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Elementary Logic

This document provides an introduction to elementary logic. It defines logic and its importance in evaluating arguments and reasoning correctly. The document discusses propositions, truth values, logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional, biconditional, and exclusive-or. It provides truth tables for these connectives and examples of determining if a statement is a proposition. The document concludes with activities to practice identifying propositions, determining truth values, and completing truth tables.

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Joana Kylie Burce Golingco
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214 views

Elementary Logic

This document provides an introduction to elementary logic. It defines logic and its importance in evaluating arguments and reasoning correctly. The document discusses propositions, truth values, logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional, biconditional, and exclusive-or. It provides truth tables for these connectives and examples of determining if a statement is a proposition. The document concludes with activities to practice identifying propositions, determining truth values, and completing truth tables.

Uploaded by

Joana Kylie Burce Golingco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEMENTARY LOGIC

Objectives: Introduction
 Familiarize the concepts on Logic is fundamental to the
language of logic way humans communicate. Our
 Determine whether a statement public debates and private reasoning
is a proposition or not. are shaped by logical principles, even
 Identify the truth value of a given though most of us would struggle to
proposition. spell them out. Elementary logic will
teach you the basic formal logics,
which provides symbolic methods for
representing and assesing the logical
form of arguments.

LOGIC is technnically defined as the science or study of how to evaluate


arguments and reasoning. Logic helps us to differentiate correct reasoning
from poor reasoning. It is important in the sense it helps us to reason correctly.
Others define logic as discipline that deals with the methods of reasoning. A
logical reasoning is used on mathematics to prove theorems, in computer
science – to verify correctness of programs and to prove theorems. A
proposition (or statement is a declarative sentence which is either true or
false, but not both. The truth value of the propositions is the truth or falsity of
the proposition.
A propositional variable is a variable which is used to represent a
proposition. A formal propositional variable written using propositional logic
notation, p, q, and r are used to represent propositions. Logical connectives are
used to combine simple propositions which are referred as compound
propositions. A compound proposition is a proposition composed of two or
more simple propositions connected by logical connectives “and”, “or”, “if
then”, “not”, “if and only if” and “exclusive-or”. A proposition which is not
compound is said to be simple (also called atomic).
There are three main logical connectives such as conjunction,
disjunction, and negation. The following are briefly discussed in this section.
Note that T refers to true proposition and F refers to false proposition.
The conjunction of the proposition p and q is the compound proposition
“p and q”. Symbolically, p ˄ q, where ˄ is the symbol for “and”. If p is true or q
is true, then p ˄ q is true; otherwise p ˄ q is false. Meaning, the conjunction of
two propositions is true only if each proposition is true.

A B A∧B

True True True

True False False

False True False

False False False

The disjunction of the preposition p,q is the compound proposition “p or


q”. Symbolically, p v q, where v is the symbol for “or”. If p is true or if both p
and q are true, then p v q is true; otherwise p v q is false. Meaning, the
disjunction of two propositions is false only if each proposition is false.

A B A∨B

True True True

True False True

False True True

False False False


The negation of the proposition p is denote by ̴ p, where ̴ is the symbol
for “not”. If p is true, ̴p is false. Meaning, the truth value of the negation of a
proposition is always the reverse of the truth value of the original proposition.

A ~A

True False

False True

The conditional (or implication) of the proposition p and q is the


compound proposition “if p then q”. Symbolically, p q, where is the
symbol for “if then”, p is called hypothesis (or antecedent or premise) and q is
called conclusion (or consequent or consequence). The conditional proposition
p q is false only when p is true, and q is false; otherwise p q is true.
Meaning p q states that a true proposition cannot imply a false proposition.
For example, the proposition “If vinegar is sweet, then sugar is sour”. The
antecedent is “vinegar is sweet” and the consequent is “sugar is sour”.

A B A→B

True True True

True False False

False True True

False False True

The biconditional of the proposition p and q is the compound


proposition “p if and only if q”. Symbolically, p q, where is the symbol
for “if and only if”. If p and q are true or both false, then p q is true; if p and
q have opposite truth values, then p q is false.
A B A⇔B

True True True

True False False

False True False

False False True

The exclusive-or of the proposition p and q is the compound proposition


“p exclusive-or q”. Symbolically, p⊕q, where ⊕ is the symbol for “exclusive-
or”. If p and q are true or both false, then p⊕q is false; if p and q have opposite
truth values, then p⊕q is true. It can be noted that the truth value p⊕q is the
negation of the truth value of p q. Let say for example, the proposition
“Sofia will take her lunch in Batangas or she will have it in Singapore”, it can be
noted from the statement that “Sofia cannot have her lunch in Batangas and at
the same time do it in Singapore”, thus it is considered false. If Sofia will have
her lunch in Batangas or in Singapore, meaning she can only have it in one
location given a single schedule (the truth value is true). Lastly if she ought to
decide to have her lunch elsewhere (neither in Batangas nor in Singapore),
therefore the truth value is false.
Activity:
A. Determine which of the following sentences is a proposition or non-
proposition.
1. 3 + 8 = 10
2. x2 = x for some x ∈ Real Numbers.
3. y + z = z + y for every pair of real numbers y and z.
4. x + 8 = 6 if x = 2.
5. There is air pollution in Tabaco City.
6. Today is Tuesday.
7. Write this neatly.
8. Please come home tomorrow.
9. Jose Rizal is a former Philippine president.
10. How many days are there in January?

B. Determine the truth values of the following statements.


1. The sides of an equilateral triangle have equal lengths or 2 + 1 = 3
2. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 and π is an irrational number.
3. Gasoline is flammable if and only if dogs are birds.
4. It is false that tomato is a fruit.
5. 6 – 4 = 2 and 6 + 4 = 10.

C. Complete the following truth table.

p q ~p ~q p~q ~pq ~(~pq) ~p( p~q) q~(~pq)


T T F F
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

D. Suppose p and q are true statements, while r is a false statement. Determine the
truth value of
1. ~q  r

2. ~( r  q)

3. ~[(p  ~r)  q]

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