• General Classification:

Primary
(Non Rechargeable)

AGM
Valve
Regulated
Battery Ni-Cd/Li- (VRLA) Gel
Ion…
Secondary
(Rechargeable) Industrial
Lead Acid
Battery
Vented or
Automotive
flooded
Battery can be classified based on DUTY & CONSTRUCTION

DUTY: CONSTRUCTION:
- Shallow (Automotive) - Flat Plate
- Deep (Industrial) - Tubular Plate
Major Components of Battery:

Positive
Plate

Terminal Negative
Posts Plate

Battery
Vent Plug Container

Separator Cover
Positive Plate:
– Spine
– Tubular Gaunt Let
– Active Material
– Closing Strip
Spine

Tubular Gaunt let Closing strip

Negative Plate:
– Grid
– Active Material (Paste)

Grid
Separator: Terminal Posts:
Negative plate Positive plate

-ve terminal

+ve terminal
Separator
One 9 plate (2 V) battery cell (standard ratio)
Reverse ratio will have 4 negative and 5 positive.

-
- -
+ +
- - 12 V
+ +
- -
+
Battery made with 6 cells
+
+
Positive Plate→

Negative Plate→
 Tubular Batteries Normal Flat plate batteries

Life expectancy 4 to 5 years (Exide EL+ Maximum 3 years

8 years)
Low water loss Needs frequent water topping up

Cyclic Life is High Low cyclic life

Operate consistently even at high Useful only at recommended
temperatures. temperature conditions.
Suitable for High end applications. Not recommended for heavy
applications.
Complex design. Simple design.
High Price. Affordable price.
Fast charging battery. Charges slowly compared to tubular
batteries.
Recommended for high productive Recommended for small homes and
applications. budget-conscious people.

Highly reliable Reliable

SECONDARY BATTERY
 I

+ -

H2SO4
+
PbO2 H2O
e- 2-
Pb -
e
SO4
H SO42-
H+ 2H+
 Principles of operation of the lead acid storage battery:

• Reactions at individual electrode-

Negative Plate:
Pb + SO42-  PbSO4 +2e (e = electron)

Positive plate:
PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- +2e  PbSO4 + 2H2O

• The overall chemical reaction is:

Pb + PbO2 + 2H2 SO4  2PbSO4 + 2H2O
 VARIOUS BATTERY RELATED TERMS

• CELL VOLTAGE
• BATTERY VOLTAGE
• CURRENT
• CAPACITY
• DEPTH OF DISCHARGE (DOD)
• STATE OF CHARGE (SOC)
• ELECTROLYTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• DUTY CYCLE
CAPACITY:
- Maximum amount of extractable ENERGY in battery.

- Expression: “100AH@10HR” means-

That battery can be discharged at (100AH/10HR=) 10 Amps for 10
Hrs.

DEPTH OF DISCHARGE (DOD):

- How deeply the battery is DISCHARGED.
- 25% DOD means- Battery is used 25% of its full charge & 75% is
reserved (SOC).

STATE OF CHARGE (SOC):

- Status of having charge.
- opposite of DOD. If DOD is 25%, then SOC is 75%.
- At 100% SOC, No change of Sp. Gr. & Voltage
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Sp. Gr.):
Density of H2SO4

Sp. Gr.=
Density of H2O

Mass
Density= , As Mass , Density , Sp. Gr.
Volume

Atomic Mass of H2O = 1x2+16= 18 gm

Atomic Mass of H2SO4 = 1x2+32+16x4= 98 gm

Relation between Sp. Gr. & OCV

• Specific gravity = cell open-circuit voltage - 0.845

or
• Cell open circuit voltage = specific gravity + 0.845.
Sp. Gr. & Performance
• CYCLE VS DOD:

Cycle of Failure vs DOD

9000

8000

7000

6000
Cycle of failure

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Depth of discharge (DOD)
• TEMPERATURE EFFECT:
– Temperature has a reverse effect on battery life.
- Temperature correction:
Actual gravity= Measured gravity + (measured temperature- 27) ×0.0007
Relation DOD with Voltage & Sp. Gr.
DOD with V & Sp.Gr.
Voltage Sp. Gr.

13 1.26

1.24
12.5
1.22
12
1.2
Voltage, V

Sp. Gr.
11.5 1.18

1.16
11
1.14
10.5
1.12

10 1.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DOD, %
Changes of Voltage & Sp. Gr. during discharging-charging
Series connection:

I I

12V 12V 12V

In series connection-
- Same Current (I) will be flown through the batteries
- Voltage will be summed
- V= V1+V2+V3= 12+12+12= 36 V
Parallel connection:
In Parallel connection-
I1
- Same Voltage
(V=12V) will be shown
I I - Current will be
I2 distributed
I= I1+I2+I3+I4

I3

I4
Series-Parallel connection:
In Series-Parallel
connection-
V - Batteries in individual
I
I string are in series
I1 connection
V’1 V’2 V’3 - Strings are in parallel
connection
V - Voltage of batteries in
I2
individual string will be
V’’1 V’’2 V’’3 summed but same Voltage
among strings
Again, V=V’1+ V’2+ V’3=V’’1+ V’’2+ V’’3
V I3 =V’’’1+ V’’’2+ V’’’3
- Current will be distributed
V’’’1 V’’’2 V’’’3
I= I1+I2+I3
Rated capacity C1 C2 C3 C5 C6 C10 C20

% of Capacity 46.76% 55.75% 61.79% 75.12% 78.00% 86.67% 100.00%

Capacity @ different rating by using Peukert's law

110%
100% 100.00%
% of Capacity

90%
86.67%
80%
75.12% 78.00%
70%
60% 61.79%
55.75%
50%
46.76%
40%
C1 C2 C3 C5 C6 C10 C20
DCH rating
Battery selection can be done by straight line calculation

Load, P= Voltage (V)x Current (I)

 If Load in watt, P: 480 W (Say)

 Voltage, V: 14.4 Max & 10.5 V Min
 Back up time, t: 2 hrs
 Current to deliver for 2 hrs, I: 480/10.5 = 45.7 Amps
 Battery Capacity: 45X2 = 90AH@2HR = 160AH@20HR
 Considering safety factor 10% oversize, Battery should be appx.
180AH@20HR or appx. 160 AH@10HR.
 General Battery Failure moods:

• Corrosion of the positive grid:

- Over Charging
- Causes a restriction in passing current.

• Hard / irreversible sulphation:

- Under Charging
- Creates a Sulphate layer on Plate,
- Hard sulphate if stays for longer time
• Shedding:
– Falling off of active materials from the plates
– Reduces capacity
– Causes cell short at the bottom
• Water loss / drying out:
- H2 gas escapes from electrolyte during charging called Gassing
- Reduces electrolyte level
- Harmful if Plates expose to air

• AM degradation:
- Because of OVER CHARGING
- Reduces Capacity

• Electrolyte stratification:
- Happens while battery is idle for a certain time
- Heavier H2SO4 at the bottom, Lighter H2O at upper level
- Lesser SP. Gr. at upper level
- Equalizing Charge is required
• During Manufacturing:
Purity and Standard Alloy, Active materials, Ingredients, Acid & DM water

• During Application:
Re-Charging --- constant current, constant voltage, equalizing, float, intelligent??????
 THANK YOU

Figure 14.3