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Computer Integrated
Manufacturing Systems
 Manufacturing Systems
 Manufacturing systems involve activities related to the production
of goods using manufacturing resources and knowledge,
according to the external demands and subject to the
environmental context, e.g. social and economic aspects.

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 Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
 The Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) paradigm, popular in the
eighties, consists of the integration of the enterprise activities, related with
the production, through the use of information technologies, such as
databases and networks, which allows the exchange and sharing of data.

• The CIM paradigm also aims the

integration of several computer-aided
technologies that support the
production systems, such as Computer
Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided
Engineering (CAE), Computer Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer
Aided Process Planning CAPP).

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CIM as concept and technology

• Term Coined by James Harrington in 1973

• CIM is the integration of total manufacturing

enterprise through the use of integrated
system and data communication mixed with
new managerial philosophies which results in
the improvement of personnel or
organizational efficiencies. (by CASA – Computer
and Automation System Association of Society of
Mechanical Engineers).
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CIM as concept and technology

 CIMinvolves a fundamental strategy of integrating
manufacturing facilities and systems in an
enterprise through the computer and its peripheral.

 CIM involves integration of advanced technologies

in various functional units of an enterprise, in an
effective manner to achieve the success of the
manufacturing industries.

 CIMcan be defined in different ways depending

upon its application.
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CIM - Definition
 Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the
manufacturing approach of using computers to
control the entire production process
 This integration allows individual processes to

exchange info with each other and initiate actions

 Through the computers integration, manufacturing

can be faster and less error-prone, although the main

advantage is the ability to create automated
manufacturing processes
 Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes,

based on real-time input from sensors

 It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing
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CIM – Concept - TOP Level

 CIM encompasses the entire range of product development
and manufacturing activities with all the functions being
carried out with the help of dedicated SW packages
 The data required for various functions are passed from one

application SW to another in a seamless manner

 For example, the product data is created during design
 This data has to be transferred from the modeling SW to

manufacturing SW without any loss of data

 CIM use a common DB wherever feasible and commun-tech to

integrate design, manufacturing and associated business

 CIM reduces the human component of manufacturing and

thereby relieves the process of its slow, expensive and error-

prone component
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Manufacturing Systems Integration Program

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CIM – Origin – Technology

 The term "CIM" is both a method of manufacturing
and the name of a computer-automated system in
which individual engineering, production, marketing,
and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise
are organized
 In a CIM system functional areas such as design,

analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting,

inventory control, and distribution are linked through
the computer with factory floor functions such as
materials handling and management, providing direct
control and monitoring of all the operations.
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Technology for Middle & Low level

 CIM also encompasses the whole lot of enabling technologies
including total quality management, business process
reengineering, concurrent engineering, workflow
automation, enterprise resource planning and flexible
manufacturing
 A distinct feature of manufacturing today is mass

customization
 This implies that though the products are manufactured in

large quantities, products must incorporate customer-specific

changes to satisfy the diverse requirements of the customers
 This requires extremely high flexibility in the manufacturing

system.
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EVOLUTION OF CIM

• 1909 – Ford’s concept of production line

• 1923 – Automatic transfer machine in Morris
engine factory
• 1952 – Generation of punched paper tape
• 1954 – first NC milling machine in Parson
corporation of USA by MIT
• 1959 – 1st application of computer control at
Texaco Refinery of USA
• 1970s – CAD, CAM, GT, Flexible automation &
DNC developed.
• 1980s – FMS & CIM became popular
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Challenges in Manufacturing

Challenges in Manufacturing
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CASA/SME’S CIM WHEEL

By
CASA/SME
in 1980s
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CIM I–Computer Interfaced Manufacturing

 Outer layer constitutes of general management
marketing,
 strategic planning,

 finance,

 manufacturing management and

 human resource management.

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CIM I–Computer Interfaced Manufacturing

 The middle layer consists of three process
segments:
 product and process determination,

 manufacturing planning and control, and

 factory automation.

These process segments represent all the activities

in the design and manufacturing phase of a product
life cycle taking the product from concept to
assembly.
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CIM I–Computer Interfaced Manufacturing

 Thecenter of wheel represents the third layer
which include

 information
resources management and
 common database
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CIM Objectives
 Simplify production processes, product designs,
and factory organization as a vital foundation to
automation and integration
 Automate production processes and the business

functions that support them with computers,

machines, and robots
 Integrate all production and support processes

using computer networks, cross-functional

business software, and other information
technologies
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Three Distinguished Components

As a method of manufacturing, three components
distinguish CIM from other manufacturing
methodologies:
 Means for data storage, retrieval, manipulation

and presentation
 Mechanisms for sensing state and modifying

processes
 Algorithms for uniting the data processing

component with the sensor/modification

component
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Software Integration
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CIM - Significance
 CIM is an example of the implementation of info and
common technologies in manufacturing
 CIM implies that there are at least two computers

exchanging info, e.g. the controller of an arm robot and a

micro-controller of a Computer Numerical Control(CNC)
machine
 Some factors involved when considering a CIM

implementation are the production volume, the experience

of the company or personnel to make the integration, the
level of the integration into the product itself and the
integration of the production processes
 CIM is most useful where a high level of ICT is used in the

company or facility, such as CAD/CAM systems

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CIM Benefits
Manufacturing engineers are required to achieve the
following objectives to be competitive in a global
context
 Reduction in inventory
 Lower the cost of the product
 Reduce waste
 Improve quality
 Increase flexibility in manufacturing to achieve

immediate and rapid response to:

 Product & Production changes
 Process & Equipment change
 Change of personnel
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Benefit from CIM

Integration of technologies brings following benefits:
1. Creation of a truly interactive system that enables
manufacturing functions to communicate easily with other
relevant functional units
2. Accurate data transferability among manufacturing plant
or subcontracting facilities at implant or diverse locations
3. Faster responses to data-changes for manufacturing
flexibility
4. Increased flexibility towards introduction of new
products
5 Improved accuracy and quality in the manufacturing
process (continued)
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Benefit from CIM

6. Improved quality of the products.

7. Control of data-flow among various units and
maintenance of user-library for system-wide
data.
8. Reduction of lead times which generates a
competitive advantage.
9. Streamlined manufacturing flow from order
to delivery.
10. Easier training and re-training facilities.
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Key challenges - three major challenges

 Integration of components from different suppliers: when
different machines, such as CNC, conveyors and robots,
are using different communications protocols
 Data integrity: The higher the degree of automation, the

more critical is the integrity of the data used to control the

machine
While the CIM system saves on labor of operating the

machines, it requires extra human labor in ensuring that

there are proper safeguards for the control data signals
 Process control: Computers may be used to assist the

human operators of manufacturing facility, but there must

always be a competent engineer to handle circumstances
which could not be foreseen by SW designers
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CIM & production control system

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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 CIM makes full use of the capabilities of the digital computer
to improve manufacturing. Two of them are:
i. Variable and Programmable automation
ii. Real time optimization
 A computer-integrated manufacturing system is not the same

as a "lights-out" factory,
 which would run completely independent of human

intervention, although it is a big step in that direction

 Part of the system involves flexible manufacturing, where the

factory can be quickly modified to produce different products,

or where the volume of products can be changed quickly with
the aid of computers
 Some or all of the following subsystems may be found in a

CIM operation – see next slide

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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Computer-aided techniques:
 CAD (computer-aided design)
 CAE (computer-aided engineering)
 CAM (computer-aided manufacturing)
 CAPP (computer-aided process planning)
 CAQ (computer-aided quality assurance)
 PPC (production planning and control)
 ERP (enterprise resource planning)
 A business system integrated by a common

database.
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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Computer-aided design (CAD) also known as computer-
aided design and drafting (CADD) is the use of
computer technology for the process of design and
design-documentation
 CAD describes the process of drafting with a computer

providing the user with input-tools for the purpose of

streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation
 CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for

print or machining operations

 CAD-based SW is in direct correlation with the

processes; industry-based SW typically uses vector-

based(linear) environments whereas graphic-based SW
utilizes raster-based one
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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of
computer software to aid in engineering tasks
 It includes computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided

analysis (CAA), computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM),

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), material requirements
planning (MRP), and computer-aided planning (CAP)
 Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is the use of

computer technology to aid in the process planning of a part

or product, in manufacturing
 CAPP is the link between CAD and CAM in that it provides

for the planning of the process to be used in producing a

designed part
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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer
SW to control machine tools and related machinery in the
manufacturing of work pieces
 CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all

operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning,

management, transportation and storage
 Primary purpose is to create a faster production process and

components and tooling with more precise dimensions and

material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the
required amount of raw material while simultaneously
reducing energy consumption
 Computer-aided quality assurance (CAQ) is the engineering

application of computers and computer controlled machines

for the definition and inspection of the quality of products
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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Project management software is covering many types of SW
including estimation and planning, scheduling, cost control
and budget management, resource allocation, collaboration
SW, communication, quality management and documentation
which are used to deal with the complexity of large projects
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) integrates internal and

external management info across an entire organization,

embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and
service, customer relationship management
 It automate this activity with an integrated SW application
 Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of info between all business

functions inside the boundaries of the organization and

manage the connections to outside stakeholders
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CIM Hardware and Software

 CIM software comprises computer programs to carry
out the following functions:
 Management Information System
 Sales & Marketing & Finance
 Database Management
 Modeling and Design
 Analysis
 Simulation
 Communications
 Monitoring
 Production Control
 Manufacturing Area Control
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Nature and Role of the Elements of CIM

System
 Nine major elements of a CIM system are in next slide:
 Marketing

 Product Design

 Planning & Purchase

 Manufacturing Engineering

 Factory Automation Hardware

 Warehousing

 Logistics and Supply Chain Management

 Finance

 Information Management
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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing

Major Elements of a CIM System

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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing

Various Activities in CIM

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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Devices and equipment required:
 CNC, Computer numerical controlled machine

tools
 DNC, Direct numerical control machine tools
 PLCs, Programmable logic controllers
 Robotics
 Computers
 Software
 Controllers
 Networks
 Interfacing
 Monitoring equipment
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Subsystems in computer-integrated
manufacturing
 Technologies:
 FMS, (flexible manufacturing system)
 ASRS, automated storage and retrieval

system
 AGV, automated guided vehicle
 Robotics
 Automated conveyance systems
 Others:
 Lean manufacturing
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CIM – II MANUFACTURING
ENTERPRISE WHEEL

By
CASA/SME
in 1990s
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CIM-IVs
CIM-I VsCIM-II
CIM-II
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Development of CIM
CIM is an integration process leading to the
integration of the manufacturing enterprise
Dictated by the needs of the individual

enterprise this process usually starts with the

need to interchange information between the
some of the so called islands of automation
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Development of CIM
Flexible manufacturing cells, automatic storage and
retrieval systems, CAD/CAM based design etc. are
the examples of islands of automation i.e. a sort of
computer based automation achieved completely in a
limited sphere of activity of an enterprise
 This involves data exchange among computers, NC

machines, robots, gantry systems etc.

Therefore the integration process has started

bottom up
The interconnection of physical systems was the

first requirement to be recognized and fulfilled.

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Development of CIM