Formula sheet EE-434 Power Electronics

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Basic expressions Capacitor

Average expression Current =⇒ iC = C dv
1
Rdt
1
Z t Voltage =⇒ vc = C iC (dt) + V0−
Xavg = x(t)dt (1)
T 0 Energy =⇒ w(t) = 21 Cv 2 (t)
RMS expression 1
τ = (11)
s
1
Z T
RC
Xrms = x2 (t)dt (2)
T 0 Phasors
v
u N Impedance q
u X
Xrms =t 2
Xn,rms (3) Z= R2 + (ωL)2 (12)
n=1...

ωL
θ = tan−1 ( (13)
Fourier series R
∞
X Half wave rectifier
 with
 RL load 
f (t) = a0 + [an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)] (4)  Vm
sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e−ωt/ωτ for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β
n=1 i(ωt) = Z (14)
0 β ≤ ωt ≤ 2π

where,
1
Z T /2 For controlled rectifier
  
a0 = f (t)dt (5)  Vm (α−ωt)/ωτ
T −T /2 Z
sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)e for α ≤ ωt ≤ β
i(ωt) = (15)
T /2 0 otherwise
Z 
2
an = f (t)cos(nω0 t)dt (6) Z β
T −T /2 1 Vm
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (cosα − cosβ) (16)
Z T /2 2π α 2π
2 With free wheeling diode
bn = f (t)sin(nω0 t)dt (7)
T −T /2 ∞
Vm Vm X 2Vm
v(t) = + sin(ωo t) − 2 − 1)π
cos(nωo t) (17)
Power and Energy π 2 n=2,4,6...
(n

Instantaneous Power =⇒ p(t) = v(t)i(t) With source inductance  

Vm Vm IL Xs
Average power =⇒ P = T1 tt0 +T p(t)dt = W
R
0 T Vo = (1 + cosu) = 1− (18)
2π π 2Vm
Average power =⇒ Pdc = Vdc Iavg
Apparent Power =⇒ S = Vrms Irms Full wave rectifier
√ Full wave rectified waveform fourier is
S= 3VL−L,rms IS,rms (8) ∞   
2Vm X 2Vm 1 1
vo (t) = + − cos(nωo t + π) (19)
Reactive power =⇒ Q = Vrms Irms sin(θ − φ) π n=2,4...
π n−1 n+1
Energy =⇒ W = tt2 p(t)dt
R
1 Ripple voltage for C filter
Vm π Vm
T ∆Vo ≈ = (20)
Z
W = p(t)dt (9) ωRC 2f RC
0 With LC filter
Power factor =⇒ pf = P In CCM
S 2Vm
Vo = (21)
π
Inductor 2Vm
di
IL = (22)
V oltage =⇒ vL = L dt πR
1
R 3ωL
Current =⇒ iL = L vL (dt) + I0− >1 (23)
Energy =⇒ w(t) = 12 Li2 (t) R
In DCM average inductor current.
1 β 1
Z  
L iL = Vm (cosα − cosωt) − Vo (ωt − α) d(ωt) (24)
τ = (10)
R π α ωL
RLE load CCM DC-DC converters - CCM
2Vm
Vo − E π
−E
Io = = (25) ton ton
R R D= = = ton fs (39)
ton + tof f T
∞
X ∆iL ∆iL
vo (t) = Vo + Vn cos(nω0 t + π) (26) Imax = IL + 2
and Imin = IL − 2
.
n=2,4.. Buck converter
Vo = DVs (40)
 
2Vm 2Vm 1 1
where, V Co = π
and Vn = π n−1
− n+1 Minimum inductance Lmin
Full controlled with RL load (1 − D)R
Lmin = (41)
DCM 2f
Vo (1 − D)
L= (42)
Vm ∆iL fs
io (ωt) = [sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)
Z (27) Output capacitor C
1−D
e−(ωt−α)/ωτ ]f orα ≤ ωt ≤ β C= (43)
8L(∆Vo /Vo )f 2
 
β < α + π =⇒ DCM (28) Vs −Vo
∆iL = L
DT
For CCM  
α ≤ tan−1
ωL
(29)
Boost converter
R Vs
Vo = (44)
∞ 1−D
Minimum inductance Lmin
X
vo (ωt) = V0 + Vn cos(nω0 t + θn ) (30)
n=1
D(1 − D)2 R
Lmin = (45)
Z α+π
2f
1 2Vm
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = cosα (31) Vs D
π α π L= (46)
∆iL f
The harmonics are q Output capacitor C
Vn = a2n + b2n (32) D
C= (47)
R(∆Vo /Vo )f
where,  
 
2Vm cos(n + 1)α cos(n − 1)α ∆iL = Vs
DT
an = − (33) L
π n+1 n−1

2Vm sin(n + 1)α sin(n − 1)α
 Buck-Boost converter  
bn = − (34) D
π n+1 n−1 Vo = −Vs (48)
1−D
2Vm Minimum inductance Lmin
Vo = cosα (35)
π (1 − D)2 R
Lmin = (49)
2f
Three phase full wave rectifier Vs D
L= (50)
Uncontrolled with R load f ∆iL
∞ Output capacitor C
X D
vo (t) = V0 + Vn cos(nωo t + π) (36) C= (51)
n=6,12,18,... R(∆Vo /Vo )f
Vs DT
∆iL = L
where,
1
Z 2π/3 3Vm,L−L Flyback converter
V0 = Vm,L−L sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (37) 
D

N1

π/3 π/3 π Vo = Vs (52)
1−D N2
The amplitudes of the ac voltage terms are
Minimum inductance Lmin 2
(1 − D)2 R

6Vm,L−L N2
Vn = (38) (Lm )min = (53)
π(n2 − 1) 2f N1
Vs D
for n=6,12,18,... L= (54)
f ∆iLm
 q
pP∞ 2
Vrms 2
− V1,rms
Output capacitor C 2
n=2 (Vn,rms )
∆Vo D T HD = = (62)
= (55) V1,rms V1,rms
Vo RCf
∆iL m = V sDT Quasi Square wave inverter(RL series load)
Lm s r
1
Z π−α 2α
Forward converter Vrms = 2 d(ωt) = V
Vdc dc 1− (63)
π π
 
N2 α
Vo = Vs D (56)
N1 2
Z π−α 4Vdc
vn = Vdc sin(nω0 t)d(ω0 t) = cos(nα) (64)
Output capacitor C π α nπ
∆Vo 1−D  
= (57) 4Vdc
Vo RLx Cf 2 V1 = cosα (65)
π
V sDT
∆iL m = Lm PWM inverter
fcarrier ftri
DC-AC inverters mf = = (66)
fref erence fsine
Vm,ref erence Vm,sine
Square wave inverter(RL series load) ma = = (67)
   Vm,carrier Vm,tri
Vdc
+ Imin − VR
dc
e−t/τ for 0 ≤ t ≤ T


 R 2 6 step inverter
io (t) =   (58) 
 2Vdc
 
nπ
 
n2π

−V Vdc T

 Rdc + Imax + R e−(t−T /2)/τ for ≤ t≤T Vn,L−L =  2 + cos − cos  f or n = 1, 5, 7, 11, 13... (68)


2 3nπ 3 3 
−(T /2τ ) 
3 phase PWM inverter

Vdc 1−e
Imax = −Imin = (59)
1 + e−(T /2τ )
q
R Vn3 = A2n3 + Bn3
2 (69)
s s
T Vdc −t/τ 2
Z Z T /2    
1 2 Vdc where,
Irms = i2 (t)d(t) = + Imin − e dt (60)     
T 0 T 0 R R
An3 = Vn sin nπ sin nπ


∞ 2 3
X 4Vdc     (70)
vo (t) = sinnω0 t (61) nπ nπ
Bn3 = Vn cos 2 sin 3

1,3,5..
nπ 