Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Alangilan Campus, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
www.batstate-u.edu.ph Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Problem Set No. 3

SCI 403 – PHYSICS
Second Semester, AY 2020-2021

Name: ILAGAN, LENY D.  Score: _____

Section: ME-1204 SR Code: 20-03314 Date: _______

Solve the following problems completely:

1. (a) A metal wire 75.0 cm long and 0.130 cm in diameter stretches 0.0350 cm when a load of
8.00 kg is hung on its end. Find the stress, the strain, and the Young’s modulus for the material of
the wire.
Given  
L= 75cm = 0. 75m 

Δ L= 0. 03550cm = 3.5 x 10−4 m  

d= 0. 130cm = 1. 3 x 10−3 m  
m=8kg 
Weight of mass= 8kg (9. 81 m/ s2 ) = 78. 48 N 
Stress  Strain 
F ΔL
σ= A
  ε= L
 
78. 48 N
σ= π −3 2
  ε=
−4
3. 5 x10 m
 
4 (1. 3 x10 m ) 0. 75 m
ε = 4. 67 x10−4  
σ = 5. 91 x10 7 N / m2  
Young's Modulus 
σ = 5. 91 x10 7 Pa  
Stress (σ )
 
Y = Strain (ε )
 
  5.91 x10 P a
7
Y = 4. 67 x10−4
 
 
  Y = 1. 27 x1011 Pa ( 1 GP
9
a
) 
10 P a
 
Y = 127 GPa 

Given  

L= 4 m 

d=9cm ⇒ 0.09 m 
Mass of the load = 80000 kg 

Young Modulus=1.9 x 1011 Pa 

 
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

F Stress
stress = A Y = Strain
80,000kg (9.81m/s 2 ) 1.9 × 10 11
Pa = 1233574.35 P a
= π
(0.9m) 2
ΔL
4
4 1233574.35 P a
784,800 N Δl = 4.75x10 10 P a
= 0.6362 m
2  
= 1233574.35 P a   Δl = 2.597x10 −5
 
 
ΔL ΔL
strain = L = 4

Given  

Bulk modulus of water = 2.1 GPa 

Change in pressure = 1.5 MPa 

Volume V=100 mL 

 
ΔP ΔV =− 0.071 mL = -7. 1 x 10−5 L 
B =− ΔV  
V  
2.1 x 103 M P a =− 1.5 M P a
ΔV  
100 mL

 
 
 
 
 
Given data  Shearing Strain 
Strain = Δl
−3
Area, A = 1.5 x 10 m   2
l
 
Height, h= l = 0. 03 m  0. 004 m
Upper surface, Δl = 0. 004 m 
= 0. 03 m  
Force, F = 0. 50 N  Strain = 0. 133  
   
Shearing stress  Shear Modulus 
Stress
Stress = A
F
  G = Strain  
= 0. 5 N
  G = 333. 33 P a
0.133
 
1.5 x 10 −3 m2
Stress = 333. 33 Pa   G = 2506.24 Pa ⇒
2.5 kPa 
   
   
 
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

The elastic limit of a steel elevator cable is 275 MPa. What is the maximum upward acceleration
than can be given a 900-kg elevator when supported by a cable whose cross section is 3 cm2, if
the stress is not to exceed ¼ of the elastic limit.
 
 
Given  T ≤ 20625 N 
Elastic limit of cable, σ = 275 MPa   
Mass of elevator, m = 900 kg  Maximum tension in the cable  
Cross section, A = 3 cm2 ⇒
300 mm2   T = 20625 N 
T = m (g + a)  
stress not exceed 14 of elastic limit  
  20625 kg m/s 2 = 900 kg (g + a) 
while elevator is moving upward  20625 kg m/s 2 900 kg (g + a)
900 kg = 900 kg  
T - mg = ma 
T = m (g + a)   g + a = 22. 9167 m/s 
Stress in cable  9. 81 m/s + a = 22. 9167 m/s 

σ= T
A
≤ 1
4
⇒ elastic limit  a = 22. 9167 m/s - 9. 81 m/s  
a = 13. 1067 m/s  
T 1
A
≤ 4
(275 MPa)   
T 1
≤ (275 MPa) 
300mm 2 4

2. Four cylindrical rods are stretched. The force magnitudes, the cross sectional area, the initial lengths,
and changes in length are shown in the table below. Rank the rods from largest to smallest Young’s
Modulus.

ROD FORCE AREA Initial LENGTH

LENGTH change
1 F A L ΔL
2 2F 2A L 2ΔL
3 F 2A 2L 2ΔL
4 2F A 2L ΔL
 
Stress
Modulus of elasticity E = Strain  
F /A
E = ΔL /L
  

E = AFΔL
L
  
 
rod 1  rod3 
F 1 L1 F 3 L3
E 1 = A ΔL    E 3 = A ΔL  
1 1 3 3

E 1 = AFΔL
L
   F (2L)
E 3 = 2A 2ΔL   
E 1 = E  E 3 = 2AF ΔL
L
  
 
E
rod2  E 3 = 2   
F 2 L2 rod4 
E2 =   
A 2 ΔL 2 F L
2F L E 4 = A 4ΔL4  
E 2 = 2A 2ΔL    4 4
2F 2L
E
E 2 = 2    E4 = A ΔL  
4F L
  E 4 = A ΔL  
  E 4 = 2E 
 
 
 
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

Rank the rods from largest to smallest Young’s Modulus. 

 
Rod 4  Rod 1  Rod 2  Rod 3 

E 4 = 2E   E 1 = E  E 2 = E  E
E 3 = 2 or E 3 =0.5 E 

 
 
 
3. You are a new employee at an auto repair shop. The exhaust system on a car you are repairing is
leaking. Since you don’t want to crawl under the car to work on the problem, you tell your boss that
you’ll use Pascal’s Principle to design a hydraulic lift that anyone can use to lift cars by hand that weigh
up to 2,000 kg using a lifting post with 50 cm diameter. DESCRIBE YOUR DESIGN
 
Given  
M = 2000kg (9.81 m/s ) = 19620 N 
d = 50 cm = 0. 5m 
The pressure of the fluid  

P = FA  
19620 N
P= π
m) 2
 
4 (0.5

P = 99923. 84 Pa 
the force applied  
F = P (A) 
F = 99923. 84 Pa ( π4 ) (0.5m) 

F = 39240 N = 39. 24 kN 

4. Water flows smoothly through the pipe shown in the figure below, descending in the process. Rank,
greatest first, the four labeled sections of the pipe according to :
a. The volume flow rate through them.
b. The flow speed through them.
c. The water pressure within them.

A B

flow

C D

 
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

a. flow  rate  is  constant  throughout  c. Using bernoulli's equation: 

the pipe  P + 12 p V 2 + pgH = constant 
QA = QB = QC = QD  
b. The flow speed through them.  P A +  12 p V A2  + pg H A  =  P B +  12 p V B2  + 
AV = constant  pg H B  
AA V A = AB V B   HA = HB  
AA < AB   VA >VB 
Therefore, V A > V B   P A + 12 p V A2 = P B + 12 p V B2  
AC V C = AB V B   Therefore, P B > P A  
AC = AB  
P C +  12 p V C2   +  pg H C   =  P B + 
Therefore, V C = V B  
1 2
AD V D = AC V C   2 p V B + pg H B  
AD > AC   VC =VB 
Therefore, V C > V D   P C + pg H C = P B + pg H B  
Hence, V A > V B = V C > V D   HB > HC  
  Therefore, P C > P B  
  PD >PC  
  Hence, P D > P C > P B > P A  
 

Express the answers in Pa, psi, atm, torr, mm-Hg, and bar.
 
 
(a) h=12 m  (b) 3 m  
P w = pgh  P w = pgh 
= ( 1000 kg/ m 3 ) ( 9. 81 m/ s2 ) ( 12 m )  = ( 1000 kg/ m 3 ) ( 9. 81 m/ s2 ) ( 3 m ) 
= 117720 Pa  = 29430 Pa 
psi  psi 
1 psi 1 psi
P w = 117720 Pa x 6895 P a   P w = 29430 Pa x 6895 P a  
P w = 17. 073 psi  P w = 4. 268 psi 
atm   atm  
1 atm 1 atm
P w = 17. 073 psi x 14.696 psi
  P w = 4. 268 psi x 14.696 psi
 
P w = 1. 161 atm  P w = 0. 290 atm 
torr  torr 
P w = 17. 073 psi x 51. 1715 torr
psi
  P w = 4. 268 psi x 51. 1715 torr
psi
 
P w = 882. 93 torr  P w = 220. 71 torr 
mm-Hg  mm-Hg 
51. 715 mm−Hg 51. 715 mm−Hg
P w = 17. 073 psi x   P w = 4. 268 psi x  
1 psi 1 psi
P w = 882. 93 mm-Hg  P w = 220. 71 mm-Hg 
bar  bar 
1 bar 1 bar
P w = 17. 073 psi x 14. 504 psi   P w = 4. 268 psi x 14. 504 psi  
P w = 1. 177 bar  P w = 0. 294 bar 
 
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

6. A vertical cylinder is poured with four immiscible liquids as shown in the figure below. The liquids and
their corresponding specific gravities are listed. If the container is open to the atmosphere, what is the
a. gauge pressure in mm-Hg at the liquid interface B?
b. absolute pressure at the bottom in Pa? in psi? and in torr?

a. gauge pressure in mm-Hg at the liquid interface B? 

P = p H. ether gh H.ether + p s. water gh s. water  
= S G H. ether pw ghH. ether + SGs. water pw ghs. water  
= pw g (SG H. ether hH. ether + S Gs. water hs. water )  
1m
= (1000 kg/ m 3 x 9. 81 m/ s ) (0.810 (70cm) + 1.025 (25cm) ) x 100 cm
 
= 8076. 08 kg/ m · s2  
1 Pa 1 mm Hg
= 8076. 08 kg/ m · s2 ( 1 kg/ m · s2 ) ( 133.32 P a )  
= 60. 58 mm Hg 
 
 
b. absolute pressure at the bottom in Pa? in psi? and in torr? 
P = P atm + pw g (SG H. ether hH. ether + S Gs. water hs. water + S G glycerine hglycerine + S Gs. oil hs. oil )  
  =  101,  325  Pa  +  (1000  kg/  m 3   x  9.81  m/ s2   )  (0.810  (70cm)  +  1.025  (25cm)  +  1.26  (50cm) 
+0.785 (92cm) ) 
3
= ( 101, 325 Pa + 1000 kg/ m x 9.81 m/ s2 ) ( 217.545 cm ) x ( 1001mcm ) ( 1 kg/
1 Pa
m · s2 )  
= 101, 325 Pa + 21341. 16 Pa 
= 122666.16 Pa 
1 psi
= 101, 325 Pa x ( 6895 P a )  
= 17. 79 psi 
51.715 torr
= 17. 79 psi x ( 1 psi ) 
= 920 torr  
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

7. A piece of gold-aluminum alloy weighs 45 N. when suspended from a spring balance and submerged in
water, the balance reads 36 N. What is the weight of gold in the alloy if the specific gravity of gold is 19.3
and that of aluminum is 2.5?
 
Given data,   
Weight of gold-aluminum alloy = 45 N  Let,  the  weight  fraction  of  the  gold  is  x, 
Submerged in water = 36 N  weight  fraction  of  the  aluminum  will  be 
Specific gravity of the gold = 19. 3  (1-x). 
Specific gravity of aluminum = 2.5   
   
(1) Specific gravity of the alloy  
total weight
specific gravity = total weight − submerged weight  
(2)  Specific  gravity  =  (weight  fraction  Au)(specific  gravity  Au)  +  (weight  fraction  Al) 
(specific gravity Al) 
45N
45N − 36 N = (x) (19. 3) + (1 - x) (2. 5)  
5 = 19. 3x + 2.5 - 2.5x 
2.5 = 16.8x 
2.5
x = 16.8  
x= 0.15 
Weight of the gold = (weight fraction of the gold) (total weight of the alloy) 
= (x) (45N) 
= (0.15) (45N)  
Weight of the gold = 6.75 N 
Weight of the aluminum = (weight fraction of the aluminum) (total weight of the alloy) 
= (1 - x) (45N) 
= (1 - 0.15) (45N)  
Weight of the aluminum = 38.25 N 

8. A horizontal pipe 2.0 mm in radius at one end gradually increases in size so that it is 5.0 mm in radius at
the other end. The pipe is 4.0 m long. Water is pumped into a small end of the pipe at the speed of 8.0 m/s
and the pressure of 2.0 bar.
a. Find the speed and the pressure of the water at the larger end of the pipe 
b. The pipe is turned so as to be vertical with the small end underneath, so the water flows upward.
Find the speed and the pressure of the water at the large end of the pipe now.
c. How many liters of water flows in the pipe in (a) in 1 hour?
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

Given 
d1 = 12 cm = 0.12 m 
d2 = 6 cm = 0.06 m 
h= 22 cm = 0.22 m 
p= 13. 6 g/ cm3 = 13600 kg/ m3  

 
A point 1  A point 2 
π π
A1 = 4 d12   A2 = 4 d22  
π π
A1 = 4 (0. 12 m) 2   A2 = 4 (0. 06 m) 2  
A1 = 0. 0113 m2   A2 = 0. 002827 m2  
   
P 1 − P 2 = pgh 
P 1 − P 2 = 13600 kg/ m3 ( 9. 81 m/ s2 ) ( 0. 22 m) 
P 1 − P 2 = 29351. 52 N/ m2  
 
J point 1  J point 2 
J = A1 v 1   J = A2 v 2  
J = 0. 0113 m2 v 1   J = 0. 002827 m2 v 2  
J J
v 1 = 0. 0113 m/s  v 2 = 0. 002827 m/s  

Bernoulli’s equation 
P1 v 21 P2 v 22
pg
+ z 1 + 2g
= pg
+ z2 + 2g
   

v 21 v 22
P 1 + pg z 1 + 2 = P 2 + pg z 2 + 2  
Pw 2
(P1 + P2 ) + ( v1 − v22 ) = 0 
2
 
 
 
 
 
 ILAGAN, LENY D. | 20-03314 

Substitute  
Pw 2
(P1 + P2 ) + 2
( v1 − v22 ) = 0 

3
1000 kg/ m
29351. 52 N/ m + 2
2
J
[( 0. 0113 )2 − ( 0. 002827
J
)2 ] = 0 
29351. 52 N/ m2 + 500 kg/ m3 J 2 (-117308.6 m2 / s2 ) = 0 
500 kg/ m3 J 2 (-117308.6 m2 / s2 ) = -29351. 52 N/ m2  
2
500 kg/ m3 J (−117308.6 m2 /s2 ) −29351. 52 N / m2
500 kg/ m3 (−117308.6 m2 /s2 )
= 500 kg/ m3 (−117308.6 m2 /s2 )
 

√
−29351. 52 N / m2
J=
500 kg/ m3 (−117308.6 m2 /s2 )
 
J= 0. 022 m3 /s 

10. Water at a temperature of 80oC (coefficient of viscosity is 0.357 centipoise) is flowing at a speed of 200
cm/s through a pipe of radius 2 mm. What is the nature of flow? What is the maximum velocity for it to
remain laminar? What is the minimum velocity that will make the flow turbulent?

Given 
μ = 0.357 centipoise = 0.0357 N-s/ m 2  
v = 200 cm/s = 2 m/s 
r= 2 mm 
d= 4mm = 0.004 m 
pvd
Re = μ  
3
1000 kg/ m (2 m/s ) (0.004 m)
Re =  
0.0357 N −s/m 2
Re = 224. 0896  
∴ Re value is less than 2000, therefore it is laminar flow.  
 
MAXIMUM VELOCITY LAMINAR 
pvd
Re = μ  

3
1000 kg/ m ( v ) (0.004 m)
2000 =  
0.0357 N −s/m 2
3
2000 (0. 0357 N −s/m2 ) 1000 kg/ m ( v ) (0.004 m)
=  
1000 kg/ m 3 (0.004 m) 1000 kg/ m 3 (0.004 m)
v = 17. 85 m/s  
MINIMUM VELOCITY TURBULENT 
pvd
Re = μ  

3
1000 kg/ m ( v ) (0.004 m)
4000 =  
0.0357 N −s/m 2
3
4000 (0. 0357 N −s/m2 ) 1000 kg/ m ( v ) (0.004 m)
=  
1000 kg/ m 3 (0.004 m) 1000 kg/ m 3 (0.004 m)
v = 35. 7 m/s