Unit 1

ANALOG
COMMUNICATION
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Communications
Transfer of information from one place to another.
Should be efficient, reliable and secured.
“A communication system is a process of conveying
information from a source to a destination”

Communication system
Components/subsystems act together to accomplish
information transfer/exchange “An electronic communication
system is transferring information using an electrical field as a mean
of signal
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Communication can be defined as the process of exchange of

information through means such as words, actions, signs, etc.,
between two or more individuals.

What is a Signal?
Conveying an information by some means such as gestures,
sounds, actions, etc., can be termed as signaling.
Hence, a signal can be a source of energy which transmits some
information.
This signal helps to establish communication between a sender
and a receiver.
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Analog Signal
A continuous time varying signal, which represents a time
varying quantity can be termed as an Analog Signal.
This signal keeps on varying with respect to time, according to
the instantaneous values of the quantity, which represents it.

Digital Signal
A signal which is discrete in nature or which is non-continuous
in form can be termed as a Digital signal.
This signal has individual values, denoted separately, which are
not based on the previous values, as if they are derived at that
particular instant of time.
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Periodic Signal
Any analog or digital signal, that repeats its pattern over a
period of time, is called as a Periodic Signal.
This signal has its pattern continued repeatedly and is easy to
be assumed or to be calculated.
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Aperiodic Signal
Any analog or digital signal, that doesn’t repeat its pattern over
a period of time, is called as Aperiodic Signal.
This signal has its pattern continued but the pattern is not
repeated and is not so easy to be assumed or to be calculated.
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Modulation
Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of
the carrier signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of
the modulating signal.

Need for Modulation

The baseband signals are incompatible for direct
transmission.
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Advantages of Modulation
The antenna used for transmission, had to be very large, if
modulation was not introduced.
Advantages of Modulation
Advantages for implementing modulation in the communication
systems.
❖ Antenna size gets reduced.
❖ No signal mixing occurs.
❖ Communication range increases.
❖ Multiplexing of signals occur.
❖ Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed.
❖ Reception quality improves.
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Modulated Signal
The resultant signal after the process of modulation, is
called as the modulated signal.
Types of Modulation
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Amplitude Modulation
If the amplitude of the high frequency carrier wave is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal
Angle Modulation
If the angle of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Frequency Modulation
If the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance
with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Phase Modulation
If the phase of the high frequency carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal
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Phase Modulation
In analog modulation technique, if the amplitude,
duration or position of a pulse is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the baseband modulating signal, then such
a technique is called as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) or
Pulse Duration/Width Modulation (PDM/PWM), or Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM).

In digital modulation, the modulation technique used is Pulse

Code Modulation (PCM) where the analog signal is converted into
digital form of 1s and 0s.
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Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation is the changing the amplitude of
the carrier signal with respect to the instantaneous change in
message signal.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Using the above mathematical expressions for
modulating and carrier signals, we can create a new mathematical
expression for the complete modulated wave. It is given as,
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Modulation Index and Percent Modulation
The ratio of maximum amplitude of modulating signal to
maximum amplitude carrier signal is called modulation index. i.e.,

Value of Em must be less than value of Ec to avoid any distortion in

the modulated signal.
Hence maximum value of modulation index will be equal to 1
when Em=Ec. Minimum value will be zero.
If modulation index is higher than 1, then it is called over
modulation.
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Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Calculation of modulation index from AM waveform:
The ratio of maximum amplitude of modulating signal to
maximum amplitude carrier signal is called modulation index. i.e.,
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Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
The modulated carrier has new signals at different
frequencies, called side frequencies or sidebands. They occur
above and below the carrier frequency.

Consider the expression of AM wave given by equation (1.2.3),I.e.,

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
Consider the expression of AM wave given by equation
(1.2.3),I.e.,
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

From this equation we can prepare the frequency spectrum of AM

wave as shown below in fig. 1.2.3.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
This contains full carrier and both the sidebands, hence it is also
called Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSBFC) system.

We know that bandwidth of the signal can be obtained by taking

the difference between highest and lowest frequencies. From above
figure we can obtain bandwidth of AM wave as,
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation of Power distribution:
AM Power Distribution:
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation of Power distribution:
AM Power Distribution:
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Theory of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation of Power distribution:
AM Power Distribution:
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SSBSC Modulation:
The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along
with the carrier and transmitting a single sideband is called as Single
Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC.
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SSBSC Modulation:
the carrier and the lower sideband are suppressed.
Hence, the upper sideband is used for transmission. Similarly, we
can suppress the carrier and the upper sideband while transmitting
the lower sideband.

Mathematical Expressions
Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for the
modulating and the carrier signals as we have considered in the
earlier chapters.
Modulating signal
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Carrier signal

Mathematically, we can represent the equation of SSBSC wave as

for the upper sideband

for the lower sideband

Bandwidth of SSBSC Wave

We know that the DSBSC modulated wave contains two
sidebands and its bandwidth is 2fm.
Since the SSBSC modulated wave contains only one sideband,
its bandwidth is half of the bandwidth of DSBSC modulated wave.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Bandwidth of SSBSC Wave

We know that the DSBSC modulated wave contains two
sidebands and its bandwidth is 2fm.

Since the SSBSC modulated wave contains only one sideband,

its bandwidth is half of the bandwidth of DSBSC modulated wave.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Power Calculations of SSBSC Wave

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Power Calculations of SSBSC Wave

ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Advantages of SSB
• Bandwidth or spectrum space occupied is lesser than AM and
DSBSC waves.

• Transmission of more number of signals is allowed.

• Power is saved.

• High power signal can be transmitted.

• Less amount of noise is present.

• Signal fading is less likely to occur.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Disadvantages of SSB
• The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex
process.

• The quality of the signal gets affected unless the SSB transmitter
and receiver have an excellent frequency stability.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Modulators which generate SSBSC wave

• Frequency discrimination method
• Phase discrimination method

Frequency Discrimination Method

ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Phase Discrimination Method

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Phase Discrimination Method

The modulating signal Amcos(2πfmt) and the carrier signal
Accos(2πfct) are directly applied as inputs to the upper product
modulator.

The upper product modulator produces an output, which is the

product of these two inputs.
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Phase Discrimination Method

The modulating signal Amcos(2πfmt) and the carrier signal
Accos(2πfct) are phase shifted by −900 before applying as inputs to
the lower product modulator. So, the lower product modulator
produces an output, which is the product of these two inputs.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Phase Discrimination Method
Add s1(t) and s2(t) in order to get the SSBSC modulated
wave s(t) having a lower sideband.

Subtracting s2(t) from s1(t) in order to get the SSBSC modulated

wave s(t) having a lower sideband.
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SSBSC Demodulator
The process of extracting an original message signal from
SSBSC wave is known as detection or demodulation of SSBSC.
Coherent detector is used for demodulating SSBSC wave.
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SSBSC Demodulator
the message signal can be extracted from SSBSC wave by
multiplying it with a carrier, having the same frequency and the
phase of the carrier used in SSBSC modulation.

The output of the local oscillator is

we can write the output of product modulator as

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SSBSC Demodulator
Substitute s(t) and c(t) values in the above equation.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SSBSC Demodulator
The first term is the scaled version of the message signal.
It can be extracted by passing the above signal through a low pass
filter.

Therefore, the output of low pass filter is

Same is for Upper Sideband, work it out

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Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the
phase of the carrier signal varies according to the message signal.
Therefore, the output of low pass filter is

Ac is the amplitude of the modulated wave, which is the same as

the amplitude of the carrier signal

θi(t) is the angle of the modulated wave

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Angle Modulation
Angle modulation is further divided into frequency modulation
and phase modulation.

Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of

the carrier signal linearly with the message signal.

Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier

signal linearly with the message signal.
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Frequency Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal
varies. Whereas, in Frequency Modulation (FM), the frequency of
the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
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Frequency Modulation
The frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the
amplitude of the modulating or message signal increases.

Similarly, the frequency of the modulated wave decreases,

when the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases.

Note: the frequency of the modulated wave remains

constant and it is equal to the frequency of the carrier
signal, when the amplitude of the modulating signal is
zero.
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Frequency Modulation
Mathematical Representation
The equation for instantaneous frequency fi in FM modulation
is

Where,

fc is the carrier frequency

kf is the frequency sensitivity

m(t) is the message signal

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Mathematical Representation
the relationship between angular frequency ωi and angle θi(t)
as
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Mathematical Representation
Substitute, fi value in the above equation

Substitute, θi(t) value in the standard equation of angle modulated

wave.

equation of FM wave
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Frequency Modulation
Mathematical Representation
If the modulating signal is m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), then the
equation of FM wave will be

Where

Frequency Deviation
The difference between FM modulated frequency
(instantaneous frequency) and normal carrier frequency is termed
as Frequency Deviation.
It is denoted by Δf, which is equal to the product of kf and Am
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Mathematical Representation
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM
based on the values of modulation index β

Narrowband FM
❑ This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth when
compared to wideband FM.
❑ The modulation index β is small, i.e., less than 1.
❑ Its spectrum consists of the carrier, the upper sideband and
the lower sideband.
❑ This is used in mobile communications such as police
wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Mathematical Representation
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM
based on the values of modulation index β

Wideband FM
❑ This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.
❑ The modulation index β is large, i.e., higher than 1.
❑ Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of
sidebands, which are located around it.
❑ This is used in entertainment, broadcasting applications
such as FM radio, TV, etc.
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Frequency Modulation
Generation of NBFM
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Generation of NBFM
We know that cosθ≈1 and sinθ≈1 when θ is very small.

By using the above relations, we will get the NBFM equation as

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Generation of WBFM
Direct method
Indirect method
Direct Method:
We are generating a wide band FM wave directly.
In this method, Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is
used to generate WBFM.
VCO produces an output signal, whose frequency is
proportional to the input signal voltage.
This is similar to the definition of FM wave.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Generation of WBFM
Direct method
Indirect method
Direct Method:

The modulating signal m(t) is applied as an input of Voltage

Controlled Oscillator (VCO).
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Generation of WBFM
Direct Method:
The modulating signal m(t) is applied as an input of Voltage
Controlled Oscillator (VCO).

Where,

fi is the instantaneous frequency of WBFM wave.

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Generation of WBFM
Indirect Method:
In Indirect Method we generate a wide band FM wave
indirectly.
This means, first we will generate NBFM wave and then with
the help of frequency multipliers we will get WBFM wave.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Frequency Modulation
Generation of WBFM
Indirect Method:

Frequency multiplier is a non-linear device, which produces an

output signal whose frequency is ‘n’ times the input signal
frequency. Where, ‘n’ is the multiplication factor.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Phase Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies.
Whereas, in Phase Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal
varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Phase Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies.
Whereas, in Phase Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal
varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Phase Modulation
The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points,
where the phase shift in a wave can take place.

The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal changes

the phase of the carrier signal.

When the amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one

direction and if the amplitude is negative, the phase changes in the
opposite direction.
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Phase Modulation
Mathematical Representation
The equation for instantaneous phase ϕi in phase modulation
is

Where,

kp is the phase sensitivity

m(t) is the message signal

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Phase Modulation
Mathematical Representation
The standard equation of angle modulated wave is

Substitute, ϕi value in the above equation.

equation of PM wave
If the modulating signal, m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), then the equation of
PM wave will be
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Phase Modulation
Mathematical Representation
If the modulating signal, m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), then the equation
of PM wave will be

β = modulation index = Δϕ=kpAm

Δϕ is phase deviation

Phase modulation is used in mobile communication systems, while

frequency modulation is used mainly for FM broadcasting.
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Difference Between AM, FM, and PM
S.No Parameters FM AM PM

1. Definition Frequency modulation is a technique The amplitude modulation is a The phase modulation
of modulation, in which frequency of technique of modulation in is a technique of
carrier varies in accordance with the which the amplitude of the modulation in which
amplitude of modulating signal. carrier wave varies in phase of the carrier
Keeping amplitude and phase accordance with the amplitude wave varies in
constant. of the modulating signal. accordance with the
Keeping frequency and phase amplitude of the
constant. modulating signal.
Keeping amplitude and
frequency constant.

Noise immunity of FM is superior to AM receivers are very Noise immunity better

2. Noise
AM and PM susceptible to noise than AM but not FM

The amplitude of a carrier A phase of the carrier

The frequency of the carrier wave
wave in AM diverges as per wave varies as per the
3. Function deviates as per the voltage of the
amplitude or voltage of voltage of modulating
modulating signal input.
modulating signal input signal input.
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Difference Between AM, FM, and PM
S.No Parameters FM AM PM

4. Constant The amplitude of the carrier wave is The frequency of the carrier The amplitude of the
parameter kept changeless. wave is kept invariable. carrier wave is kept
changeless.

5. Types Digital FM types: FSK, GFSK, offset AM types: DSB-SC, SSB, Digital PM types:
PSK VSB, etc. QPSK, BPSK, QAM
(the combination of
amplitude and phase,
modulation).
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Difference Between AM, FM, and PM