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Mechanical Governors

The document discusses different types of governors used to control engine speed: 1) Mechanical governors directly drive the engine assembly and use flyweights and centrifugal force to adjust the fuel supply. 2) Hydraulic governors use oil pressure as the controlling force to negate friction, creating stability. 3) Electric governors have compact size, rapid response, high reliability and use feedback to compare engine speed to set speed and adjust fuel accordingly.

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Murugappan Chandrasekaran
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
103 views

Mechanical Governors

The document discusses different types of governors used to control engine speed: 1) Mechanical governors directly drive the engine assembly and use flyweights and centrifugal force to adjust the fuel supply. 2) Hydraulic governors use oil pressure as the controlling force to negate friction, creating stability. 3) Electric governors have compact size, rapid response, high reliability and use feedback to compare engine speed to set speed and adjust fuel accordingly.

Uploaded by

Murugappan Chandrasekaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

Mechanical governors .................................................................................................................................................. 1


Watt type .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
Hydraulic governors ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Electric Governors........................................................................................................................................................ 9

Mechanical governors

These fall into the oldest class of governors whose history goes back to the invention of the steam
engine.

Watt type

The governor assembly is directly driven from the engine. Flyweights are rotated and act to draw the
slide up the drive shaft due to centifugal force pushing them out.
Hydraulic governors

A simple mechanical governor must overcome friction in the linkages and exert a controlling force.
These forces act in different directions depending upon whether the load is increasing or decreasing.The
effect of this friction is to create a deadband

In hydraulic governors this effect is negated by having oil pressure act as the controlling force

This simple system has inherent stability due to the the on/off nature of oil being suppled to the
system control due to the control land just covering the outlet ports. Oversizing the land would create
stability but at the expense of reintroducing a deadband

Servoed system with feedback


An Alternative is to lead the outlet oil to a servo system. The servo piston can be either spring return
or Differential
In the former case the servo is held in the decrease fuel position by spring pressure, in the latter the
servo piston is pushed down by supply oil pressure. Note that the control side of the servo piston has
greater areas than the supply oil side therefore when control oil is supplied it is able to lift the piston
against it

Should the engine speed fall the flyweights will tend to fall towards the axis rotation due to pressure
from the speeder spring overcoming the reduced centrifugal force. The pilot valve moves down and the
control land allows oil to flow to the servo piston raising it. When the engine speed increases the
flyweights begin to overcome the speeder spring and the pilot valve moves up covering the servo
supply port

In this design Setpoint may be varied by use of an adjusting screw altering the compression of the
speeder spring. In addition Feedback is given to increase stability. The term applied to this is Droop
Droop
Droop is defined as the reduction in speed compared to set speed over full load change x 100 as is
expressed as a percentage

When the governor reacts to load change then inertia of the engine response can lead to overshoot in
speed change which can have a cumulative effect. To prevent this a feedback system is used. In the
case of the governor systems above this has the effect of modifying the speed set point .

Should the engine speed fall the flyweights will tend to fall towards the axis rotation due to pressure
from the speeder spring overcoming the reduced centrifugal force. The pilot valve moves down and the
control land allows oil to flow to the servo piston raising it. This increases the fuel supply to the
engine but also reduces the speed set point as the feed back lever is also raised moving the
connection to the speed spring upwards reducing spring pressure. The Flyweights ar able to raise the
pilot valve closing off the supply of oil to the servo

The engine will now run with some degree of stability. However it will not run at set speed.

Compensation
This allows for the stabiiising effect of droop but maintains original set point speed.
Should the engine speed fall due to the impact of increased load thecontrol land will fal allowing
supply oil pressure to pass through. As well as forcing up the servo piston via the action on the buffer
spring it also acts on the underside of the compensation land were it tends to push the pilot valve up
against the force of the speeder spring. The pressure differential across the compenation land bleeds off
via the compensation screw as the engine returns to normal speed This is known as temporary droop

Alternately
. Compensation takes place to provide a further slight fuel change to return the speed to normal. The
centering spring forces the receiving piston downwards and oil escapes through the adjustable valve..
This lowers that end of the floating lever until both centering springs are equally loaded and that end
of the floating lever is in its original position. The pilot valve is open slightly allowing oil to the servo
which gives a further slight increase in fuel. The engine speeds up, the rotating weights move out and
the pilot valve is lifted until it is closed. The engine now operates with increased load, increased fuel
but at the same original speed.
Complete assembly

Load sharing
Engines share load increase in the inverse ratios of their speed droop. i.e. the lower the value of
droop the greater the share of the load increase taken
Electric Governors

Electric governors have become in favour due to their compact size, rapid response and high reliability
allied to low maintenance costs.
The main part of the governor is the controller and signal amplifier. This receives a D.C. signal
proportional to the engine speed and compares it to a speed set signal. The difference between the
measured value (engine speed) and the set value is the offset, this offset value is passed to the
output circuit which produces an appropriate output signal . In this case, a signal which raises or
lowers the fuel rack by an amount dependent on the degree of offset. This system is inherently stable
due to the feedback layout.

For this system the engine speed is measured using an alternator driven off the camshaft- this is a
common arrangement. The speed set signal is typically supplied by the bridge control arrangement via
the engine management system.

An arrangement for a generator set might replace the camshaft driven alternator with a tapping off the
alternator output. The frequency of the alternator output is now the measured value. In addition a load
sensing element can be introduced detecting changes in current flow. For increased current, that is an
increased electrical load, the governor can act to supply increased fuel before the engine has began to
slow.

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