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Che Lab 1 Experiment 4 Hydrostatic Pressure

This experiment measured liquid levels in a conical tank using a bubble device to determine hydrostatic pressure. Water levels were measured directly with a meter stick and calculated theoretically using an equation relating pressure, density, height, and atmospheric pressure. The actual and theoretical heights matched closely with increasing pressure at higher liquid levels. The experiment concluded that hydrostatic pressure increases proportionally with liquid height in conditions of constant temperature.

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Julie Anne Cristales
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67 views

Che Lab 1 Experiment 4 Hydrostatic Pressure

This experiment measured liquid levels in a conical tank using a bubble device to determine hydrostatic pressure. Water levels were measured directly with a meter stick and calculated theoretically using an equation relating pressure, density, height, and atmospheric pressure. The actual and theoretical heights matched closely with increasing pressure at higher liquid levels. The experiment concluded that hydrostatic pressure increases proportionally with liquid height in conditions of constant temperature.

Uploaded by

Julie Anne Cristales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laboratory Experiment #4

Hydrostatic Pressure: Liquid Level Measurement Using A Bubble Device

Abstract

This experiment’s main objective is to determine the height or liquid level (contained
within a conical tank) in relation to hydrostatic pressure using a bubble device whose set up is in
Colegio San Agustin-Bacolod. The actual liquid levels (water) were measured with the use of a
meter stick in the conical tank with five different intervals marked with a chalk and theoretical
liquid level measurement is calculated with the provided equation: P= ρgh+Patm. The actual and
theoretical height obtained of the water is then compared and plotted in relation to the
hydrostatic pressure and slope was also determined.

INTRODUCTION

The resultant force of a liquid's pressure loading acting on submerged surfaces is known
as hydrostatic forces. Fluid mechanics begins with the calculation of the hydrostatic force and
the position of the center of pressure. The resultant hydrostatic pressure force acts at the center of
pressure, which is a point on the immersed surface.

The position and size of the water pressure force exerted on water-control structures like
dams, levees, and gates are critical factors in their structural design. Many aspects of hydraulic
equipment require the design of hydrostatic force and its course of action.

Fluid statics (fluid at rest), are basically the relevant theories in this experiment as height
of the fluid determine the pressure. And thus, the fluid at any point supports below it is bound to
support the fluid above it. As a result, in this experiment theoretical liquid level measurements
will be determined using the working equation:

P1= ρgh+Patm (Eqn 1)

Where P1 is the hydrostatic pressure (converted from bar to pascal), ρ is the density of the fluid
(water), h is the theoretical, g is the gravitational force exerted on the fluid (9.81 m/s2) and Patm
which is 101245 Pa.

OBJECTIVES

1. Using an air bubbler, determine the tank levels experimentally.


2. Comparing experimentally estimated levels to actual measured levels
3. In this exercise, create a level measurement equation for the tank.
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Table 1.1: List of equipment and materials used

1. CSAB Laboratory set-up for air bubbler


Materials/Supplies equipment set-up for air bubbler liquid
level measurement
2. Air compressor
3. Digital pressure gauge

1. Thermometer
2. Steel plate, or meter stick
3. Plastic tubing
4. Water supply
Equipment/Apparatus

METHODOLOGY

Figure 1.1 An illustration of CSAB Laboratory set-up for air bubbler equipment
set-up for air bubbler liquid level measurement
In the performance of the experiment, the equipments and apparatus needed was b
secured according to the set-up as seen in Figure 1.1. After, the geometric characteristic of the
tank, specifically the distance from the bottom end of the bubbler pipe in the tank to the top edge
of the tank. Proceeding, the tank will then be filled with water to touch just the bottom end of the
bubbler pipe and measurements will be taken at the point, the compressor will then be started for
the purpose of introducing and regulating air into the bubbler pipe to maintain the least bubbling
effect.

The tank will then be filled up in successive steps, thus the tank is highly suggested to be
dived and marked into intervals according to the number of trials that will be undertaken. For the
experiment conducted, the tank was divided into the minimum of five intervals required since
this would be for better regression analysis. To follow, the height of the fluid (water) and
hydrostatic pressure was measured chronologically to from the first to the fifth interval. In the
process, the tank was filled with additional water to increase the level to the arbitrary-decided
level starting from the lowest making sure to inspect the bubbling effect and adjusting it and
regulating when needed. The bubbling was supposedly slow, about 1-2 bubbles per second, and
was allowed to stabilize, and actual levels of the water level, temperature and hydrostatic
pressure was measured with a meter stick, thermometer and digital pressure gauge respectively-
this step was repeated until the fifth arbitrary level has been reached. Calculations and
comparisons were then recorded accordingly and compared.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1.2: Figures obtained for the conducted experiement

No. of h(actual) in Temperature density of water at h (experimental/theo)


trials P (Pa) meters of water (⁰C) 30C in meters
1 104400 0.25 30 995.67 0.314818823
2 105300 0.4325 30 995.67 0.406960918
3 106000 0.575 30 995.67 0.478626991
4 106600 0.72 30 995.67 0.540055054
5 107200 0.84 30 995.67 0.601483117

In conducting the experiment the density of water remained constant; consequently, the
density of water did not change. The actual height was determined using a meter stick, and it was
acknowledged beforehand that in measuring this, deviation may occur because the tank in the
laboratory equipment is conical rather than cylindrical in shape. The plot for the actual height
and pressure is as follows:
0.9
0.8 f(x) = 0.000212291666666667 x − 21.9181875
R² = 0.999100352546339
0.7
0.6

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
104000 104500 105000 105500 106000 106500 107000 107500

P1 (hydrostatic pressure)

The experimental height was then calculated using Eqn (1) and was also plotted
accordingly:

0.7

0.6
f(x) = 0.000102380105039326 x − 10.3736641431097
R² = 1
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
104000 104500 105000 105500 106000 106500 107000 107500

P1 (hydrostatic pressure)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Hydrostatic pressure can be defined as, “The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at
any point of time due to the force of gravity”. It is proportional to the depth measured from the
surface as the weight of the fluid increases when a downward force is applied and is a critical
factor in the construction of dams, levees, and gates.

While there are more application hydrostatic pressure is also an important factor, in this
experiment, we can conclude the following: depth of the fluid is directly proportional to the
hydrostatic pressure. Thus, if depth or height of the fluid increases, so will hydrostatic pressure
more respectively in conditions where there is constant temperature.

RECOMMENDATIONS

There were certain discrepancies in measuring the height of the tank and thus the following
recommendations may be deduced:

1. The tank is not cylindrical in shape and is rather conical, so height of the fluid variations must
be considered in the determination.
2. Do not forget to close the drain valve at the start of the experiment as this will allow the fluid
to exit the tank.
3. Be careful in adjusting the air bubbler, as high pressures can most definitely result to damage
in equipment.
APPENDIX
1-A
Symbology

P1 hydrostatic pressure

Patm atmospheric pressure

ρ density of fluid given temperature

g gravitation force exerted on fluid

h height of fluid
APPENDIX
1–C
Photos
References:
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-1/

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