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ABSTRACT:Morph ological Processing important tool is in Image an the an image is analyzed in terms shape of known some as predetermined geometric structuring element. Morphological processing is capable of removing noise and clutter as well as the ability to edit an image based on the size and shape of the objects of interest. Morphological Image Processing is used in the place of a Linear Image because distort image, Processing, is not lost. In the Morphological Image it the Processing, sometimes underlying but in image the

Digital Image processing, since that science can rigorously quantify many aspects of the geometrical structure of the way that agrees with the human intuition and perception. Morphologic image processing technology is based on geometry. It emphasizes on can studying find geometry relationship structure of image. We between each part of image. When processing image morphological Accordingly we with theory. can

geometric form of an Morphological

information of the image

comprehend the structural character of image in the morphological approach

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2 Processing the original image Dilation, Opening of times. The major objective of this paper is to reconstruct the class of such finite tool length Image in a Morphological Processing and can be Erosion, Closing Morphological Processing implemented successfully FORENSICS: Fingerprint Enhancement and reduction of noise in finger print images. tested reconstructed by using suitable structure language. The Image is and in mathematical using Java

operations for a finite no

based on the analysis of a two terms shape valued of known image in certain as

predetermined geometric structuring element. The term morphology refers to the branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants. A very well suited extracting are useful approach for

INTRODUCTION:The Morphological image processing is generally

significant in the and

features from images that representation

3 description of region Enhancement and reduction of noise in finger print images. to DIGITAL IMAGE Digital image and processing interpretation of involves the manipulation digital images with the aid of a computer and it is an extremely and it broad often be subject involves which PROCESSING:-

shapes is morphological (shape-based) processing. Morphological processing refers certain operations where an object is Hit or Fit with structuring elements and thereby reduced to a more These elements primitives some By revealing are which of shape. shape are the these structuring

developed to represent aspect applying information or the noise. structuring elements to the data using different algebraic one morphological transformations on the data. The Morphological Image Processing operations are applied for binary images in FORENSICS: Fingerprint combinations, performs

procedures, can

mathematically complex. The central idea behind is quite simple. The digital image is fed in to the computer one pixel at a time. The computer is programmed to insert the data in to an equation the or series that of may further equations, and then store results or display

processed. Digital image processing used to solve a

4 variety these commonly methods enhancing interpretation analysis. Employment of fingerprints as evidence of crime has been one of the most important utilities in enhancement forensics, since the date 19th century. Where there are no witness to a certain crime, finger prints can be very useful in the The impressions left on the surface are called latent fingerprints, and caused by the ridges on the skin. In most cases, they are incomplete and degraded. The individual features that uniquely identify a fingerprint are called determining offenders. of problems. problems require capable of pictorial and minutiae. Thus, the basic ridge their finger uniquely pattern location print together on the a with the minutiae and pattern

Although often unrelated,

identify

information for human

fingerprint.The Morphological Image Processing will enhance the degraded noisy and / or incomplete latent Image and restoration procedures are used to process degraded images of unrecoverable objects or experimental results too expensive to duplicate. In physics and related fields, computer techniques enhance routinely images of fingerprints.

experiments in areas such as high-energy plasmas and electron microscopy. Similarly applications be found successful of image

processing concepts can

5 in astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law enforcement, and 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 (A 4* 5 Binary Image) 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 defense. 1 1 1 0 1

IMAGE

DATA

BASICS:An image refers to a 2-D light intensity function, based on these 2-D array of numbers the images are categorized forms, Binary Image, Grey Tone Image and Color Image in to three

READING FORMAT:-

THE

TAG IMAGE FILE

Binary Image:The image data of Binary Image is Black and White. Each pixel is either 0 or 1. A digital Image is called Binary Image if the grey levels range from 0 and 1. Ex: A Binary shown below is,

6 The programmer simple needs a of method

FITTING

AND

HITTING:The Structuring Element is positioned at all positions or possible locations in the Binary Image and it is compared with the corresponding neighborhood of pixels. The morphological operation Binary resembles a correction.

obtaining image data in a standard, usable format, called image file format . The image file format determine the image data storage and also gives additional information pixel values. The image file consists Segment. of a Header Header Segment and a DataThe will contain, at the very least, the width and the height of the image. Since it is impossible to display or process any image without knowledge of its dimensions. The Headers of most file formats begin with a signature or magic number. A short sequence of bytes designed to identify the file as an image with the specific format. storage with the

Where the operation is logical than arithmetic in nature. Ex.: Suppose we have two 3 * 3 structuring elements

1 1 0 0 S1 = 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

7 S2 = 1 0 0 In a given image A, B, C are the three positions where the S1 and S2 Structuring Elements should be positioned. 1 1 1 image if, for each of its pixels that is set to 1, The corresponding image pixel is also 1. For the above example, Both S1 and S2 fit the image at (Remember A that

structuring element pixels set to 0 are ignored when testing for a fit). S2 fits the image at B and neither S1 nor S2 fits at C.

HIT:A structuring element is said to HIT and Image if, for any of it pixels that is set to 1, The corresponding Image pixel is also 1. (Here also we ignore Image Binary Image used to test Fitting and Hitting of Structuring Elements S1 and S2 pixels for which the corresponding structuring element pixel is 0.) For the above example, S1 and S2 HIT the The structuring element is said to FIT the Image in

FIT:-

neighborhood A. The same holds true at B.

8 But at neighborhood C, only S1 HITS the Image. In this concept HITS FITS corresponds corresponds to to Union and where as the Intersection. Further more it is possible to replace the set operation Intersection and Union by the Boolean operators OR. AND and Otherwise Repeat for all pixel Dilation Dilation grow image regions Dilation causes objects to dilate or grow in size. The amount and the way that they grow depends upon the choice of the structuring element [3]. Dilation makes an object larger by adding pixels around its edges. The Dilation of an Image A by a co-ordinates. creates new hits A g(x , y) = 0 1 if B structuring element B is written as A B. To compute the Dilation, we position B such that its origin is at pixel coordinates (x , y) and apply the rule.

DILATION:-

image showing all the location of a structuring element origin at which that structuring element HITS the Input Image. In this it adds a layer of pixel to an object, there by enlarging it. inner and Pixels outer are added to both the boundaries of regions, so Dilation will shrink the holes enclosed by a single region and make the gaps

9 between different regions smaller. Dilation will also tend to fill in any small intrusions into a regions boundaries. The results of Dilation are influenced not just by the size of the structuring element but by its shape also. Dilation is a Erosion causes objects to shrink. The amount of the way that they shrink depend upon the choice of the structuring element. Morphological operation; it can be performed on both Binary and Grey Tone Images. It helps in extracting images. the outer boundaries of the given Erosion shrink image regions Many structuring elements are requested for Dilating the entire image.

EROSION:-

Erosion makes an object smaller by removing or Eroding away the pixels on its edges [3]. The Erosion of an image A by a structuring element B is denoted as A B. To compute the Erosion, we position B such that its structuring origin is at image pixel co-ordinate (x , y) and apply the rule.

For Binary Image:Dilation operation is defined as follows, D (A , B) =A B Where, A is the image B 3. is the element of the order 3 *

10 small extrusions on a 1 if B Fits A, g(x , y) = 0 otherwise . Repeat for all x and y or pixel co-ordinates. Erosion creates new image that marks all the locations of a Structuring elements origin at which that Structuring Element Fits the input image. The Erosion operation seems to strip away a layer of pixels from an object, shrinking it in the process. Pixels are eroded from both the inner and outer enlarge enclosed boundaries the by a of holes single Where, A is the image B 3. is the structuring element of the order 3 * regions. So, Erosion will erosion regions boundaries. The result of depends on Structuring element size with larger Structuring elements having a more pronounced effect & the result of Erosion with a large Structuring element is similar to the result obtained by iterated Erosion using a smaller structuring element of the same shape. Erosion is the Morphological operation, it can be performed on Binary and Grey images. It helps in extracting the inner boundaries of a given image.

For Binary Images:Erosion operation is defined as follows, E (A, B) = A B

region as well as making the gap between different regions larger. Erosion will also tend to eliminate

11 Many structuring elements are required for eroding the entire image. B Opening operation is obtained by doing Dilation on Eroded Image. It is to smoothen Opening structured removal of image region boundary pixels It is a powerful operator, Dilation. obtained by combining Erosion and Opening separates the Objects. As we know, Dilation expands an image and Erosion shrinks it [3]. Opening generally the curves of the image. Opening spaces objects that are too close together, detaches objects that are touching and should enlarges objects. Opening involves one or more Erosions followed by one Dilation. not be, and inside holes written as [3], A B = (A B)

OPENING:-

CLOSING:-

smoothes the contour of an image, breaks narrow Isthmuses and eliminates thin Protrusions [1]. The Opening of an image A by a structuring element B is denoted as A B and is defined as an Erosion followed by a Dilation, and is operator, Closing structured filling in of image region boundary pixels It is a powerful obtained by combining Erosion and Dilation. Closing, join the Objects [3]. Closing

12 also tends to smooth ints are differences Fingerpr unique. The between

sections of contours but, as opposed to Opening, it generally fuses narrow breaks and long thin Gulfs, eliminates small holes and fills gaps in the contour [1]. The Closing of an image A by a structuring element B is denoted as A B and defined as a Dilation followed by an Erosion; and is written as [3], A B = (A B) B Closing is obtained by doing Erosion on Dilated image. unwanted objects. Closing involves one or more Dilations followed by one Erosion. Closing holes joins in broken objects and fills in

fingerprints are due to the type and the position of the ridge characteristics. In most cases, acquired latent fingerprints Thus are to degraded, noisy and / or incomplete. during the reduce the rejection rates matching stage, latent fingerprints have to be enhanced prior to matching. This can be enhanced Morphological Processing. The fig (a) is original we subjecting Morphological Operations. When the image is Dilated, it leaves specific & clear ridges to visualize, can be seen in fig1.By Eroding the fig to image , to are the enhance the fingerprints using Image

RESULT :FINGER PRINT ENHANCEMENT:-

(a),

the

ridges

are

13 thickened for analysis. Can be seen in fig 2.

1.
By performing Open

DILATED

IMAGE :operation to fig (a), the ridges that are broken can be joined to analyse the fingerprints clearly, can be seen in fig 3. And by performing the ridges Close which can are be operation to the fig (a), overlapped

separated and can be analysed clearly, can be seen in fig 4.

2. IMAGE:-

ERODED

a.

ORIGINAL

BINARY IMAGE :-

3. OPEN IMAGE:-

14

4. IMAGE:-

CLOSE

CONCLUSION:This report represents the practical operation Morphological Processing successfully the and of Image it and Image Binary performed concept has

IMPLEMENTATIO N:This been implemented in java. The java platform provides a convenient representation for images that makes the implementation of image processing relatively forward. The Binary image operations are using implemented software straight

Fundamental

Compound operations of Morphological processing images in, FORENSICS: Fingerprint Enhancement and reduction of noise in finger print images. on

Swings and have a GUI for performing Dilation,

15 Erosion, Opening & and this is further

Closing operations

extended to Color image concept and 24-bit True Color concept and a special feature such as Automatic selection of Structuring element for object classification through Morphology is still challenging to this technique and have been chosen to be the major direction of the future

FUTURE SCOPE:The Morphological applied spectrum including: to of a Image wide Processing can be further problems

Medical analysis: detection,

image Tumor

work.

REFERENCES:of www.encyclopedi a.com www.howstuffwo rks.com www.google.com www.instrumentat ion.com www.forensics.co m www.imageproce ssing.com

measurement internal Robotics: Recognition interpretation motion and through feedback Radar Target

size and shape of organs, Regurgitation, etc. and of

objects in a scene, control execution visual imaging: detection

and identification.