KNEC 2020 JULY

1 2 2

1. (a)
, determine the:
Given that [ 1 1 1 ]T is an eigenvector of matrix A =
[ ]
2 b 2
a 2 1

(i) values of the constants a and b ;

(ii) eigenvalues of A . (11 marks)

SOLUTION
1

λ
Let 1 be the eigen value corresponding to the eigen vector
WE Therefore solve
[]
1
1

[ A− λ1 ] [ x ] =0
i. e
1−λ1 2 2 1 0

[2
a
b−λ 1 2
2
Therefore
1=0
1− λ1 1 0 ][ ] [ ]
1−λ 1 +2+2=0 ⇒ λ 1=5
2+b−λ1 +2=0 ⇒b=1
a+2+1−λ1 =0 ⇒ a=2
Now
1 2 2

[ ]
A= 2 1 2
2 2 1
Characteristic equation
1− λ 2 2
|2 1−λ 2 |=0
2 2 1−λ
2 2
λ −3 λ −9 λ−5=0
λ1 =5 , λ 2=−1 , λ 3=−1

(b) A dynamic system is characterized by the vector-matrix differential equation:

A= 0 1
dx
dt
= Ax ,
where
[
−4 −5 ] and x(t ) is the system state vector.

1
 Determine he state transition matrix, Φ(t ), of the system. (9 marks)
SOLUTION
The state transition matrix is a matrix Φ (t ) which is defined as;

Φ(t )=L−1 [ Φ( S) ]
−1
where Φ (s )= [ SI−A ]
SI− A= S 0 − 0
[ ][ 1
]
0 S −4 −5
S −1
=
[ ]
4 S+5
1 S+5 1
Φ ( S )=
[
( S+4 )( S+1 ) −4 S ]
S+5 1

[
= S+4 S+1
(
−4
)( )

( S+4 )( S+1 )
( S+4 )( S+1 )
S
( S+4 )( S+1 )
]
1 −4 t 4 −t 1 −4 t 1 −t
Φ ( t )=
[
− e + e
3 3
− e + e
3
4 −4 t 4 −t 4 −4 t 1 −t
3
e − e
3 3
e − e
3
3
]
2. (a) Given the function f (z )=z 2 + z +1 where z=x + jy :

(i) Express f (z ) in the form u ( x , y ) ) + jv ( x , y )

(ii) Show that:
(a) u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations;
(b) u is a harmonic function. (10 marks)
SOLUTION

2
 f (z )=( x+ jy )2 +x+ jy+1
=( x 2− y 2 +x+1 )+ j ( 2 xy+ y )
U=x 2 − y 2 +x+1 V =2 xy+ y
∂U ∂V
=2 x+1 =2 y
∂x ∂x
∂U ∂V
=−2 y =2 x+1
∂y ∂y
Now
∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V
= and =−
∂x ∂ y ∂y ∂x
The C−R−E '' s are satisfied . Hence f ( z ) is analytic
∂2 U ∂2 U
=2 =−2
∂ x2 ∂ y2
Now
∂2 U ∂2 U
2
+ 2 =0 Hence U is harmonic
∂x ∂ y

(b) The circle | z | = 1 is mapped onto the w-plane by the transformation

1
w=
z+2 j . Determine the:

(i) centre of the circle;

(ii) radius of the image circle. (10 marks)

SOLUTION
Cosider the circle |z|=1
i.e x2 + y 2=1 ....... ( ¿ )
1
Consider w=
z+2 j
1
i.e u+ jv=
x+ j ( y+2 )
x− j( y+2)
u+ jv= 2 2
x + y +4 y+4
2 2
but x + y =1
Therefore
x− j ( y+2 )
u+ jv=
5+4 y
x −( y+2)
u= ............... ( i ) and v= .......... ( ii )
5+4 y 5+4 y

3
 solve ( i ) and (ii ) simul tan eously so that
−2−5 v 3u
y= and x=−
4 v+1 4 v+1 3. (a) (i) Show that
Re place x and y in ( ¿ ) so that one root of the equation
2
( 2+5 v )2 x 3 + x−3=0 lies between
9u
+ =1 x=1
( 4 v+1 )2 ( 4 v+1 )2 and
9 u2 +9 v 2 +12 v=−3 x=2 .
Complete the square for v so that
(ii) Use the
2 2 1
2
( )
u + v+ =
3 9
Newton-Raphson
method to
determine the root
1 2
The image is a circle of radius and center at 0 , −
3 3 ( ) in (i),
Correct to
four
decimal places. (10 marks)
SOLUTION

f ( 1 )=−1, f ( 2 )=7
f ( 1 )×f ( 2 )=−7
which is less than zero , hence the root lies betwen x=1 and x=2
f ( x n )=x 3n +x n−3
f ' ( x n ) =3 x 2n +1
f ( xn )
x n+1 =x n − '
f ( xn )
2 x3n +3
=
3 x 2n +1
x 0=1. 5
x 1=1 .2581
x 2=1 . 2147
x 3=1 . 2134
x 4 =1. 2134
(b) Table 1 represents a cubic polynomial f (x ) and an error in one of the
entries is suspected.

Table 1

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x ) -1 4 2 2 7 24 59 118

Use:

(i) a finite differences table to locate and correct the error;

(ii) the Newton-Gregory forward difference interpolation formula to

4
 determine the value of f (1.1) . (10
marks)

SOLUTION
x 2 3
f (x) Δf ( x ) Δ f (x) Δ f (x)
-2 -1
5
-1 4 -7 ( -6)
-2 (-1) 9 (6)
0 2 (3) 2 (0)
0 (-1) 3 (6)
1 2 5 (6)
5 7 (6)
2 7 12
17 6
3 24 18
35 6
4 59 24
59
5 118

The wrongly recorded value is 2

The error =6-7=-1
The correct value instead of 2 is 3

Δf ( x 0 ) Δ2 f ( x 0 ) Δ3 f ( x 0 )
f ( x )=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 )( x −x1 ) + ( x−x 0 )( x−x 1 )( x−x 2 ) + ¿⋅¿
h 2 ! h2 3 ! h3
5 (−6 ) 6
f ( x )=−1+ ( x +2 ) + ( x+ 2 )( x +1 ) + ( x+2 )( x +1 )( x−0 )
1 2 ! ( 1 )2 3 ! ( 1 )3
=x3 −2 x+ 3
3
f ( 1 .1 )= (1 . 1 ) −2 ( 1 .1 ) +3
=2. 131
4. (a) Sketch the domain of integration, and evaluate the integral

1
2
√ 4−y2 dxdy
∫0 ∫0 √ 4−x2− y 2 (6
marks)
SOLUTION

The region R, of integration is bounded by the lines y=0, y=2, x=0 and x=√ 4− y 2

5
Using polar coordinates
x=r cosθ , y=r sin θ , x 2 + y 2 =r 2
r tends from 0 to 2
π
θ tends from 0 to
2
now
π
√4− y 2 1
∫0 1 2
2 2
2
∫0 ∫0 2 2
dx dy=∫0 r dr dθ
√ 4−x − y √ 4−r
2 du
let u=4−r so that dr=−
2r
when r=0 u=4
when r=2 u=0
now
π
2
√4− y 2 1 dx dy =∫ 2
2 1
r dr dθ
∫0 ∫0 0 ∫0
2
√ 4−x − y 2
√1−r 2
π
1
( du2 r ) dθ
2 0
=∫ 0 ∫4 √u r −
π 1
1 2 0 −2
=− ∫0 ∫ u du dθ
2 4

=π
(b) Change the order of integration, and show that

6
 1 1 1
∫0 ∫y xe y/ x dxdy= 3 (e−1) . (6 marks)

SOLUTION

The region of integration is bounded by x= y , x=1, y=0 and y=1

Consider vertical strips on R such that

y tends from y=0 to y=x
x will tend from x=0 to x=1
Therefore
y y
1 1 x 1 x x
∫0 ∫y xe dx dy=∫0 ∫0 xe dy dx
y
1 2 x x
=∫ 0
x e |y=0 dx
1 2 1 2
=∫0 x e −x dx
x 3 x3 1
= e− |0
3 3
1 1
= e−
3 3
1
= ( e−1 )
3
(c) Use a triple integral to determine the volume of the solid bounded

7
 2
by the planes x+z=1 , z=0 and the parabolic cylinder x= y (8 marks)
SOLUTION

1− x
V =∬ ∫ dz dy dx
R 0
=∬ 1−x dy dx
R
R is the region on the xy− plane bounded by y= √ x , and x=1

1
1 x2
V =∫ ∫ 1−x dy dx
0 0
4
= sq units
15

8
5. (a) A function f (t ) is defined by
−t , −π≤t≤0
f (t )=
{ t, 0≤t≤π
f (t+2 π )

(i) Sketch the graph of f (t ) in the internal −π <t <3 π .

(ii) Determine the Fourier series representation of f (t ) (9 marks)

f ( t ) is even. Therefore b n=0

π
2
a0 = ∫ f ( t ) dt
π 0
π
2
t dt
π∫
=
0
=π

9
 π
2
an = ∫ f ( t ) cosnt dt
π 0
π
2
= ∫ t cosnt dt
π 0
π

π n {
2 sin nt π 1
= t |0 − ∫ sin nt dt
n0
π
¿ }
2 1
[
= 2 cosnt
π n 0
]
2
= 2 [ cosnπ −1 ]
n π
a n =¿ { 0 ∀ even n ¿ ¿¿
¿
Fourier series
∞
1
f ( t )= a0 + ∑ a n cos nt
2 n=1
π 4 1 1 1
2 π [
f ( t )= − cos t+ 2 cos 3 t+ 2 cos 5 t+ 2 cos 7 t +. .. .. .. . ..
3 5 7 ]
(b) The charge q(t ) on the plates of a capacitor varies with time t as shown in
Figure 1.

Determine:
(i) analytical description of q(t );
(ii) Fourier series representation of q(t ). (11 marks)

Analytical description

10
 Q
{
q(t )=¿ t 0≤t≤π ¿ {0 π≤t≤2π¿¿¿¿
π
f ( t ) is neither even nor odd Therefore
2π
1
a0 = ∫ q (t ) dt
π 0
π 2π
=
1
π [∫
0
Q
π
t + ∫ 0 dt dt
π
]
Q
=
2
2π
1
an = ∫ q (t ) cosnt dt
π 0
π
1 Q
t cosnt dt
π ∫0 π
=
π

π n {
Q sin nt π 1
= 2 t |0 − ∫ sin nt dt
n 0 ¿
π
}
Q 1
[
= 2 2 cosnt
π n 0
]
Q
= 2 2 [ cosnπ−1 ]
n π
a n =¿ { 0 ∀ even n ¿ ¿ ¿
¿

11
 2π
1
bn = ∫ q (t ) sin nt dt
π 0
π
1 Q
t sin nt dt
π∫
=
0
π
π
Q
= 2 −t
π {
cos nt π 1
n
|0 + ∫ cos nt dt
n 0 ¿
}
Q
=− 2 [ π cos nπ ]
nπ
Q
=− cos nπ
n
Q
a n =¿ −
n { ∀ even n ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
Fourier series
∞
1
q ( t )= a0 + ∑ a n cos nt+b n sin nt
2 n=1
Q 2Q 1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 5 7 2 ] [
q ( t )= − 2 cost+ 2 cos 3 t+ 2 cos5 t+ 2 cos7 t +.. . .. .. . .. +Q sin t− sin 2 t+ sin 3 t− sin 4 t+. .. .
4 π 3 4 ]
6. (a) Evaluate the line integral

∫ xydx+ y 2 dy 2 2
C where c is the arc of the circle x + y =4 in the first
quadrant from (2, 0) to (0, 2). (6 marks)

∂Q ∂P
∫ Pdx+Qdy=∫∫ ∂ x −
∂y
R
=∬ −x dydx
R
π
2 2
=∫ ∫ −r cos θ ( rdrd θ )
0 0
8
=−
3
SOLUTION

2
(b) Determine the work done by the force field F=− y i+ xyj in
2
moving an object along he parabola y=x from the point
(o, 0) to the point (1, 1). (5 marks)

12
 W . D=∫ F⋅dr
1
=∫ − y 2 dx +xy dy
0
1
4 2
=∫ − x dx +x ( x )(2 xdx )
0
1
=∫ x 4 dx
0
1
=
5

(c) Use Green’s theorem in the plane to evaluate the line integral;

∮T −xy 2 dx+x 3 dy , where T is the triangle with vertices (0, 0),

(1, 1) and (-1, 1). (9 marks)

∂Q ∂P
∫ Pdx+Qdy=∫∫ ∂ x −
∂y
R
1 y
=∫ ∫ 3 x 2+ 2 xy dxdy
0 −y
1
=
2

13
 2 2
7. (a) Determine the surface area of the part of the paraboloid z=1−x − y
that lies above the xy− plane. (7
marks)

(b) Evaluate the surface integral

∫∫s z2 ds, given that s is the upper
2 2 2
hemisphere x + y +z =1 , z≥0. (6 marks)

(c) Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the surface integral

∫∫s F.ds where the vector field F=2 xi+3 yj+zk and s is the
2 2 2
surface of the sphere x + y +z =4 , oriented by outward
unit normal. (7 marks)

8. (a) A2 x 2 symmetric matrix A has eigenvalues

λ1 =4 and λ2 =−1 .
T
λ
Given the eigenvector corresponding to 1 is [ 2 1 ] determine the:

(i) eigenvector corresponding to

λ2 ;
(ii) matrix A. (11 marks)
SOLUTION

14
 a b
Let A = [ ]
c d
but b=c sin ce A is symmetric
Therefore
A= a c
[ ]
c d
2
λ 1=4, λ 2=−1 X 1 = []
1
For λ 1=4, we solve

[a−4
c
c 2=0
][ ] [ ]
d−4 1 0
2a−8+c=0 ⇒ 2a+c=8. .. .. ... .. ... ..(i)
2c+d−4=0 ⇒2c+d=4. .. .. ... .. ..... .(ii)
Note that Sum of eigen values =Trace ( A )
i .e 3=a+d .. ... ..... .. ... .. . (iii )
E liminate a from ( i ) and ( ii ) to obtain
4 a−d=12... . ..... ..... .. ... .. .. ( iv )
Solve ( iii ) and ( iv ) so that
a=3 and b=0
Therefore
A= 3 2
[ ]
2 0
For λ 2=−1, we solve
4 2 x =0
[ ][ ] [ ]
2 1 y 0
put y=k so that
1
2 x+k=0 ⇒ x=− k
2
Therefore
1 −1
X 2= k
2 2[ ][ ] =
−1
2
(b) (i) Determine the half-range Fourier cosine series of the function

f (t )=π−t , 0<t < π .

(ii) By setting t = 0 in the result in (i), show that

2
π ∞ 1
=∑
8 n=1 (2n−1)2 . (9 marks)
SOLUTION

15
For half range cosine series, we assume that f(t) is even, so that

bn =0
π
2
a0 = ∫ f ( t ) dt
π 0
π
2
π −t dt
π∫
=
0
=π
π
2
an = ∫ f ( t ) cosnt dt
π 0
π
2
π ∫0
= ( π −t ) cosnt dt
π
2
π {
= ( π −t )
sin nt π 1
n
|0 + ∫ sin nt dt
n0
π
¿ }
2 1
=−
π n2 [
cosnt
0
]
2
=− 2 [ cos nπ−1 ]
n π
a n =¿ { 0 ∀ even n ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
Fourier series
∞
1
f ( t )= a0 + ∑ a n cos nt
2 n=1
π 4 1 1 1
2 π 3 [
f ( t )= + cos t + 2 cos 3 t+ 2 cos5 t+ 2 cos 7 t+ .. .. .. . .. .
5 7 ]
put t=0 so that f (t )=π
The series becomes
π 4 1 1 1
[
π = + 1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +. . .. .. . .. .. ..
2 π 3 5 7 ]
π 4 1 1 1
2 π
∞
[
= 1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +.. .. .. . .
3 5 7 ]
π 1
=∑
8 n=1 ( 2 n−1 )2

16