Summer 2020 BUBT Dept.

of EEE

EEE 314: Digital Signal Processing I Lab

Experiment – 2

Time Domain Analysis of DT Signals & Systems

Theory:
Discrete-time (DT) signals are represented mathematically as sequences of numbers. DT signals are
defined at discrete times, and thus, the independent variable has discrete values. A DT system is defined
mathematically as a transformation or operator that maps an input sequence with values x[n] into an
output sequence with values y[n]. In this experiment, we will perform different DT sequence generation,
their delaying & advancing. We will also perform addition of two DT sequences, up-sampling & down-
sampling, even & odd part generation, and convolution. Finally, we will perform correlation of DT
sequences.

In discrete time, the unit impulse is simply a sequence that is zero except at n = 0, where it is unity. In
discrete time, the unit step is a well-defined sequence, being zero for n < 0, and unity for all other values
of n. The unit ramp is a sequence that is zero for n < 0, and n for all other values of n.

The process of converting the sampling rate of a digital signal from one rate to another is sampling rate
conversion. Increasing the rate of already sampled signal is up-sampling, whereas decreasing the rate is
called down-sampling. To up-sample by an integer factor N, we simply insert N–1 zeros between x[n]
and x[n+1] for all n. To down-sample, we select every Nth sample and discard the rest.

Convolution is a mathematical operation, just as multiplication, addition or integration. Addition takes

two numbers and produces a third number, while convolution takes two signals and produces a third
signal. In linear systems, convolution is used to describe the relationship between three signals of
interest: input signal, impulse response, and output signal. If we know a system's impulse response, then
we can calculate what the output will be for any possible input signal. This means we know everything
about the system.

Correlation is a mathematical operation that is very similar to convolution. Just as with convolution,
correlation uses two signals to produce a third signal. This third signal is called the cross-correlation of
the two input signals. If a signal is correlated with itself, the resulting signal is instead called the
autocorrelation.

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

Lab Work:
Part A
A.1: Unit Impulse
n=-10:10;
impulse=((n-0)==0);
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n,impulse),title('Unit Impulse');
impulse=((n+2)==0);
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n,impulse),title('Advanced Unit Impulse');
impulse=((n-3)==0);
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,impulse),title('Delayed Unit Impulse');

Output:
Unit Impulse
1

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Advanced Unit Impulse

1

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Delayed Unit Impulse

1

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 1 for Part A.1

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

A.2: Unit Step

n=-10:10;
step=((n-0)>=0);
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n,step),title('Unit Step');
step=((n+3)>=0);
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n,step),title('Advanced Unit Step');
step=((n-2)>=0);
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,step),title('Delayed Unit Step');

Output:
Unit Step
1

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Advanced Unit Step

1

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Delayed Unit Step

1

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 2 for Part A.2

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

A.3: Unit Ramp

n=-10:10;
step=((n-0)>=0);
ramp=(n-0).*step;
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n,ramp),title('Ramp');
step=((n+4)>=0);
ramp=(n+4).*step;
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n,ramp),title('Advanced Ramp');
step=((n-3)>=0);
ramp=(n-3).*step;
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,ramp),title('Delayed Ramp');

Output:
Ramp
10

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Advanced Ramp
15

10

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Delayed Ramp

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 3 for Part A.3

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

Part B
Addition of Two Sequence
x1=[2 4 1 6 4 9];
x2=[3 5 6 9];
n1=0:5;
n2=-1:2;
n=min(n1(1),n2(1)):max(n1(end),n2(end));
y1=zeros(1,length(n));
y2=y1;
y1((n>=n1(1))&(n<=n1(end)))=x1;
y2((n>=n2(1))&(n<=n2(end)))=x2;
y=y1+y2;
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n,y1),title('First Sequence');
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n,y2),title('Second Sequence');
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,y),title('Addition');

Output:
First Sequence
10

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Second Sequence
10

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Addition
10

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 4 for Part B

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

Part C
Up-sampling & Down-sampling
n=1:60;
xs=sin(.3*n);
subplot(3,1,1),stem(xs),title('Normally Sampled');
y=upsample(xs,2);
subplot(3,1,2),stem(y),title('Upsampled');
y=downsample(xs,2);
subplot(3,1,3),stem(y),title('Downsampled');

Output:
Normally Sampled
1

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Upsampled
1

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Downsampled
1

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Figure 5 for Part C

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

Part D
Even Part & Odd Part
n=-15:15;
step=((n+1)>=0);
x=(n+1).*step;
xf=fliplr(x);
even=(x+xf)/2;
odd=(x-xf)/2;
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n,x),title('Sequence');
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n,even),title('Even Part');
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,odd),title('Odd Part');

Output:
Sequence
20

10

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Even Part
10

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Odd Part
10

-10
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Figure 6 for Part D

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

Part E
Convolution
x1=[4 2 6 3 8 1 5];
x2=[3 8 6 9 6 7];
n1=-2:4;
n2=-4:1;
n=(n1(1)+n2(1)):(n1(end)+n2(end));
y=conv(x1,x2);
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n1,x1),title('1st Sequence');
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n2,x2),title('2nd Sequence');
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,y),title('Convolution');

Output:
1st Sequence
10

0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

2nd Sequence
10

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Convolution
200

100

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Figure 7 for Part E

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

Part F
F.1: Auto-Correlation
x=[4 7 5 8 7 9 1 4];
nx=-2:5;
subplot(2,1,1),stem(nx,x),title('Sequence');
[r,n]=xcorr(x);
subplot(2,1,2),stem(n,r),title('AutoCorrelation');

Output:
Sequence
10

0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

AutoCorrelation
300

200

100

0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Figure 8 for Part F.1

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Summer 2020 BUBT Dept. of EEE

F.2: Cross-Correlation
x1=[2 1 0 3 4 3 2 2];
x2=[3 4 6 5 3 7];
n1=-1:6;
n2=-4:1;
n=(n1(1)+n2(1)):(n1(end)+n2(end));
r=conv(x1,fliplr(x2));
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n1,x1),title('1st Sequence');
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n2,x2),title('2nd Sequence');
subplot(3,1,3),stem(n,r),title('CrossCorrelation');

Output:
1st Sequence
4

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2nd Sequence

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

CrossCorrelation

60

40

20

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Figure 9 for Part F.2

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Discussion:
You can search any function on MATLAB website: https://www.mathworks.com/help/

Documentation link to some important functions are given below:

• zeros() https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/zeros.html
• ones() https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/ones.html
• upsample() https://www.mathworks.com/help/signal/ref/upsample.html
• downsample() https://www.mathworks.com/help/signal/ref/downsample.html
• fliplr() https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/fliplr.html
• conv() https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/conv.html
• xcorr() https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/xcorr.html

 Comment after each output. Discuss why the output is the way it is (in each part). Lastly, write one
sentence for each of the seven functions mentioned above.

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