) when x(t) ≥ 0 Determine y(t) when both the initial conditions
y(t + 1) = are zero and the input x(t) is as shown in
0 otherwise
Fig. P1.7-11. [Hint: There are three causes: the
input and each of the two initial conditions.
1.7-6 Repeat Prob. 1.7-4 for a system with input x(t)
Because of the linearity property, if a cause is
that produces output y(t) according to
increased by a factor k, the response to that cause
 also increases by the same factor k. Moreover, if
x(t − 1) when dtd x(t) ≥ 0 causes are added, the corresponding responses
y(t − 1) =
x(t − 2) otherwise add.]
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146 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

x(t) conditions (all the initial inductor currents and

1 capacitor voltages).

5 5 t 1.7-15 For the systems described by the following

equations, with the input x(t) and output y(t),
Figure P1.7-11 determine which are causal and which are
noncausal.
1.7-12 A system is specified by its input–output rela- (a) y(t) = x(t − 2)
tionship as (b) y(t) = x(−t)
x2 (t) (c) y(t) = x(at) a>1
y(t) = (d) y(t) = x(at) a<1
dx(t)/dt
Show that the system satisfies the homogeneity
property but not the additivity property. 1.7-16 For the systems described by the following
equations, with the input x(t) and output y(t),
1.7-13 Show that the circuit in Fig. P1.7-13 is zero-state
determine which are invertible and which are
linear but not zero-input linear. Assume all
noninvertible. For the invertible systems, find
diodes to have identical (matched) characteris-
the input–output relationship of the inverse
tics. The output is the current y(t).
system. #
t
(a) y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
y(t) −∞
(b) y(t) = x (t), x(t) real, n integer
n

D1 D2 D3 dx(t)
(c) y(t) =
dt
C (d) y(t) = x(3t − 6)

x(t) (e) y(t) = cos [x(t)]
  vc  (f) y(t) = ex(t) , x(t) real
2R 2R R
1.7-17 Figure P1.7-17 displays an input x1 (t) to a linear
time-invariant (LTI) system H, the correspond-
Figure P1.7-13 ing output y1 (t), and a second input x2 (t).
(a) Bill suggests that x2 (t) = 2x1 (3t)−x1 (t −1).
1.7-14 The inductor L and the capacitor C in Is Bill correct? If yes, prove it. If not, correct
Fig. P1.7-14 are nonlinear, which makes the his error.
circuit nonlinear. The remaining three elements (b) Bill wants to know the output y2 (t) in
are linear. Show that the output y(t) of this response to the input x2 (t). Provide him with
nonlinear circuit satisfies the linearity conditions an expression for y2 (t) in terms of y1 (t). Use
with respect to the input x(t) and the initial MATLAB to plot y2 (t).

C
0.1 H

L
x(t) 1F 2 y(t)


Figure P1.7-14
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Problems 147

2 x1(t) 2 y1(t) 2 x2(t)

H
1 1 1

0 1 2 3 4 t 0 1 2 3 4 t 0 1 2 3 4 t

Figure P1.7-17

1.7-18 A linear time-invariant system H acts on input 1.8-3 A simplified (one-dimensional) model of an
x(t) = u(t − 0.5) − u(t − 1.5) to produce out- automobile suspension system is shown in
put y(t) = H {x(t)} = 0.5u(t) + 0.5u(t − 1) Fig. P1.8-3. In this case, the input is not a force
− u(t − 2). but a displacement x(t) (the road contour). Find
(a) Is it possible that the system is causal? the differential equation relating the output y(t)
Explain your answer. If not causal, deter- (auto body displacement) to the input x(t) (the
mine the shift necessary to make the system road contour).
causal.
(b) Is it possible that the system is memoryless? 1.8-4 A field-controlled dc motor is shown in
Explain your answer. Fig. P1.8-4. Its armature current ia is maintained
(c) Suppose the output y(t) is applied to an constant. The torque generated by this motor
identical system H to produce output is proportional to the field current if (torque=
Kf if ). Find the differential equation relating the
z(t) = H {y(t)} = H {H {x(t)}} output position θ to the input voltage x(t). The
motor and load together have a moment of
If possible, determine and sketch z(t). If inertia J.
not possible, explain why z(t) cannot be
determined using the information given. 1.8-5 Water flows into a tank at a rate of qi units/s
and flows out through the outflow valve at a
1.8-1 For the circuit depicted in Fig. P1.8-1, find the
rate of q0 units/s (Fig. P1.8-5). Determine the
differential equations relating outputs y1 (t) and
equation relating the outflow q0 to the input qi .
y2 (t) to the input x(t).
The outflow rate is proportional to the head h.
3 Thus q0 = Rh, where R is the valve resistance.

Determine also the differential equation relating
the head h to the input qi . [Hint: The net inflow
x(t) y1(t) 1 H y2(t) of water in time Δt is (qi − q0 )Δt. This inflow
is also AΔh, where A is the cross section of the
 tank.]

Figure P1.8-1 1.8-6 Consider the circuit shown in Fig. P1.8-6, with
input voltage x(t) and output currents y1 (t),
y2 (t), and y3 (t).
1.8-2 For the circuit depicted in Fig. P1.8-2, find the (a) What is the order of this system? Explain
differential equations relating outputs y1 (t) and your answer.
y2 (t) to the input x(t). (b) Determine the matrix representation for this
system.
 (c) Use Cramer’s rule to determine the output
y1(t)
current y3 (t) for the input voltage x(t) =
x(t)
1
1F
1
H y2(t) [2 − | cos (t)|]u(t − 1).
2 2

 1.10-1 Write state equations for the parallel RLC circuit

in Fig. P1.8-2. Use the capacitor voltage q1 and
Figure P1.8-2 the inductor current q2 as your state variables.
 “01-Lathi-C01” — 2017/9/25 — 15:53 — page 148 — #85

148 CHAPTER 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

M
y (Auto body elevation)

B K

x (Road elevation)

Figure P1.8-3

Rf
ia  constant

if Lf J
x(t) B

Figure P1.8-4

qi qo Figure P1.8-5

R1 = 1 R3 = 3 R5 = 5

+ R2 = 2 R4 = 4 R6 = 6
x(t)
–
y1(t) y2(t) y3(t)

Figure P1.8-6

Show that every possible current or voltage in currents q1 , q2 and the capacitor voltage q3 as
the circuit can be expressed in terms of q1 , q2 state variables. Show that every possible voltage
and the input x(t). or current in this circuit can be expressed as a
1.10-2 Write state equations for the third-order cir- linear combination of q1 , q2 , q3 , and the input
cuit shown in Fig. P1.10-2, using the inductor x(t). Also, at some instant t, it was found that
 “01-Lathi-C01” — 2017/9/25 — 15:53 — page 149 — #86

Problems 149

1
1H H
q1 q2 3


x(t) q3 1
1
 2
F

Figure P1.10-2

q1 = 5, q2 = 1, q3 = 2, and x = 10. Determine t ≤ 10. How important is the scale factor a

the voltage across and the current through every on the shape of the resulting figure?
element in this circuit. (b) Use MATLAB to plot y(t) over −10 ≤ t ≤
10. Analytically determine the time t0 where
1.11-1 Provide MATLAB code and output that plots y(t) has a jump discontinuity. Verify your
the odd portion xo (t) of the function x(t) = calculation of t0 using the plot of y(t).
2−t cos(2π t)u(t−π ) over a suitable-length inter- (c) Use MATLAB and numerical integration to
val using a suitable number of points. compute the energy Ex of signal x(t).
(d) Use MATLAB and numerical integration to
1.11-2 Provide MATLAB code and output that plots compute the energy Ey of signal y(t).
the even portion xe (t) of the function x(t) =
1.11-4 Consider the signal x(t) = u( 2t + 1) − u(t −
2−t/2 cos(4π t)u(t − 0.5) over a suitable t using $ t−3
t = 0.002 second between points. 1) − δ( 2t ). Define y(t) = −∞ x(τ ) dτ and z(t) =
$∞
t x(τ ) dτ .
1.11-3 Define x(t)+= et(1+j2π ) u(−t) and y(t) =
*  −5−t
(a) Using MATLAB, accurately plot y(t).
Re 2x 2 . (b) Using MATLAB, accurately plot z(t).
(a) Use MATLAB to plot Re {x(t)} versus (c) Using
MATLAB,

accurately plot w(t) =
dt y(t) + z(t) .
d
Im {x(at)} for a = 0.5, 1, and 2 and −10 ≤