The First Flowering of Byzantium: Program Notes
The First Flowering of Byzantium: Program Notes
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THE FIRST FLOWERING OF
BYZANTIUM
"Tfie church is singularly full of light and sunshine; you would declare that the place is not lighted by the sun from
without, but that the rays are produced within itself, such an abundance of light is poured into this church..."
PROGRAM SCHEDULE
FRIDAY, APRIL 1 1 Constuntine's Vision
8:00 PM Lecture CONSTANTINE THE GREAT, FOUNDER OF THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE
KENNETH HARL (Tulane University) will explain the motives behind Constantine’s
conversion to Christianity, his vision of an imperial church, and his development of
Byzantine civil institutions and of Constantinople as the capital of Christianity.
9;00 PM Performance JOHN MICHAEL BOYER, soloist and lecturer, with selections performed by ST.
GREGORY OF NYSSA’S CHOIR, led by SANFORD DOLE
1 1:00 AM Lecture LITERATURE AND PATRONAGE IN THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN CLAUDIA RAPP
(UCLA) will consider the most important authors of lustinian's time, showing how
these authors operated in a unique social context and helping to explain the prolifer-
ation of literature during this era.
1:30 PM Performance LIFE, LOVE AND DEATH IN BYZANTIUM PETER DONAT will read excerpted selec-
tions from the works of Procopoius, Boethius, Agathius, Theophanes and others.
Hagia Sophia and discuss the structure's religious and civic use.
3:00 PM Lecture ART ON THE IMPERIAL BORDERS FROM RAVENNA TO SINAI HELEN EVANS
(Metropolitan Museum of Art) will showcase the superb mosaic decorations that sur-
vive from the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna and the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine
at Sinai in Egypt.
3:50 PM Concluding Panel Discussion with all lecturers moderated by KATHLEEN MAXWELL.
JUi
CIRCUMPOLAR CULTURES: MODERN PERSPECTIVES FROM
ANCIENT PEOPLES OF THE ARCTIC NORTH
SUNDAY JUNE 8, 2003, 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Cowell Theater, Fort Mason, San Francisco
A symposium of artists, writers, and musicians representing the Indigenous Sami ("Lapp") People of the Nordic
countries and the Mi'kmaq People of Canada.
Moderator: FAITH FJELD, Founding Editor, Baiki: the North American Sami journal, and Director of The Saami
Baiki Foundation
10:00 AM (lecture) MORE THAN A HUNDRED WORDS FOR SNOW: SAMI LANGUAGE AND TRADITION
HARALD GASKl, Professor of Sami Language and Literature (University ofTromso, Norway) and author of numer-
ous books on Sami issues including Sami Culture in a New Era: the Norwegian Sami Experience, and In the
Shadow of the Midnight Sun: Contemporary Sami Prose and Poetry.
I AM (lecture)A NEW WAY OF SEEING: THE POLAR NORTH WORLDVIEW ON TWO CONTINENTS RAUNA
1 :00
KUOKKANEN (University of British Columbia), founding member of Finnish Sami Youth Organization and spe-
cialist in comparative Sami and North American Indian literature.
1:30 PM (lecture) SAMI ARTS: A SOURCE OF SPIRITUAL SURVIVAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY
Internationally-known Sami artist ROSEMARIE HUUVA will share slide images from the Ajtte Swedish Mountain
and Sami Museum in jokkmokk, Sweden.
2:15 PM RECLAIMING INDIGENOUS VOICE AND VISION: CLARIFYING INDIGENOUS THOUGHT AT THE
(lecture)
BEGINNING OF THE NEW MILLENIUM
MARIE BATTISTE, Professor in the Indian and Northern Education Program (University of Saskatchewan,
Canada), international lecturer, co-author of Protecting Indigenous Knowledge; editor. Reclaiming Indigenous
Voice and Vision.
3:20 PM (panel discussion) WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE "INDIGENOUS" IN THE 2 1ST CENTURY?
4:00 PM (performance) THE SAMI jOIK: A WAY OF UNDERSTANDING NATURE ANDE SOMBY, popular Sami tradi-
tional and contemporary joiker, lawyer and political activist demonstrating the oldest musical expression still alive
in Europe and its modern jazz and folk interpretations. {more info on reverse)
=
receive a $3 discount.
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be on display in the Cowell Theater lobby throughout the day of the program.
Consulates of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Canada, and The Saami Baiki Foundation.
Founded in 1983, HUMANITIES WEST is dedicated to "exploring history to celebrate the mind and the
arts."Designed to delight and entertain diverse audiences, we present unique lecture/performance pro-
grams that encompass the fine arts, social history, music, politics and philosopy of the arts. Recent past
programs include One Hundred Years in Barcelona, New Orleans 1900: The Birth of Jazz, and Rome
in the Year One.
667 BCE City founded by Greek named Byzas 632 Mohammad. Islam, the religion and
Death of
590 City destroyed by Darius 1 of Persia
movement had spread to all Arabia
293 Diocletian divides Roman Empire into east and west 716 Second Arab siege of Constantinople (fails)
324 Constantine becomes sole emperor of the Roman 732 Charles Martel halts Moorish advance into Europe
Empire
751 Arabs defeat Chinese at Samarkind
330 Constantine renames the
1 city of Byzantium
Lombards under Aistulf capture Ravenna from
"Constantinople"
Byzantine Empire.
Rome
410 sacked by Visigoths
787 —
Council of Nicaea orders resumed worship of
413 Construction of Constantinople’s triple walls is begun images in the Church
under Theodosius II
791 Harun al-Raschid, caliph of Baghdad engaged in war
432 St. Patrick begins mission in Ireland with the Byzantine Empire. His court, which
encouraged the arts and scholarship, is described
476 Fall of Rome the West - the last Western emperor
in
with exaggerations in The Thousand and One Nights.
Romulus Augustus deposed by Odovar the Ostrogoth
800 Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor of the
503 War between Byzantine Empire and Persia (ends 505)
West
518 lustin 1, son of an Illyrian peasant, takes the throne
7th to 8th
524 War between Byzantine Empire and Persia (to 531 Centuries Ongoing sieges of the city, empire shrinks
527 lustinian, nephew of Justin 1, and his wife Theodora 865 Russian Vikings attack Constantinople
begin rule for 38 years
867 Byzantine church challenges the authority of the
532-537 Hagia Sophia built on the site of earlier structure Pope.
destroyed by fire
880 Basil 1 restores glory of city and revival of learning
529-533 lustinian has all of the Empire's laws codified in three
Basil recovers Italy from the Arabs
volumes
936 Holy Roman Empire of the West revived by German
‘Eternal Peace' is signed between Byzantine Empire
King Otto -essentially a loose federation of states
1 in
and Persia
central Europe
534 General Belisarius conquers the Vandal kingdom of
962 Otto crowned as "Emperor Augustus" founding
is a
North Africa
line of emperors which lasted until Napolean
535 Byzantine forces begin to reconquer Italy (to 554) abolished the empire in 1806
540 New war with Persia to 562 1024 The Great Schism - break between Eastern and
Western Churches
554 Byzantine armies conquer south-eastern Spain
1066 Battle of Hastings
568 Lombards conquer northern Italy
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.
)ohn Michael Boyer began studies of Byzantine Chant under musicologist Alexander Lingas at Holy Trinity
Greek Orthodox Church in Portland, OR, at age 14. He is currently earning his B.A. in music at U.C. Berkeley
and is resident cantor and instructor of Byzantine Chant at Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral in San
Francisco. As associate director and conductor of the local company Bay Area Classical Harmonies (berkeley-
bach.org), he will conduct a fully staged production of Don Giovanni this May.
Sanford Dole is the Music Director at St. Gregory's of Nyssa. He received his M.M. (conducting) from the San
Francisco Conservatory of Music. He has been a member of the San Francisco Symphony Chorus since 1974,
and was the S.F. Symphony Chorus Assistant Director from 1987-1997. He is a founding member of the male
vocal ensemble Chanticleer, and is the Founder and director of the Sanford Dole Ensemble, a chamber choir
that performs primarily 20th Century art music at Bay Area venues.
Peter Donat, born in Nova Drama. He won the Theatre World Award for
Scotia, attended the Yale School of
Best Featured Actor in 1957. In 1968, he came to A.C.T in San Francisco, where he played in more than fifty
productions, including King Lear, Cyrano de Bergerac, and Uncle Vanya. In addition to theatre, he has had a wide-
ranging career in radio, TV and film. He also teaches, writes and directs. Mr. Donat participated in the
Humanities West program "Darwin's Menagerie" in 1998 and "Rome in the Year One" in 2001
Kenneth W. Harl is Professor of History at Tulane University. He received his B.A. from Trinity College and his
M.A., M. Ph. and Ph.D. from Yale University. He specializes in Classical Greece, Rome and Byzantium. He has
served on the editorial board of the American journal of Archaeology since 1999. In 1996, he was a Research Fellow
at the American Research Institute in Turkey, Ankara, where he later served as a representative to the
Institute's Governing Board. Among other publications, he is the author of Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the
Roman East, 180-275 A.D. (UC Press, 1987) and Coinage in Roman Economy, 300 B.C.-700 A.D ()H Press, 1996).
Michael Maas is an Associate Professor of History at Rice University. He received his BA from Cornell
and Anthropology, and his PhD in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, from
University in Classics
UC Berkeley 1982). He has been teaching at Rice University since 1985, where he is also the Director of the
(
Program in Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations. He has participated on archaeological excavations and trav-
eled widely in the Mediterranean world. His forthcoming book. The Conqueror’s Gift Ethnography, Identity, and
Roman Imperial Power at the End of Antiquity, is pending publication by Princeton University Press.
Kathleen Maxwell (Moderator) is Associate Professor of Art History at Santa Clara University, where she has
taught since 1983. She received her Ph.D. with an emphasis on Medieval and Byzantine Art from The University
of Chicago. Dr. Maxwell specializes in the ancient and medieval Mediterranean roots of Western art, including
Greek, Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine, Early Medieval, Romanesque and Gothic Art. She has published
articles in Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Revue des etudes Armeniennes, and Arte Cristiana, as well as book reviews for
Speculum, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, and The Medieval Review.
Claudia Rapp is Associate Professor in Late Antiquity at the University of California at Los Angeles. Raised
in West she received her undergraduate education in History, Classical Philology and Byzantine
Berlin,
Studies at the Freie Universitat, and then obtained her Ph.D. from Oxford University in 1992. Prior to joining
the faculty of UCLA in 1994, she was Hutton Assistant Professor at Cornell University, where she taught
Byzantine History. In 1997/8, she was a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study. Princeton, where she
worked on her current book project on holy bishops in Late Antiquity.
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« 7 »
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1 2 —
SPRING 2002-03 « exploring history to celebrate the mind and the arts »
n 285 the emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into east and west. In
330, his successor, Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman
I Empire from Rome to a city called Byzantium on the Bosphorus renaming it
Constantinople (for "Constantine's City"). His acceptance of the Christian faith spread
its influence and legitimacy throughout his empire.
The had existed as an ancient Greek site said to have been called Byzantium
city
after the original Greek founder, Byzas. The name Byzantium became synony-
mous with both the place and the empire that outlasted the Western Roman
Empire by more than 000 years. The name was applied to the art, architecture and
1
Theodora, wife of the Emperor Justinian
the use of mosaics that particularly epitomized the style "Byzantine". The dictio-
nary definition of Byzantine states "characteristic of the ancient city of Byzantium,
its inhabitants or culture" and also notes a secondary meaning: "characterized by
intrigue, scheming or devious, or highly complicated, intricate or involved." This
secondary meaning was well earned.
The city had already witnessed events and cultures through the times of Alexander
the Great, the Persians, and the Egyptians. Constantinople, as an important cap-
ital poised on the edge of East and West, served as a unique doorway to both east-
ern and western cultures and its strategic location on a peninsula made enemy attack
BYZANTIUM very difficult. It thus served to shield the west from eastern Persian and Arab invaders
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS while creating a blending point for those cultures. The interface of cultures from
both directions combined and intertwined to create a unique style that made its
Friday, April 1
way to parts of the Italian peninsula- in particular, Ravenna and Venice, each of
St.Gregory of Nyssa’s Choir performs
whose history intermingles with the rise and decline in fortune and influence of
Byzantine Chant
Byzantium's long tenure of power.
With the sack of Rome in 410, the Byzantine Empire became the embodiment
Saturday, April 1
of Roman law and of Greek and Roman culture preserving and enhancing this her-
Peter Donat performs a reading from
itage ready to return it to western European civilization at the end of the middle
Procopius' Secret History ages. The fall of the city of Constantinople in 1453 at the hands of the Ottoman
Turks is indeed the date used to mark the end of the middle ages.
PALACE OF FINE ARTS THEATER, The Fourth Crusade in 1204 and the subsequent sacking of the city by cru-
Marina @ Lyon Streets, San Francisco saders, brought to Venice many treasures of art and learning.The famous Byzantine
horses that stand above the Square of St. Mark's, and significantly, Greek books were
Continued on Page 6
1
newest Director. She has been a long- vision of a 'european paradise’ and the unique artistic achievements in music,
time HW attendee and supporter, and art, architetcture,and literature that have emanated from the city of St. Petersburg
comes with extensive board experi- over the past 300 years. Later in the Fall, we will present a special Humanities
ence and a career as an educator in West anniversary gala that will feature the participation of HW Founder Elaine
the San Francisco Bay Area. Thornburgh and favored lecturer and Advisory Counci member Theodore Rabb.
Information on this special event will be sent to you over the Summer. The "Post-
World War II Paris" and "Isfahan: jewel of Persia" programs will complete our
Cooperating befittingly diverse and entertaining season of HW programs.
Institution Events
We hope you will subscribe to the regular season when brochures are mailed
Monday, March 1 7 at 6:30 p.m. to you in lune and join in the celebration of 20 years of Humanities West that
begins this Fall.
CECILIA AND GINEVRA
Lynn Orr, curator of the exhibition
’’Leonardo da Vinci and the Splendor
Warm regards.
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Message from the Chair
Iwant to begin by thanking once again all those who worked so hard to ensure
the success of our Beethoven program on February 7 and 8. Special thanks go
to Bill Meredith for his work as moderator and speaker, and to Charles Rosen
for his wonderful Friday night performance of the Diabelli Variations, as well
as his talk on Saturday. Thanks, too, to HW board member lay Wiener for under-
writing the participation of Charles Rosen.
We are all looking forward to our third program this season, Tfie First Flowering
of Byzantium, which will be presented on April and 12 at the Palace of Fine
1 1
Arts Theater in the Marina. The Byzantine Empire was the most important
political, religious and cultural entity in the Mediterranean for nearly a thou-
sand years after the fall of Rome, and it has attracted a great deal of new schol-
arly attention in recent years. Our program opens on Friday night with a talk
by Kenneth Harl of Tulane University on the life of the Emperor Constantine,
whose conversion to Christianity and decision (in 330 A.D.) to move the capi-
tal of the Roman Empire to Constantinople marked the genesis of the Byzantine
scripts.
As you may know, we are presenting four programs this season rather than
the usual three. On Sunday, lune 8, with the generous assistance of the
American-Scandinavian Foundation, the Fort Mason Foundation, and the
Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish and Canadian Consul Generals, Humanities West
will present a special one-day program at the Cowell Theater in Fort Mason enti-
tled Circumpolar Worlds: Indigenous Peoples on TVo Continents. This program will
explore the culture and artifacts of the Inuits of North America and the Saami
people of the Nordic countries. In addition to culture, language and music (includ-
ing modern jazz inspired by these cultures), there will be a panel to consider
just what it means to be "indigenous” in the post-colonial Century. More
information on this special program will be available at Byzantium; 1 look for-
ward to seeing you on April 11-12 and lune 8.
Sincerely,
A. Kirk McKenzie
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THE FIRST FLOWERING OF
BYZANTIUM
PROGRAM SCHEDULE
Palace of Fine Arts Theater, Marina at Lyon Streets, San Francisco
Performance - BYZANTINE CHANT - St. Gregory of Nyssa’s Choir, led by SANFORD DOLE
mining church doctrine. MICHAEL MAAS (Rice University) will examine the impulses that
drove lustinian and the economic and social forces that limited his triumphs.
Lecture - LITERATURE AND PATRONAGE IN THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN The sixth cen-
tury left and architecture, but also in works of literature. CLAUDIA
a rich legacy not only in art
RAPP (UCLA) will consider the most important authors of lustinian's time, beginning with
the enigmatic Procopius, whose Secret History was both an official history of the Emperor’s
wars and a diatribe against the imperial court. Patronage tied authors to aristocratic
benefactors and to the imperial court, while ties of friendship and collegiality strength-
ened the bonds among the literati themselves. *
lustinian in 532-537, Hagia Sophia served both as a symbol of earthly power and a spir-
itual link to heaven. ROBERT OUSTERHOUT (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)
will explore the unique artistic and engineering achievement that is Hagia Sophia, as
well as its religious and civic uses.
ambitions are reflected in the monuments he on the borders of the empire. HELEN
built
EVANS (Metropolitan Museum of Art) will showcase the superb mosaic decorations that
survive from the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, his western capital. She will then lead
us through the church of the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Sinai in Egypt, a forti-
fiedmonastery at the eastern edge of the Empire’s territories that demonstrated to the
populace the power of the empire and the faith that protected it.
Many books on this list are available or can be ordered from A Clean Well Lighted Place for Books in Opera Plaza. Other
books should be easily found at a university or public library. The names of authors who are speakers at Byzantium are
indicated in bold type.
Giuseppe Bovini, Ravenna Mosaics: tfie so-called Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Baptistery of the Cathedral, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the
San Appollinare nuovo,
Baptistery of the Arians, the Basilica the Church of San Vitale, the Basilica of San Apollinare in Classe, (Greenwich,
CT, NY Graphic Society, 1956 (Views of the interior)
Robert Byron, The Byzantine Achievement : an historical perspective, A.D. 330- 1453 (London ;
New York : Routledge, 1987)
Helen C. Evans and William D. Wixom, editors. The glory of Byzantium art and culture :
of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261
(New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Distributed by H.N. Abrams, 1997)
: :
J.A.S. Evans, The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power, (London and New York, 1996)
George H. Forsyth, The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: the Church and fortress of Justinian, (Ann Arbor, MI, 1965.)
Emily Albu Hanawalt, An Annotated bibliography of Byzantine sources in English translation (Brookline, Mass. ; Hellenic
College Press, 1988)
W. Eugene Kleinbauer, Early Christian and Byzantine architecture : an annotated bibliography and historiography (Boston, Mass. : G.K.
Hall & Co., 1992)
Richard Krautheimer Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975
John Lowden, Early Christian & Byzantine Art (London : Phaidon, 1997)
R.J. Mainstone, Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church (New York, 1988)
Robert Ousterhout, "The Holy Space: Architecture and the Liturgy," in Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium, ed. L.
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991)
Claudia Rapp, "Byzantine Hagiographers as Antiquarians, 7th to 10th Century", in Bosphorus. Essays in Honour of Cyril Mango,
edited by C. Rapp, S. Efthymiadis, D. Tsougarakis, Byzantinische Forschungen 1995; and "Imperial Ideology in the Making:
Eusebius of Caesarea on Constantine as 'Bishop'" in Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 49 (1998), 685-695
Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, 1997)
Egon Wellesz, A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography (2d ed. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1961
Internet links:
Dumbarton Oaks: www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html
Fordham University: www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/
Metropolitan Museum: www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/byzhome.html
Notre Dame University: www.byzantine.nd.edu
« 5 »
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"rediscovered" and the ideas they embodied introduced to the Hagia Sophia is another example of the layering of history
west. This exchange created a spark for the return of human- and significant buildings. It was built on the site of the Megale
ism and ignited the Renaissance specifically in Italy as well as Ekklesia, the church built by Constantine I, which itself was built
providing one reason for the emphasis on Hellenic ideals. on the foundations of earlier religiou-s structures.
The height of Byzantine influence occurred in the reign of The historian, Procopius, tells of the effect of light in the
Justinian in 527-565, whose generals extended the empire to
1, Hagia Sophia saying that the reflection of the sun from the mar-
Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, Palestine, Egypt, northern bles made one think that the building was not illuminated
Africa, southern Spain, and part of Italy and Christianity along from without but that the light was created within the build-
with it. ing. At night, the thousands of oil lamps, hung at different lev-
lasting contributions of the Byzantine Empire- that of the Procopius' contemporary, Paul the Silentiary, also describes the
codification of Roman law. The resulting Codex Justinianus (529), effect of the light shining through its windows at night — serv-
updated again in 533, essentially renewed and updated the exist- ing as a bright beacon seen by sailors from their ships.
ing tradition of Roman law. The additional compilation of a digest The sedimentary nature of history, and of cities, buildings
containing all the jurisprudence of Roman lawyers from the sec- and different cultures is especially evident in Constantinople.
ond and third was com-
centuries CE, (Digesta lustiniani Augusti) Even today, the City of Constantine, now called Istanbul,
pleted in 533. The Code and the Digest represented the whole embraces the ancient obelisks of Egypt, the crumbling walls of
of the valid law, along with its interpretation, and significantly the old city, the prominent profiles of the Hagia Sophia, the Blue
influenced modern day jurisprudence. Mosque and the Topkapi Palace with its Ottoman treasures
It is interesting to note that Greek philosophy, which shaped all stand aglow in the beautiful golden sun light shining on the
the new legal system, placed great importance on education Bosphorus and the Golden Horn, the original Golden Gate.
and manifested itself in Constantinople in the naming of the
major architectural wonder, the great Hagia Sophia (Holy
Wisdom). The construction of the Hagia Sophia took only 5 years
to complete with a workforce of as many as 0,000 workers. The
1
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Speakers’ Dinner
Speakers' Dinner and Friends Luncheon
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Reservations Form for the "Byzantium" Program
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Many books on this list are available or can be ordered from A Clean Well Lighted Place for Books in Opera Plaza. Other
books should be easily found at a university or public library. The names of authors who are speakers at Byzantium are
indicated in bold type.
Giuseppe Bovini, Ravenna Mosaics: the so-called Mausoleum ofCalla Placidia, the Baptistery of the Cathedral, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the
Robert Byron, The Byzantine Achievement an : historical perspective, A.D. 330- 1453 (London ;
New York : Routledge, 1987)
Helen C. Evans and William D. Wixom, editors. The glory of Byzantium art and culture of the : Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843- 1 26
(New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Distributed by H.N. Abrams, 1997)
: :
J.A.S. Evans, The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power, (London and New York, 1 996)
George H. Forsyth, The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: the Church and fortress of Justinian, (Ann Arbor, Ml, 1965.)
Emily Albu Hanawalt, An Annotated bibliography of Byzantine sources in English translation (Brookline, Mass. : Hellenic
College Press, 1988)
W. Eugene Kleinbauer, Early Christian and Byzantine architecture an annotated Bibliography and historiography (Boston, Mass. G.K.
: :
Richard Krautheimer EflWy C/iristiaw and Byzantine Architecture. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975
John Lowden, Early Christian & Byzantine Art (London : Phaidon, 1997)
R.J. Mainstone, Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church (New York, 1988)
Robert Ousterhout, "The Holy Space: Architecture and the Liturgy," in Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium, ed. L.
Safran (Penn State Press, 1998)
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York Oxford: University Press, 1991)
Claudia Rapp, "Byzantine Hagiographers as Antiquarians, 7th to 10th Century", in Bosphorus. Essays in Honour of Cyril Mango,
edited by C. Rapp, S. Efthymiadis, D. Tsougarakis, Byzantinische Forschungen 1995; and "Imperial Ideology in the Making:
Eusebius of Caesarea on Constantine as 'Bishop'" in Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 49 (1998), 685-695
Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, 1 997)
Egon Wellesz, A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography (2d ed. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1961)
Internet links:
Dumbarton Oaks: www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html
Fordham University: www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/
Metropolitan Museum: www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/byzhome.html
Notre Dame University: www.byzantine.nd.edu