Introduction to

Cloud Computing
Prepared by: Sushil Sah

By-Sushil Sah 1
 Cloud and dynamic Infrastructure

Asset
Service management
management

Virtualization and Information

consolidation infrastructure

Energy Efficiency Security

Resilience
 Service-Management

visibility

Automation
Service-management
Business and IT Firms
(saas,paas,iaas)

Control

Cloud dynamic
infrastructure
 Service -management
 This type of special facility or a functionality is provided
to the cloud IT services by the cloud service providers.

 This facility includes visibility, automation and control to

delivering the first class IT services.
 Asset-Management
 Asset values are
 are maximizing
Server

Platform

services Assets Of cloud

service
providers
hardware

Cloud dynamic Asset-management

infrastructure
ASSET-MANAGEMENT

 In this actually the assets or the property which is

involved in providing the cloud services are getting
managed.

 They are getting managed in such a way so that their

value will got maximized.
 Virtualization and consolidation

Operating
costs platform

 Going downward service

 or
 Reducing

Effective utilization
Cloud dynamic
infrastructure
 Virtualization and consolidation

 Here in the above fig it is clearly stated that ”resources

are getting utilized more and more efficiently.

 Also the operating cost of the systems is getting down.

Information-Infrastructure

compliance
Information

Availability

Business Firms
retention

Security
 Information-Infrastructure
 It helps the business organizations to achieve the
following :

 Information compliance,availibility of resources retention

and security objectives.
 Energy-Efficiency

 Here the IT infrastructure or organization sustainable.

 It means it is not likely to damage or effect any other

thing.
 Security

Platform services

Managing- risk
Infrastructure

Customizing the  Cloud

governance
dynamic
infrastructure
 Security
 This cloud infrastructure is responsible for the risk management,
customizing the governance.

 Risk management Refers to the risks involves in the services which

are being provided by the cloud-service providers.

 Customization of governance implies that the features of the

governing body or admin body can be changed but these changes
are totally depends on the providers wish.
 Resilience
 This infrastructure provides the feature of resilience
means the services are resilient.

 It means the infrastructure is safe from all side.

 The IT operations will not be easily get affected.

DEFINITION: Grid computing

 Grid computing is the federation of computer resources

from multiple administrative domains to reach a common
goal.

 “computational of grid is a hardware and software

infrastructure that provides independent pervasive
and inexpensive access to high end computational
capabilities”.
What is Grid Computing?

 Computational Grids
 Homogeneous (e.g., Clusters)
 Heterogeneous (e.g., with one-of-a-kind instruments)

 Cousins of Grid Computing

 Methods of Grid Computing

Computational Grids

 Each user A network of geographically distributed

resources including computers, peripherals, switches,
instruments, and data.

 should have a single login account to access all

resources.

 Resources may be owned by diverse organizations.

Computational Grids

 Grids are typically managed by grid ware.

 Grid ware can be viewed as a special type of middleware

that enable sharing and manage grid components based
on user requirements and resource attributes (e.g.,
capacity, performance, availability…)
Cousins of Grid Computing

 Parallel Computing

 Distributed Computing

 Peer-to-Peer Computing

 Many others: Cluster Computing, Network Computing,

Client/Server Computing, Internet Computing, etc...
Distributed Computing

 People often ask: Is Grid Computing a fancy new name

for the concept of distributed computing?

 In general, the answer is “no.” Distributed Computing is

most often concerned with distributing the load of a
program across two or more processes.
PEER2PEER Computing

 Sharing of computer resources and services by direct

exchange between systems.

 Computers can act as clients or servers depending on

what role is most efficient for the network.
Methods of Grid Computing

 Distributed Supercomputing
 High-Throughput Computing
 On-Demand Computing
 Data-Intensive Computing
 Collaborative Computing
 Logistical Networking
Distributed Supercomputing

 Combining multiple high-capacity resources on a

computational grid into a single, virtual distributed
supercomputer.

 Tackle problems that cannot be solved on a single

system.
High-Throughput Computing

 Uses the grid to schedule large numbers of loosely

coupled or independent tasks, with the goal of putting
unused processor cycles to work.
On-Demand Computing

 Uses grid capabilities to meet short-term requirements

for resources that are not locally accessible.

 Models real-time computing demands.

Collaborative Computing

 Concerned primarily with enabling and enhancing

human-to-human interactions.

 Applications are often structured in terms of a virtual

shared space.
Logistical Networking

 Global scheduling and optimization of data movement.

 Contrasts with traditional networking, which does not

explicitly model storage resources in the network.

 Called "logistical" because of the analogy it bears with

the systems of warehouses, depots, and distribution
channels.
Who Needs Grid Computing?

 A chemist may utilize hundreds of processors to screen

thousands of compounds per hour.

 Teams of engineers worldwide pool resources to analyze

terabytes of structural data.

 Meteorologists seek to visualize and analyze petabytes

of climate data with enormous computational demands.
An Illustrative Example

 Tiffany Moisan, a NASA research scientist, collected

microbiological samples in the tidewaters around
Wallops Island, Virginia.

 She needed the high-performance microscope located at

the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging
Research (NCMIR), University of California, San Diego.
 She sent the samples to San Diego and used NPACI’s
Telescience Grid and NASA’s Information Power Grid
(IPG) to view and control the output of the microscope
from her desk on Wallops Island. Thus, in addition to
viewing the samples, she could move the platform
holding them and make adjustments to the microscope.
CONT…..

 The microscope produced a huge dataset of images.

 This dataset was stored using a storage resource broker
on NASA’s IPG.
 Moisan was able to run algorithms on this very dataset
while watching the results in real time.
 Grid Users

 Grid developers

 Tool developers

 Application developers

 End Users

 System Administrators
Grid Developers

 Very small group.

 Implementers of a grid “protocol” who provides the basic

services required to construct a grid.
Tool Developers

 Implement the programming models used by application

developers.

 Implement basic services similar to conventional

computing services:
 User authentication/authorization
 Process management
 Data access and communication
Application Developers

 Construct grid-enabled applications for end-users who

should be able to use these applications without concern
for the underlying grid.

 Provide programming models that are appropriate for

grid environments and services that programmers can
rely on when developing (higher-level) applications.
System Administrators

 Balance local and global concerns.

 Manage grid components and infrastructure.

 Some tasks still not well delineated due to the high

degree of sharing required.
ADVANTAGE

 Can solve larger, more complex problems in a shorter

time

 Easier to collaborate with other organizations

 Make better use of existing hardware

DISADVANTAGE

 Grid software and standards are still evolving

 Learning curve to get started

 Non-interactive job submission

The grid- Present, Past, Future

 Number of derivatives in grid computing. Share resources and different

architecture.
1. Compute Grids
2. Data Grids
3. Science Grids
4. Access Grids
5. Knowledge Grids
6. Cluster Grids
7. Terra Grids
8. Commodity Grids
1. Compute Grids vendors:

 Grid Gain - Professional Open Source

 JPPF - Open Source

2. Data Grids vendors:

 Oracle Coherence- Commercial

 GemStone- Commercial

 GigaSpaces – Commercial

 JBossCache - Professional Open Source

 EhCache- Open Source

Data
Functional data requirements for Grid Computing applications are:

•To integrate multiple distributed, heterogeneous, and independently

managed data sources.

•Data transfer mechanisms

•Data caching and/or replication mechanisms to minimize network

traffic.

•Data discovery mechanisms

•Data encryption and integrity

•Backup/restore mechanisms and policies

Computation

Functional computational requirements for grid applications are:

•Independent management of computing resources.

•Intelligently and transparently select computing resources.

•Availability, dynamic resource configuration,

•Failure detection and failover mechanisms.

•Secure resource management, access, and integrity.

Computational and Data Grids

Data requirements in the early grid solutions:

 Discover data.

 Databases, utilizing meta-data and other attributes of the data.

 The provisioning of computing facilities for high-speed data movement.

 Flexible data access and data filtering capabilities.

Current Grid Activities

 Sharing of resources can be different in present grid.

1. Computing power

2. Data

3. Hardware

4. Software

5. Network services
Dynamic benefits of coordinated resource sharing in a virtual
organization.
 The usage patterns found within each of the virtual organizations.

 A virtual organization for weather prediction. For example, this

virtual organization requires resources such as weather prediction software
applications to perform the mandatory environmental simulations
associated with predicting weather.

 A virtual organization for financial modeling. For example, this

virtual organization requires resources such as software modeling tools for
performing a multitude of financial analytics, virtualized blades to run the
above software, and access to data storage facilities for storing and
accessing data.
Number of requirements for Grid Computing architecture

Three categories

1. Resource categories

2. Virtual organization

3. Users/Applications
Providing facilities for the following scenarios:

 Dynamic discovery of computing resources, based on their capabilities and

functions.

 Immediate allocation and provisioning of these resources, based on their

availability and the user demands or requirements.

 The management of these resources to meet the required service level agreements

(SLAs).

 The provisioning of multiple autonomic features for the resources, such as self-

diagnosis, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-management.

 The provisioning of secure access methods to the resources, and bindings with the

local security mechanisms based upon the autonomic control policies.

Virtual organization must be capable of providing facilities for:
 Virtual task forces, or groups, to solve specific problems associated with the virtual
organization.

 Dynamic collection of resources from heterogeneous providers based upon users' needs and
the sophistication levels of the problems.

 Dynamic identification and automatic problem resolution of a wide variety of troubles, with
automation of event correlation, linking the specific problems to the required resource and
service providers.

 The dynamic provisioning and management capabilities of the resources required meeting the
SLAs.

 The formation of a secured federation (or governance model) and common management
model for all of the resources respective to the virtual organization.

 The secure delegation of user credentials and identity mapping to the local domain(s).

 The management of resources, including utilization and allocation, to meet a budget and other
economic criteria.
Users/applications typically found in Grid Computing environments must

be able to perform the following characteristics:

 The clear and unambiguous identification of the problem

 The identification and mapping of the resources

 The ability to sustain the required levels of QoS, while adhering to the

anticipated and necessary SLAs.

 The capability to collect feedback regarding resource status, including

updates for the environment's respective applications.

GRID INFRASTRUCTURE
 GRID infrastructure forms the core foundation for the
successful grid applications
Grid computing infrastructure component must
address several potentially complicated areas in many
stages of implementation , they are
1. Security
2. Resource management
3. Information services
4. Data management
Diagram:

GRID APPLICATIONS
G G
R R
I I
D RES INF D
DAT M
M OUR OR
A I
I CE MATI
D SEC ON D
URIT MAN D
D MAN AGE
L Y SER L
AGE MEN
E MEN VIC E
T W
W T ES
A A
R R
E E

HOSTING ENVIRONMENT
 Security

 Heterogeneous nature of resources – complicated

polices - complex security schemes
 These computing resources are hosted in differing
security domains and Heterogeneous
platforms
 Security requirements – data integrity , confidentiality
and information privacy
Contd…

 The grid computing data exchange must be protected

using secure communication channels including
SSL/TLS
 Secure message exchange mechanisms such as WS-
Security
 Security infrastructure – grid security infrastructure (GSI)
Resource management

 Resource management scenarios are

1. Resource discovery
2. Resource monitoring
3. Fault isolation
4. Resource provisioning
5. Resource monitoring
6. Autonomic capabilities
7. Service level management activities
Contd…

 Resource management area is the selection of correct

resource from grid resource pool
 Fully based on SLA
 Information services

 Providing valuable information respective to grid

computing infrastructure resources
 Service are entirely depends on resource availability,
capacity and utilization
 The information is valuable and mandatory feedback
respective to resource managers
 Grid solutions are constructed to reflect portals
 Metrics are helpful in SLA
Data management

 Data forms the single most important asset in a grid

computing system
 Data maybe – input to the resource – output from the
resource
 Data must be near to the computation where it is used
 Data storage mechanisms – Storage Area Network
(SAN) ,network file system, virtual database
contd…

 Developers and providers must factor into decision are

related to selecting the most appropriate data
management mechanism for grid computing
infrastructure
This includes size of –
1. data repositories
2. resource geographical distribution
3. security requirements
4. schemes for replication
5. caching facilities