Synopsis

Of
ECE 304
Topic: Digital Modulation

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Miss. Maninderpal Kaur Rohit Powari
Rollno- RD6802B59
Regno.- 10801375
 the inverse operation of modulation is
known as a demodulator . A device that can
do both operations is a modem

Modulation Digital modulation

modulation is the process of varying one or Digital modulation schemes transform

more properties of a high-frequency periodic digital signals into waveforms that are
waveform, called the carrier signal, with compatible with the nature of the
respect to a modulating signal. This is done communications channel. There are two
in a similar fashion as a musician may major categories of digital modulation. One
modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from category uses a constant amplitude carrier
a musical instrument by varying its volume, and the other carries the information in
timing and pitch. The three key parameters phase or frequency variations (FSK, PSK).
of a periodic waveform are its amplitude The other category conveys the information
("volume"), its phase ("timing") and its in carrier amplitude variations and is known
frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be as amplitude shift keying (ASK).
modified in accordance with a low
frequency signal to obtain the modulated Why use Digital
signal. Typically a high-frequency sinusoid
waveform is used as carrier signal, but a The move to digital modulation provides
square wave pulse train may also occur. more information capacity,
compatibility with digital data
In telecommunications, modulation is the services, higher data security, better
process of conveying a message signal, for quality communications, and quicker
example a digital bit stream or an analog
system availability. Developers of
audio signal, inside another signal that can
be physically transmitted. Modulation of a communications systems face these
sine waveform is used to transform a constraints:
baseband message signal into a passband 1.available bandwidth
signal, for example low-frequency audio 2.permissible power
signal into a radio-frequency signal (RF 3.inherent noise level of the system
signal). In radio communications, cable TV The RF spectrum must be shared, yet
systems or the public switched telephone
every day there are more users for
network for instance, electrical signals can
only be transferred over a limited passband that spectrum as demand for
frequency spectrum, with specific (non- communications services increases.
zero) lower and upper cutoff frequencies. Digital modulation schemes have
Modulating a sine-wave carrier makes it greater capacity to convey large
possible to keep the frequency content of the amounts of information than
transferred signal as close as possible to the analogue modulation schemes.
centre frequency (typically the carrier
frequency) of the passband.

A device that performs modulation is known

Digital Modulation Techniques
as a modulator and a device that performs
There are three basic techniques of digital 2. FSK(frequency shift keying)
modulation are:
3. ASK(amplitude shift keying)
1. PSK(phase shift keying)

Phase-shift keying (PSK) assigned a unique pattern of binary bits.

Usually, each phase encodes an equal
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms
modulation scheme that the symbol that is represented by the
conveys data by changing, or modulating, particular phase. The demodulator, which is
the phase of a reference designed specifically for the symbol-set
signal (the carrier wave). used by the modulator,
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite determines the phase of the received signal
number of distinct signals and maps it back to the
to represent digital data. PSK uses a finite symbol it represents, thus recovering the
number of phases, each original data.

Frequency-shift keying(FSK) OFF switch. In the

modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency the absence of a carrier,
modulation scheme in which digital thus giving OFF/ON keying operation and
information is transmitted through discrete hence the name given.Like AM, ASK is also
frequency changes of a carrier wave. The linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise,
simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK distortions, propagation conditions on
literally implies using a couple of discrete different routes in PSTN, etc.
frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) Both ASK modulation and demodulation
processes are relatively
information. With this scheme, the "1" is
inexpensive. The ASK technique is also
called
commonly used to transmit
the mark frequency and the "0" is called the
digital data over optical fiber. For LED
space frequency. transmitters, binary 1 is
Amplitude-shift keying(ASK) represented by a short pulse of light and
binary 0 by the absence of
light. Laser transmitters normally have a
Amplitude-shift keying(ASK) is a form of
fixed "bias" current that
modulation that
represents digital data as variations in the causes the device to emit a low light level.
amplitude of a carrier wave. This low level represents
The amplitude of an analog carrier signal binary 0, while a higher-amplitude
varies in accordance with the lightwave represents binary 1.
bit stream (modulating signal), keeping
frequency and phase constant.
The level of amplitude can be used to
represent binary logic 0s and 1s.
We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or