STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Statistics

MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS Sources and Methods in

Collecting Data
Statistics defined:  PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS –
• A branch of mathematics dealing with the can be divided into two groups:
collection, analysis, interpretation, and  1. Quantitative – based in mathematical
presentation and organization of masses of calculations
numerical data.  2. Qualitative – do not involve numbers or
• Statistics is the study and manipulation of data, mathematical calculations.
including ways to gather, review, analyze, and  SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS
draw conclusions from data. – is a type of data that has already been published
• Statistics in tagalog is Palautakan. in books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
online portals etc.
General Uses of Statistics
• Summarizes data for public use. Some of the popular methods of data collection are as
• Aids in decision making follows:
o Provides comparison  Survey
o Justifies a claim or assertion  Observation
o Predicts future outcomes  Interview
o Estimates unknown quantities  Questionnaire
 Experiment
Characteristics  Case Study Methods
 Statistics are aggregates of facts and collected for
a predetermined purpose. POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
 Statistics are affected to a market extent by
multiplicity of causes. • Population – is a collection of all elements under
 Statistics are enumerated or estimated according consideration in any statistical study.
to a reasonable standard of accuracy. Statistics • Sample – is a subset of the population from which
are numerically expressed. the information is collected.
 Statistics are collected in a systematic manner and
must be comparable to each other. Population and Sample Data
POPULATION SAMPLE
Functions / Uses  The measurable quality  Measurable quantity is
 Statistics helps in providing a better understanding is a called a parameter. called a statistic or
 A complete set. estimate
and exact description of a phenomenon of nature.
 True representation of  Subset of the population
 Statistics helps in the proper and efficient planning opinion.  Have a margin of error
of a statistical inquiry in any field of study.  Contains all members of and confidence interval
 Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a specified group
suitable tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form
for easy and clear comprehension of the data.
 Statistics helps in understanding the nature and VARIABLES defined:
pattern of variability of a phenomenon through
quantitative observations  A variable is any property, characteristic, number,
 Statistics helps in drawing valid inferences, along or a quantity that increases or decreases over time
with a measure of their reliability about the or can take on different values
population parameters from the sample data  an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary
or change
What is Data?  not consistent or having a fixed pattern; liable to
 factual information (such as measurements or change.
statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,  an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary
discussion, or calculation or change.
 information in digital form that can be transmitted  SYNONYMS OF VARIABLE: (NAGBABAGO – in
or processed tagalog)
 In general, data is any set of characters that is • adaptable, adjustable, alterable, changeable,
gathered and translated for some purpose, usually • elastic, flexible, fluid, malleable, modifiable
analysis

Mind over matter.

 STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Statistics
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

Types of Variables Variables According to Continuity of Values

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE • Continuous Variables – which can assume each
 (categorical) variables  variables have values and every value within a given range. (Example:
have values that can that represent quantities height, weight, length, width)
only be placed into and are further identified • Discrete Variables – which can assume only
categories such as yes as being either discrete
some specific values within a given range.
and no. (can be counted) or
continuous (can be (Example: family size, number of students in a
measured). class, number of houses, number of tables in a
room).
Variables According to Functional Relationship
Particulars Dependent Variable Independent Variable Variables according to Scale of Measurement
Definition It refers to the variables It refers to the standalone 1. Nominal Variable
dependent on other variables that do not depend 2. Ordinal Variable
variables in the study on other variables in the
and changes with study. 3. Interval Variable
updates in the other 4. Ratio Variable
variables.
Purpose It is explored in the study. Experimental independent
Changes or effects are variables are subjected to
measured by observing manipulations in the study to
the dependent variables. create effects on the
dependent variables.
Variation Unintentional changes Variables that the
can happen to the researcher can control.
dependent variables in Researchers intentionally
reaction to the create variations.
independent variables.
Application To study the responses It can explain outputs and
to the changes produced predict the values of
in other variables. It dependent variables. In
exhibits the outcomes addition, it showcases the
that are required to causes behind any changes
measure in experiments. or results.

EXAMPLE #1: NUMBER OF CAPSULE INTAKE 1. NOMINAL LEVEL

• The nominal scale simply categorizes variables
according to qualitative labels (or names). These
labels and groupings don’t have any order or
hierarchy to them, nor do they convey any
numerical value. For example, the variable “hair
color” could be measured on a nominal scale
according to the following categories: blonde hair,
brown hair, gray hair, and so on
• Examples:
GENDER: [male, female], [boy or girl]
CIVIL STATUS: [single, married, widowed]

2. ORDINAL LEVEL
• The ordinal scale also categorizes variables into
labeled groups, and these categories have an
EXAMPLES #2 order or hierarchy to them. For example, you could
measure the variable “income” on an ordinal scale
as follows: low income, medium income, high
income. Another example could be level of
education, classified as follows: high school,
master’s degree, doctorate.
• Examples:
Size of T-shirt: small, medium, large
Job Satisfaction: very satisfied, satisfied,
dissatisfied, very dissatisfied

Mind over matter.

 STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Statistics
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

3. INTERVAL LEVEL OVERVIEW OF DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS

• The interval scale is a numerical scale which
labels and orders variables, with a known, evenly The Typical Research Process
spaced interval between each of the values. An
oft-cited example of interval data is temperature in
Fahrenheit, where the difference between 10- and
20-degrees Fahrenheit is exactly the same as the
difference between, say, 50- and 60-degrees
Fahrenheit.
• Examples:
Student Intelligence Quotient,
Temperature in degree centigrade

4. RATIO LEVEL
• Contains the properties of the interval level, but it
has the zero point; that is, the number zero
indicates the absence of the characteristics under
consideration.
• Examples: height, weight, …
CATEGORY RATIO SCALE INTERPRETATION
0 Nothing at all
0.5 Extremely weak
1 Very weak
2 Weak
3 Moderate
5 Strong
7 Very Strong

Notes on Levels of Measurement

• Nominal and Ordinal Levels are called categorical
variables
• Interval and Ratio Levels are called continuous
variables

Descriptive Versus Inferential

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
 Includes all the techniques  Techniques used to make
used in organizing, inferences about the
summarizing and population based on the
presenting data without information contained in
drawing conclusions or the sample.
inferences  Tools – hypothesis tests,
 Pertains to measures of regression analysis,
central tendency and ANOVA
dispersion
Examples
 A politician wants to know  A politician wants to
the exact percentage of estimate, based on an
votes cast for him in the opinion poll, his chance for
last election. reelection in the upcoming
 A university registrar wants election.
to determine the average  A university president
yearly drop-out rate of wants to forecast the
students in the past 5 drop-out rate in the next
years. ten years.
 A store manager would like  A store manager would like
to determine the mean to predict, based on last
monthly sales in the past year’s sales, the average
six months. monthly sales for this year.


Mind over matter.