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Packet Radio

Packet radio is a form of packet switching technology that uses the same concepts as data transmission over the internet but via radio links instead of wired connections. It works by partitioning messages into data packets and transmitting them over radio, with the terminal node controller (TNC) handling protocols like error detection and retransmission of lost packets. Amateur radio operators first began experimenting with packet radio in the late 1970s, developing technologies like the TNC, and protocols like AX.25, to allow for digital radio communications over radio frequencies.

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Shilpa Bhatia
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72 views

Packet Radio

Packet radio is a form of packet switching technology that uses the same concepts as data transmission over the internet but via radio links instead of wired connections. It works by partitioning messages into data packets and transmitting them over radio, with the terminal node controller (TNC) handling protocols like error detection and retransmission of lost packets. Amateur radio operators first began experimenting with packet radio in the late 1970s, developing technologies like the TNC, and protocols like AX.25, to allow for digital radio communications over radio frequencies.

Uploaded by

Shilpa Bhatia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Packet radio 

is a form of packet switching technology used to


transmit digital data via radio or wireless communications links. It uses the same concepts of data
transmission via Datagram that are fundamental to communications via the Internet, as opposed to the
older techniques used by dedicated or switched circuits.

Packet Radio
Data packet switching was developed in the mid-1960's. The ARPANET, established in 1969,
was one of the first applications. The ALOHANET operated at the University of Hawaii was the
first packet radio network. The development of packet radio was taken up by US researchers,
mostly sponsored by military agencies.

Ham amateurs began to use packet radio in 1978. A group of amateurs in Vancouver developed
the Terminal Node Controller (TNC) in 1980.

Terms like 'packet radio' or 'packet broadcasting' seldom refer to the typical propagation features
of realistic radio media, but rather to the (purely architectural or information-theoretical) notion
of maximum connectivity among all terminals in a multi-user network.

Spread Spectrum Packet Radio


Perhaps as a result of the strong research sponsoring by military agencies, much research
emphasis was put on hostile interference and strategies for network survivability. Less effort was
put to combat self- interference systems due to multipath delays and the random signal
fluctuations in mobile radio channels. The choice for spread spectrum rules seem to have been
influenced by experiences from military research. In the 1970's little was published in the open
literature on interference-limited system design and communication over problematic channels.
The experimental use of satellite links with their nearly perfect Gaussian noise-limited (AWGN)
channels did not stimulate much consideration of real channel impairments - except imperfect
(hard-limiting) satellite amplifiers and jamming by an adversary, where appropriate. If terrestrial
networks were considered, these were often appropriate to a tactical battlefield scenario, with
geographically distributed store-and-forward repeater nodes linked by random paths with fixed,
but unknown losses. The desired packet communication modes were generally of the multi-hop
type, designed to maximize the progress of packets in particular directions.

Burst Packet Transmission over Fading Channel


As a consequence of this strong research tradition, many researchers still intuitively expect the
significant propagation impairments of typical terrestrial UHF/VHF mobile channels to reduce
the moderate theoretical throughput of contention ("collision-type") protocols. For computer
networks with cable links between terminals and hosts, uncoordinated transmissions indeed run
the risk of conflicting with each other, which results of the loss of all messages involved.
However, coinciding packets sent over a radio channel with very different ground wave losses or
instantaneous fading levels do not necessarily all annihilate each other, given capabilities of the
receiver to capture a strong packet. Therefore, throughput expressions for 'poor' mobile channels
indicate a higher capacity than intuitively suggested by the classical studies of contention
protocols in 'ideal' AWGN channels. Intelligent processing of received signals, containing both
wanted signals and interference with partly known properties, can further enhance the
performance of wireless multi-user networks.

Packet Systems in ISM bands


The FCC part 15.247 approach (regarding ISM bands) is a good example of interference-limited
system design. One particular form of spread spectrum, frequency-hopping, was first patented in
an electronic-warfare context, to prevent target deception by interference to radio-guided
torpedos. The specialized military expertise only gradually becomes available for commercial
use, so much may still be learned from the (often classified) archives of Electronic Warfare. But
one lesson of this environment is clear: optimum interference-limited system design requires
gaining knowledge about 'your' interferers, and exploiting it. Most often, this knowledge gives a
statistical description of the probably biased behavior of interference signals. This is in contrast
to the approach in noise-limited systems, where Gaussian noise is know to be the utmost
unpredictable type of signal. In a cooperative interference-limited environment, a priori
knowledge of the other party's behavior can be used to the mutual benefit of both interferer and
victim. The subject is one of great research interest. Successful system designs in the
interference-limited environment now heavily rely on diversity, i.e., the receiver attempts to
observe the transmit signal in as many ways as possible. Such multiple observations can be
made, e.g. with differences in time, frequency, or location of the antenna.

Amateur Packet Radio


Ham radio amateurs developed their own packet radio system. The Terminal Node Controller
(TNC) control the operation of a Ham packet radio station. It partitions messages into data
packets and handles the transmit and receive protocols, including error detection and
retransmission of lost messages. Moreover, amateur packet radio stations can relay messages
from and to other amateurs, similar to multi-hop military PR systems. This allows for larger
range of communication.

Mostly, 1200 or 2400 bit/s telephone modem-type signals are used for local VHF and UHF
communications using typical ham transceivers designed for speech communications. 1200 bps
Frequency Shift Keying is widely used in the 2 meter band, i.e., at 144-148 MHz. Long distance
short wave communication is done at 300 bit/s. Higher speeds can be used at VHF, UHF and
microwave frequencies, but they require direct modulation methods. Typically, telephone
communication programs are adapted for packet radio.

The radio protocol is called AX.25 and is based on the X.25 packet switching protocol for wire
line data communications. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is used to avoid interference
among stations sharing the same radio channel for their burst transmissions.
More recently, Internet Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are becoming
popular. It supports the FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol),
Telnet (Remote terminal protocol), and NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol).

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