PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

FORENSIC
- It was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a “Market Place”, a
place where people gathered for “Public Discussion”
- It can be used in conjunction with other field of science connotes a
relationship with administration of justice or characteristics of Court and
Justice

CLE BOARD QUESTION

The word “Forensic” means ___ ?

A. Latin
B. Forum
C. Market place
D. Public discussion
Ang answer nasa last page.

Forensic Science – the application of the scientific techniques and principles in

order to provide evidence to legal or related investigations and determinations

Criminalistics- a profession or a field of forensic science that deals with recognition,

collection, preservation and examination of physical evidence for the administration
of justice

Dr. Hans Gustav Adolf Gross

- An Australian magistrate to described search for truth as the ultimate goal of
all investigative and detective works.
- The founder of Criminal Profiling (Offender Profiling)
- He is known as the father of modern criminalistics
- The creator of the field of criminalistics
- Father of criminal investigation
- Father of Australian psychoanalyst
- The birth of criminalistics was in 1893
- he founded institute of criminalistics (institute of criminology)
- res ipsa loquitur “the thing speaks for itself”
- in terms of investigation 95%perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck

SOCO – Scene Of The Crime Operatives

GOLDEN RULE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

“Do not touch, change or alter anything until it has been identified,
measured and photographed”
Dr. Edmond Locard
- he was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the “Sherlock
Holmes of France”
- Father of forensic science
- First police laboratory in 1910
- Locard’s exchange principle
- He established the use of “poroscopy” in personal identification in 1912
- Father of poroscopy

LOCARD’S LAW – the law of mutual exchange. It is not possible to come in contact
with an environment without changing it.

Crime laboratory (crime lab) – a scientific laboratory, using primarily forensic

science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases.

POROSCOPY – a method of personal identification through the comparison of the

impression of sweat pores (present on the friction ridges of palmar and plantar
surfaces).

LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE

“the greater number of similarities or dissimilarities; the greater probability for the
conclusion to be correct.”

CLE BOARD QUESTION

The identification of a person can be done either by Comparison or by ___?

A. Exclusion
B. Examination
C. Experimentation
D. Inclusion

History background

China  Emperor Te In Shi  Hua Chi (fingerprint)  Ki (loop) Lo

(whorl&arch)

Emperor Te In Shi
- The first chinese ruler who devised a “seal carved from white jade”.
- One side is the name of owner & the other side is impression thumb
- They used the said seal as sealing documents as authenticity
- But in short they don’t make any system of classification

Take note: the fingerprint in Japan known as “TEGATA”

ALPHONSE BERTILLON
- He was French police officer and biometrics researchers who applied the
anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement creating an
identification system based on physical measurements.
- The father of personal identification
- The father of mug shot photography
 - He introduced the anthropometry or human measurement or bertillonage
- The father of scientific detection
- Portrait Parle means “speaking likeness”
- Bertillon was even honored by sir Arthur Conan Doyle

ANTHROPOMETRY – a system of identification based on the measurements of

various bony structure of the human body came to be known when it was introduced
in the police department in paris, france in 1882

Berillon had calculated that the probability of two people having precisely the same
11 measurements was 1:4million

The West Case – The case of Will West and William West defeats the
Anthropometry System.

WILLIAM WEST 1901 WILL WEST 1903

Primarily LOOP patterns Primarily Whorl patterns
13/32 30/26
Arrested in Kansas for murder Not mention

PRIMARY PERSONALITIES IN THE FINGERPRINTS

Dr. J.C. MAYER ( Johann Christophe Andreas Mayer )

- A German Anatomist
- He was the first to state that fingerprints are never duplicated in two persons
- PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY
- It states that NO two person have the same fingerprints (statistics
probability)

Dr. HENRY FAULDS

- A surgeon at tsukiji hospital, Tokyo , japan who claimed that latent prints
would provide positive identification of offenders once apprehended (a
manual of practical dactyloscopy).
- PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY
- It states that “The fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of
identification”. It cannot be easily be forged

HERMANN WELCKER
- He was german anatomist and anthropologist who was born in Giessen
- The Welcker’s Basal Angle was named after him. It is the anterior inferior
angle of the parietal bone.
- He took is own fingerprints twice with a lapse of 41 YEARS and show the
ridges formation remains the same. 1856 – 1897
- PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY (CONSTANCY OR IMMUTABILITY)
- It states that “the friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement will
remain the same throughout man’s life”.
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
- He developed the arch loop and whorl patterns as general classification and
identified nine types of pattern.
- First to established a Civil Bureau of Personal Identification
- The inventor of dermatographics
- He said that the possibility of two prints being alike was 1:64BILLION
- He introduced the Word Association Test

JOHANNES EVANGELISTA PURKINJE

- The father of Dactyloscopy
- Professor at the university of Breslau, Germany.
- He was one of these scientist who advanced the field of fingerprinting.
- In 1823 purkinje named nine standard types of fingerprint patterns and
outlined a broad method of classification
- Ridges (rugae) and furrows (sulci)
- He was the first to recognize these patterns and classify them into a system
his system of classification is not used today. (never associated to
identification)

JUAN VUCETICH
- An argentine anthropologist and police official who pioneered the use of
fingerprinting. (Vucetichissimo)
- A Spanish counterpart of Henry who developed his own system of
classification in argentina and was accepted in almost all Spanish speaking
country
- 1892 vucetich made the first positive identification of a criminal in a case
where francisca rojas had killed her two children and then cut her throat,
trying to put the blame on the outside attacker
- Francisca is believed to be the first criminal found guilty through fingerprint
evidence in the world
- Brown mark on a bedroom door  bloody fingerprint

SIR RICHARD HENRY

- Father of Modern Fingerprint
- the first Baronet (sir) – the hereditary award from British Crown. (Baronetess
Dame)
- commissioner of police of the metropolis (head of the metropolitan police of
London)
- November 1912, while at his home in Kensington, Henry survived an
assassination attempt by one Alfred Bowes, a distinguished cab driver whose
license application has been refused
- He developed the Henry System of Classification at Scotland yard which was
accepted by almost all English speaking country
- The method of fingerprinting to identify criminals
MARCELLO MALPIGHI
- The father of microscopical anatomy, histology, physiology, & embryology.
- A professor at the university of bologna, Italy, known for his discovery of the
epidermis and dermis layer. Written the book entitled “De Externo Tactus
Organo”
- GRANDFATHER OF FINGERPRINT
- He originated the term loops and spiral,
- One of the part was name after him malphigian layer

SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL

- He is the 2nd Baronet
- The first to advocate the use of fingerprints as substitute for signature from
among indian native to avoid impersonation
- But his request to be official adoption of fingerprint was ignored by the
government
- He was the first actual try-out in establishing the individuality. “Origin Of
Fingerprinting
- First to use fingerprints for identification on July 28 1858

Personal Identification
- it refers to a process where a person or something that may distinguish from
someone or something
- a system recognizing and identifying a particular person based on his/her
characteristics as differentiate from others.

Fingerprint
- it is an impression design by the first joint of the fingers and thumb on smooth
surface through the media of ink, sweat or any substance capable of
producing visibility.
- The impression made by the bridges by medium of ink, sweat to produce
visibility (NBI)

Latent Prints
- Latin word Latens meaning something indistinct or something hidden
- Found at the crime scene

Factors affecting Latent Prints

1. Climatic Condition
2. Subject Factor
3. Nature of the Surface

What is fingerprint impression?

- It is the manner of stamping ridges. (NBI)
Galton & Henry System
- ARCH
Plain arch
Tented arch
Exceptional arch
- LOOP
Plain loop
Lateral loop
Twin loop
Central pocket loop
- WHORL
Plain whorl
Accidental whorl

Galton & Henry System and with FBI Modification and Extension
- ARCH ( 5% )
Plain Arch - A
Tented Arch- T
- LOOP ( 65% )
Radial Loop- R
Ulnar Loop - U
- Whorl ( 30% )
Plain Whorl - W
Central Pocket Loop Whorl - C
Double Loop –D
Accidental Whorl - X

What system in the fingerprints adopted in the Philippines?

- Galton & Henry System with FBI Modification and Extension

History of the study of fingerprint in the Philippines

 Mr. Garry Jones – he was the one who first taught fingerprints in the
Philippines. (1900)
 Bureau of Prison (Bureau of Correction) – the fingerprint was used CARPETA
 Capt. Thomas Dugan (NYPD) and Flaviano Guerrero (FBI Washington) – who
gave the first examination in FP in 1927.
 Atty. Agustin C. Patricio- He top the 1st F.P. examination in the Philippines
 Plaridel Education Institute (PEI) now known as Phil. College of Criminology,
first government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and
other Police Sciences.

AMERICA PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES

Mary K. Holand Generoso Reyes Isabela Bernales
The first American The first Filipino The first Filipina
instructress in fingerprint technician fingerprint technician
Dactyloscopy employed by the
Philippine constabulary
Federal Bureau Of Investigation (FBI)
- The fingerprint identification unit herein was officially established by an act of
congress in 1924. (formerly bureau of investigation)

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) – mura ni sya og

BIOMETRIC ang porma. Biometric jd ni sya

PEOPLE VS. MEDINA PEOPLE VS JENNINGS (1911)

First case in the republic of the First case in the united states of
Philippines America
10 points similarity in respective 14 points of similarity in respective
position and ridges position and ridges
Case of robbery amount of 320php Case of murder on February 1, 1911
(Small silver box) Victim- Mr. Clarence B. Hitler
1 watch “Howard Gold” JCR 200php Thomas Jennings
One green wrist watch leather strap Discovered release on Parole in august
120php 1910
Victim- James Rockwell
Marciano Medina Y Diokno

LUCILA LALU – the first Filipina Chop-Chop Lady who was identified through
fingerprint.

JOHN HERBERT DELLINGER ROBERT JAMES PITTS (roscoe pitts )

He was known as U.S. public enemy #1 Works on surgery to forged his own
who attempt to destroy his own prints fingerprint and was named “man without
using corrosive acids. fingerprint”.
- Biograph theatre - Robert james Philips
- Lady in Red - Generative layer
- 50,000 Dollars - Second joints of fingers
- Snake eye

DACTYLOSCOPY DACTYLOGRAPHY
Greeks words The scientific study of fingerprint as a
Dactyl (finger) means of identification
Skopien (to study or examine)
The practical application of the science of
fingerprints
Sa board exam
The word DACTYL is a LATIN word

DACTYLOMANCY DERMATOGLYPHICS
the scientific study of fingerprint for The scientific which deals with the study
purposes of personality interpretation of skin pattern
It is derived from the greek words
Derma ( skin )
Glype (carve)
CHIROSCOPY PODOSCOPY POROSCOPY
Greek word Greek word Greek word
Cheir (hand) Podo (foot) Poros (pare)
Skopien (to examine) Skopien (to examine) Skopien (to examine)
The science which deals The science which deals The scientific study of the
with the study of the prints with the study of the arrangement of the sweat
of the palms of the hand footprints pores

EDGEOSCOPY
- Identification of a finger or palm print having low characteristics count
- The study of the characteristics form by the sides or edge of papillary ridges
as a mean of identification
FACSIMILE SYSTEM “POLICE FAX”
- Fast transmission and reception of fingerprint information from one police
identification bureau to another

PHALANGE – the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. It is made up to three
bones.
- BASAL (PROXIMAL PAHALANGE) – it is located at the base if the finger
nearest the palm
- MIDDLE PHALANGE – the next and above the basal done
- TERMINAL PHALANGE – the particular bone covered with friction skin,
having all the different types of fingerprint patterns and it is located near the
tip of the finger.
FRICTION SKIN (or VOLAR SKIN according to a biologist) – an epidermal
hairless skin on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet covered with
ridges and furrows. (PAPILLARY SKIN).

Component of friction skin

- Ridge surface
Ridge – the elevated or hill like structure / the black lines with tiny dots
Furrows – the depressed or canal like structure/ the white space between
ridges
- Sweat pores – the tiny opening / the tiny white dots
- Sweat ducts – the passage way
- Sweat glands – the producers of sweat

FUNDAMENTAL LAYERS OF THE FRICTION SKIN

- EPIDERMIS – the outermost layer
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Mucosum
- Dermis – the inner layer containing the blood vessel, dermal papillae, various
glands and nerves

RIDGE FORMATION – the ridges starts to form in the fingers and thump during the
3rd to 4th months of the fetus life.
DERMAL PAPILLAE – these are the irregular pegs composed of delicate
connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms,
toes and soles of the feet.

OTHER CONDITION
- Polydactyl – exceed fingers from usual
- Microdactyl – small finger from average size
- Macrodactyl – enlargement of the fingers
- Ectrodactyl – missing fingers
- Syndactyl – side fusion of fingers

RIDGE DESTRUCTION – the destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary
or permanent.

GENERAL RULES ON RIDGE DESTRUCTION

- Destruction of the epidermis – temporay
- Dermis – permanent damage
- Cut – a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute permanent scar

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (GALTON DETAILS)

- Bifurcation – a ridge formation in which a single ridge splits or divides into
two or more ridges. It resembles a fork shape. A single ridges that runs and
divide into two branch.
- Ending ridge – it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge.
- Short ridge – it is a ridge with limited length.
- Ridge Dot (island ridge) – it refers to a ridge formation in form of a dot or
period.
- Converging ridge- the two ridges that meets at a certain point
- Diverging ridge – the two ridges that spread apart
- Enclosure (lake ridge & eyelet) – a single ridge that divides into two but
does not remain open and meet at a certain point to form the original single
ridge.
- Type lines – a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and
serves as a basic boundary of fingerprint impression.
- Pattern area – a part of a loop of whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines
and consisting of the delta, core and other ridges. It’s the part of the loop or a
whorl which appear the core, the delta, and the ridges which come out in the
classification of fingerprint pattern.
- Recurving ridge – a single ridges that curves back to the direction where it
started.
- Sufficient recurve – a recurving ridge which is complete with it’s should and
free from any appendage
- Appendage – a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve
- Rod (bar) – a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and directed
towards the core
- Obstruction ridge – a short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the
inner line of flow towards the core.
INNER TERMINUS or CORE or HEART (pariha rana sila )
OUTER TERMINUS or DELTA or TRIRADIAL

DIFFERENT FINGERPRINT PATTERN

PLAIN ARCH –a pattern type that has ridges enter on one side of the pattern and
flow to the other side with a rise in the center
TENTED ARCH – a pattern type of a pattern possesses an angle, an upthrust, or
two of the three basic characteristics of the loop

ANGLE TYPE UPTHRUST INCOMPLETE LOOP

The type in which ridges at The type in which one or The type approaching the
the center form a definite more ridges at the center loop type possession two
angle of 90 degrees or from an UPTHRUST. An of the basic of the loop but
less upthrust is an ending ridge lacking the third element
of any length rising at a
sufficient degrees from the
horizontal place of 45
degrees or more

Elements of LOOP
- A sufficient recurve
- A delta
- At least one ridge count

LOOP
RADIAL LOOP RH / LH \ ULNAR LOOP RH \ LH /
Type of loop pattern in which the slanting type of loop pattern in which the slanting
or looping ridge flows towards the thumb or looping ridge flows towards the little
finger finger

WHORL FAMILY
PLAIN WHORL
- Two or more deltas
- At least one complete circuiting ridge
- At least one circuiting ridge is touched or crossed by the imaginary line
traversing between the two deltas
DOUBLE LOOP
- Two separate loop formation
- Two separate and distinct shoulder
- Two deltas
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP
- No circuiting ridge within the pattern area is touched or cross by an
imaginary line drawn between the two deltas
ACCIDENTAL WHORL
- A combination of two different patterns with the exception of the plain
arch
- Two deltas
Fingerprint card – it is an 8 x 8 card designed for recording fingerprint impression

Rolled impression – the fingerprint impression taken individually by rolling each

finger by one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint.

Plain impression – the impression made by simultaneously pressing the finger to

the card use as a reference to classification

Basic rule in taking fingerprints

- subject should be instructed to stand straight but relax facing the slab
- the subject hand should be completely dry
- thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while other fingers rolled away
from the body

Rules in choosing the delta

- the delta may not be located at the bifurcation which does not open towards
the core
- when there is a choice between a bifurcation and another delta, the
bifurcation is selected
- if there are series of bifurcation opening towards the core, equally close to the
point of divergence of the typelines, the delta nearest to the core shall be
selected
- the delta may not be located in the middle of ridge running between the
typelines toward the core , but at the nearer end only

Rules in choosing a core

- the core is placed upon within innermost sufficient recurve
- when the innermost sufficient recurve contains no ending ridge or rod rising
as high as the shoulder of the loop, the core is placed on the shoulder of the
loop further from the delta
- when the innermost sufficient recurve contains uneven number of rods rising
as high as the shoulder, the core is placed upon the end of the center rod
whether it touches the loop ridge or not
- when the innermost sufficient recurve contains an even number of rods rising
as high as the shoulder, the core is place upon the end of the farther one of
the two center rods, the center rods between treated as though they where
connected by recurving ridge.

CAN A PERSON BE FORCED TO BE FINGERPRINT?

 YES, the authority is vested in opinion number 204, series of 1939 made
by the former sec. of justice Jose Abad Santos
 As long as the person is under legal arrest he can be force to be
fingerprinting
 A person under legal arrest who refuses to be fingerprint may be
prosecuted by “Disobedience to the against of person in authority”
define and penalized by art. 151 of RPC
FINGERPRINTS CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

CLASSIFICATION- Method of the fingerprint filing in a formula for a set of fingerprint

filing in a formula for a set of fingerprint whereby it may be located in the filing
cabinet

CLASSIFICATION FORMULA – a numerical description of a set of classified

fingerprint which is composed of figures and letters and written on a horizontal line
like fraction

K M P S Ss F

Checking – it is ensuring every fingerprint is in proper box by the used of plain

impression

Blocking out – the process if placing under each pattern the letter symbols
representing their pattern interpretation prior to the actual classification formula

PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION – it is always represented by a numerical value

assigned to whorl patterns depending on what finger they appear
Note: Has value only for WHORL family such as: W C D X
Those not include in WHORL family such as: ATRU no value

SECONDARY – represented by Capital and small letter combination based on

interpretation made during the blocking
Note : Capital letter – derived from the index fingers which can be A T R U W C D
and X.
Small letter – derived from thumb, middle, ring , and little except the INDEX finger .
it only includes radial loop , plain arch and tented arch. ( RAT )

SUB-SECONDARY
- derived by the counting of loop and ridge
- tracing of whorl found at the index, middle and ring fingers only.

Ridge counting – is the exhibition of the resultant symbols for ridge counting in
loops as expressed by symbols inner (I) outer (o), found on the index, middle and
ring fingers both hands. Ridges area counted and compared to the table to obtain
the resulted value

Ridge tracing – when a whorl is found on indexes, middle & ring fingers of both
hands. The ridges are traced to obtain the resultant symbol IMO

RIDGE COUNTING ( LOOP ONLY )

FINGERS INNER OUTER
INDEX 1–9 10 ABOVE
MIDDLE 1 – 10 11 ABOVE
RING 1 – 13 14 ABOVE
RIDGE TRACING ( WHORL ONLY )

- Meeting whorl (M) = when there are only two or less intervening ridges
anywhere
- Inner whorl (I) = when the tracing goes above or inside the right delta and
the are three (3) or more intervening ridges
- Outer whorl (O) = when the tracing ridge goes below or outside the right
delta and there are three (3) or more intervening ridges

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
- Taken from the thumb only
- Whorl = Ridge tracing = I, O, or M
- Loop = Ridge Counting = S, M or L

Table 1 Table 2
1 – 15 = S 1 – 17 S
12 – 16= M 18 – 22 =M
17 ore more = L 23 or more = L
Arch= Dash ( -- )

Note: if the left thumb reach 17 or more ridge count use table 2 for right thumb
only and the left thumb still use table 1

FINAL CLASSIFICATION
- Derived from the little fingers only
- Loop and Whorl are both subject to ridge counting
- Radial or Ulnar
- Plain or central pocket loop whorl
- Double loop whorl – get the ridge count of the top loop
- Accidental whorl - get the least ridge count
- Arch (-)

KEY CLASSIFICATION
- Derived by getting the ridge count of the first (L) Loop except the little fingers
- In the absence of the loop , the first whorl will be ridge counted for the
purpose.

Basic fingerprint instrument

1. Ink slab – a metallic or glass plate where the fingerprint ink is spread by the
fingerprint roller
2. Card Holder – it is usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat table designed
to prevent the movement of the card in the course of the taking of the
fingerprint.
3. Ink Roller – a rubber made roller designed to spread the fingerprint ink to the
slab.
Note: caramel brown is a good color for the distribution of ink on ink slab
Magnifying Glass – it refers to an instrument used for examination of developed
prints ( 75% )

Two common types of magnifying glass

1. Linen Tester - having an opening one inch square, with fixed focus, and
which can be folded and carried in the pocket when necessary
2. Bausch & Lomb Magnifier – (also known as Horse Shoe magnifier) a
magnifying glass with a built in stand and an adjustable lens to suit the visual
sight of the examiner
Fingerprint powder – it refers to the powder used in developing latent prints found
in the scene of crime; they are normally found in two: the black and the white or gray,
which is applied depending upon the contrasting background

Fingerprint brushes – it refers to an instrument used for powdering latent prints.

There are three variation of brushes used: fiberglass magnetic and feather type.
Fingerprint lifting tapes – it refers to a tapes used for lifting of developed latent
prints which is quite harder than an ordinary tapes. It has three varieties: frosted ,
robber and transparent
Latent prints transfer cards – it refers to a card used in preserving lifted latent
prints which is either white or black in background

Methods in Developing Prints

- Dusting method – it is considered as the simplest and traditional methods

used in developing prints at scene of the crime (use of powder and brush)
- Rolling method – basically used in developing prints in paper done by
simply rolling the paper with powder spreading in its surface
- Fuming method – it can be done by using chemical fumes such as iodine
and ammonium fumes.
- Silver nitrate method – it can be done by spraying a 5 percent solution of
silver nitrate to the surface of the paper
- Ninhydrin method – it is considered as one of the best method used in
developing prints in paper
- Laser method – it is a modern method of tracing and developing prints
- Post mortem fingerprints – these are prints taken from a diseased person