MOLE An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Mole: An amount of a substance whose mass or weight in gram is numerically equal to formula weight
(Atomic weight or Molecular weight) is called Mole.
wt. of subs tan ce in gm
No. of mole 
at. wt. or mol.wt.
wt.in g
No. of moles = No. of atoms = no. of moles × 6.023 × 1023
at.wt.
wt.in g Mol. Wt. Mol. Formula
No .of atoms=  6.023  1023 n 
at. wt. Empirical Wt. Empirical Formula
1 amu = 1.662  10 -24 gm
01. What is Solution?
02. Explain Homogeneous solution & Heterogeneous solution? With examples
03. Define the term with examples (a) Acidity of the Base (b) Basicity of an Acid
04. Calculate the no. of g equivalent in 98 gm in H2SO4.
05. How many moles of nitrogen gas, N2 are there in 35.7 g of nitrogen? Ans. 1.28 mol N2
06. Calculate the no. of moles of 180 g of Glucose (C6H12O6)?
07. Calculate the wt. in gm in 5 moles of CaCO3?
08. Calculate the no. of e-s in 1.6 gm of CH4.
09. Calculate the no. of e-s in 1.7 gm of NH3.
10. Calculate the no. of e-s in 1.8 gm of H2O.
11. Find the no. of O, H, C- atoms in 18 gm of Glucose.
12. Find the number of atoms in 48 g of ozone at NTP. Ans.
13. Calculate the number of oxygen atoms and its weight in 50g of CaCO3. Ans.
14. Calculate the number of atoms of each element present in 122.5 g of KClO3.
Ans.
15. Calculate the weight, and the number of atoms of H, S and O in 5 moles of H2SO4.
Ans.
16. What is the mass of 0.01 mol H2SO4? Ans. 0.98 g
17. What is the mass of 0.45 mol of ions? Ans. 43.2 g
18. Calculate the weight of molecules of CaCO3. Ans. 100g
19. Calculate the weight of atoms of carbon. Ans. 24 g.
20. A piece of Cu weighs 0.635 g. How many atoms of Cu does it contain? Ans.
21. Calculate the number of molecules in 11.2 liters of SO2 gas at NTP. Ans.
22. Calculate the volume of 20 g of hydrogen gas at NTP. Ans. 224 liters.
23. Find Basicity of an Acid: (a) H3PO4 (b) H3PO3 (c) H3PO2 (d) HClO4 (e) H2SO4 (f) HCl
24. Find Acidity of the Base: (a) NaOH (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) Al(OH)3 (d) KOH (e) Ba(OH)2
25. Find Basicity of an Organic Acid: (a) HCOOH (b) CH3COOH (c) HOOC-COOH
26. Calculate the equivalent weight of: (a) O (b) Mg2+ (c)H2SO4 (d)NaOH (e) Cl-
(f) Al(OH)3 (g) H3PO4 (h) S2- (i) Na+ (j) Al
27. Calculate the no. of g equivalent in .40 gm in NaOH.
28. How many types of Solutions?
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 -: Expressing Concentration of Solution:- An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Mass percentage (w / w):-It is the amount of solute in gm dissolved per 100gm of solution.
Mass component of solution =  100
Q01. What is the percent by weight of NaCl if 1.75 g of NaCl is dissolved in 5.85 g of water?
Ans: wt. of solute (NaCl) = 1.75 gm & wt. of solvent (H2O) = 5.85 g
wt. of solution = 1.75 g + 5.85 g = 7.60 gm
Hence, Concentration of NaCl% by weight = = 23.0Ans
Q02. A solution has been prepared by dissolving 5 gm of urea in 95 gm of water. What is the mass
percent of urea in the solution? (Ans: 5%)
Q03. Calculate the masses of cane sugar and water required to prepare 250 gm of 25% solution of cane Sugar.
Ans: Mass percent =  100 Mass percent = 25, Mass of solution = 250g
25 =  100

Mass of sugar cane = = 62.5 g & Mass of water = 250 – 62.5= 187.5 g
Q04. If 11gm of oxalic acid dissolve in 500ml of solution density = 1.1 g mL–1 .
What is the mass percent of oxalic acid in solution?
Ans: d = 1.1 gm L–1 M (w) = 11gm
D=M/V or M (w) = D.V = 1.1  500 or= 550gm
w/w =  100 = 2 % Ans
Q05. A solution is obtained by mixing 300g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40 % solution by mass. Calculate
the mass percent of resulting solution.
Ans: 300 g of 25% solution contains solute = 75 gm& 400 g of 40% solution contains solute = 160 gm
Total solute = 160 + 75 = 235 gm& Total solution = 300 + 400 = 700 gm
% of solute in the final solution = &% of water in the final solution = 100 – 33.5 = 66.5 %
Volume percentage (v/v):-It is the volume of solute dissolve per ml solution.
Volume % of component =  100
*35% (v/v) solution of ethylene glycol C2H6O2 behaves as antifreeze and is used in car for cooling the
engine at this concentration the antifreeze solution lower the freezing point of water to 255.4 K
+

Mass by volume percentage (m or w/v):- It is mass of solute dissolved per 100ml of solution. It is
Commonly used in medicine.
Parts –per million (ppm):- It is the no. of parts of a solute per million parts (106) of solution .It is expressed
as ppm
ppm =  10 6
Note: The concentration of the poisonous gases in air is expressed as ppm, similarly degree of hardness of water is
normally expressed as ppm. For Example, if the hardness of water due to the presence of Ca(HCO3)2 is 16.7 ppm ,
this means that 16.7 parts of Ca(HCO3)2 are present in 106 parts of the solution of hard water.
Q01. One litre of sea water weight 1050 grams and contains 6  10 –3 g of dissolved oxygen gas. Calculate the
concentration of the dissolved oxygen in ppm.
Ans: Mass of oxygen (O2) = 6  10 –3 g & Mass of sea water = 1050 g
ppm of oxygen =  106 =  106 = 5.71ppm

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 An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Mass percent or weight percent (w / W):- Weight of solute present in 100 gm of the solution.

Weight percent =

% by weight =
w = weight of solute; W = weight of solution
Q01. What is the mass percent of the solute in the solution obtained by dissolving 5 gm of the solute in 50 g of
water? Ans. 9.1 %
Q02. A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass percent of the
solute. (NCERT) Ans. 10 %
Q03. What is weight percentage of urea solution in which 10 gm of urea is dissolved in 90 gm of water?
Ans. 10 %
Q04. Calculate the mass percentage composition of copper pyrites (CuFeS2) ; [Cu = 63.5, Fe = 56, S = 32]
Ans. Cu = 34.64 %; Fe = 30.44 %, S = 34.91 %
Q05. Calculate the mass percentage of different lengths in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4). (NCERT)
Ans. Na = 32.39 %; S = 22.53 %, O = 45.074 %
Q06. Ferric sulphate is used in water and sewage treatment and in removal of suspended impurities. Its empirical
formula in Fe2 (SO4)3. Calculate the mass percentage of Iron, S & Oxygen in this compound.
Ans. Fe = 28 %; S = 24 %, O = 48 %
Q07. A solution is prepared by mixing of 10 ml ethanol with 190 ml of water. What is volume percentage of
ethanol? Ans. 5 %

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 MOLALITY (m) An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Molality (m): The molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in 1 Kg
(1000 g) of the solvent. It is represented by the symbol, m
Molality =

(Numericals)
01. What is Molality?
02. Calculate the molality of 4 gm of NaOH in 500 gm of solvent. (Ans: 0.2m)
03. Calculate the molality of a solution obtained by dissolving 15.87g ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) in 168 gm of
water (H2O) (A.I.S.B 1990) (Ans: 2.05m)
04. What is the molality of solution which contains 18 gm of Glucose (C6H12O6) in 250 gm of H2O?
(Ans: 0.4 mol/kg)
05.2.82 gm of glucose (Mol. mass = 180) are dissolved in 30 gm of H2O. Calculate the molality of solution.
(Ans: 0.52 m)
06. What is the molality of a 13% solution (by weight) of sulphuric acid? (CBSE 1999)
(Ans: 1.52moles/kg)
07. Calculate the molality of 2.5gm ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75gm of benzene. (N.C.E.R.T)
(Ans: 0.556mole kg–1)
08. Calculate the molality of 1 litre solution of 93% H2SO4 (weight /volume). The density of the solution is
1.84 gmL–1 (I.I.T 1990) (Ans: 10.43m)
[Hints: 93% H2SO4 (w/v) = 93 gm H2SO4 in 100 cm3 of the solution = 93 gm in 184 gm of solution.
Solvent (Water) = 184 – 93 = 91 gm]
09. Calculate the molality of potassium carbonate solution which is formed by dissolving 2.5 gm of it in one
litre solution (density of solution is 0.85 gmL–1,
(At. mass no. of K=39, C=12, O=16). (P.S.B.1992) (Ans: 0.02m)
10. Determine the molality of a solution formed by dissolving 0.850g of NH3 in 100gm water.
(H.P.S.B.1992) (Ans: 0.5m)
11. The solubility of Ba(OH)2.8H2O in water at 298K is 5.6gm per 100gm of water . What is the molality
of the hydroxide ions in a saturated solution of barium hydroxide at 298K?
(At. mass of Ba =137, O=16) (C.B.S.E 1997, 2003) (Ans: 0.36)
[Hints: Molality of Ba(OH)2 = 0.18m
Calculation of molality of the OH–ions
Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ (aq.) + 2OH– (aq.)
This shows that the molality of OH– ions is twice the molality of Ba(OH)2 =2  0.18 m = 0.36 m]
12. Calculate the molality of 1 M solution of Sodium nitrate (NaNO3). The density of the density of the
solution is 1.25 g cm-1. (Ans: 0.86 m)
-1 +
13. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g ml and contains 92 gm of Na ion per kg of water.
Calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the lake. (NCERT - Textbook) (Ans: 4 m)
14. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 Kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
(NCERT Intext Question) (Ans: 37 gm)
15. A solution of ethanol in water is 1.54 molal. How many grams of it are there in 2500 gm of the solvent?
(NCERT) (Ans: 177.10 gm)
16. The molality of 90% H2SO4 solution is (density = 1.8 gm/ml) (Ans 91.83)
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 MOLARITY (M) An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Molarity (M):- The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the solute present per liter of the
solution. It is represented by the symbol, M
[ 1 cm 3 = 1 ml & 1dm 3 = 1L]
Molarity = [Hints: M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 , M3V3 = M1V1 × M2V2 ]

(Numericals)
01. How many moles of urea are present in 5 liters of solution of 0.02 M. (Ans: 0.1mol)
02. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 gm of NaOH dissolved in 450 ml of the solution.
(NCERT Example) (Ans: 0.278M)
–3
03. The density of 10% by mass of KCl solution is 1.06g cm . Calculate the molarity of the solution.
(At. mass = K =39 , Cl=35.5) (Pb. Board 2008) (Ans: 1.42M)
04. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions (NCERT Intext Question)
(a)30 gm of Co(NO3)2.6H2O in 4.3L of solution. (At. mass of Co = 59)
(b)30 ml of 0.5M H2SO4 diluted to 500ml
[Hints: (b) M1V1 = M2V2] (Ans: (a) 0.022M(b) 0.03M)
05. A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid (density = 1.787 g/ml) is labeled as 86 percent by weight.
(i)What is the molarity of the acid?
(ii)What volume of the acid has to be used to make 1 litre of 0.2 MH2SO4?
(iii)What is the molality of the acid? (Ans: (i) 15.7M (ii) 12.74ml (iii) 62.86m)
06. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution.
What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of solution is 1.504 g mL–1?
(NCERT, Text Book) (Ans: 16.23M)
07. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 gm of ethylene glycol C2H4(OH)2 and 200g of water.
Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is1.072 g ml-1 then what shall
be the molarity of the solution? (NCERT, Text Book) (Ans: 17.95 m &9.11M)
08. Calculate the molarity of water if its density is 1gm/ml. (I.I.T 2003) (Ans: 55.55M)
16
09. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 10 . Calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.
(NCERT, Text Book) (Ans: 2.45  10 8M)
[Hints: CuS Cu2+ + S2 (S=solubility)
S S
2+
Ksp = [Cu ] [S ]2-

Ksp = S S= S2
Or 6  1016 = S2 Or S = = 2.45 108 M
Therefore, maximum molarity will be 2.45 108M.]
10. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250ml of 0.15 M solution
in methanol. (NCERT, Text Book) (Ans: 4.575gm)
11. A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water has 30% by weight of KOH. Calculate the density of solution.
(DSB 2006) (Ans: 1.288 gml-1)
12. What is the final concentration of a solution made by mixing 50 ml of 0.5 M H2SO4 and 75 ml of
0.25 M H2SO4 ? (Ans: 0.35 M)
Formality (F): The no. of moles of solute present in its formula molecular mass per litre of the solution.
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 NORMALITY (N) An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Normality (N) :- The normality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalents of the solute
Present / liter of the solution. It is represented by the symbol, N
Normality =

(Numericals)
01. A solution has been prepared by dissolving 0.49gm of sulphuric acid in 100 mL of the solution.
Calculate normality of the solution. (Ans:- 0.1N)
02. Calculate the number of molecules of oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) in 100 mL of 0.2 N oxalic acid solution.
(Ans:- 6.023  1021)
03. One litre of a solution of N/2 HCl was heated in beaker and it was observed that when the volume of
solution got reduced to 600mL,3.25 g of HCl was lost. Calculate the normality of the resulting solution.
[Hints: - mass of HCl left = 18.25 – 3.25 = 15.0 gm] (Ans:- 0.685 N)
04. 100ml of N/2 HCl + 200ml of N/4 HCl +200ml of H2O.find final normality. (Ans:- 0.2N)
05. Calculate the normality of 9.8 gm of H2SO4 in 500ml of solution. (Ans:-0.4 N)
06. Calculate the normality of 0.2M H3PO4 (Ans:- 0.6N)
07.20ml of 10N HCl are diluted with distilled water to form one litre of the solution. What is the normality
of the diluted solution? [Hints: N1V1 = N2V2] (Ans: 0.2N)
08. Calculate the molarity and normality of a solution containing 5gm of NaOH in 450 ml solutions.
(Ans:- 0.278M, 0.278N)
09. Calculate the molarity and normality of a solution containing 9.8gm of H2SO4 in 250 cm3 of the solution.
(Ans:- 0.4M, 0.8N)
10. 2gm of NaOH are present in 800ml of solution. Find the normality. (Ans:0.0625N)
11.20cm3 of 20N HCl are diluted with distilled water to form one litre of solution. What is the normality
of diluted solution? (Ans: 0.4N)
12. 10cm3of 0.1N monobasic acid required 15cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution whose normality is
(Ans: 0.066N)
3
13. The volume of water to be added to 100cm of 0.5 N H2SO4 to get decinormal concentration is
(Ans: 400 cm3)
[Hints: Water to be added to 100cm3 solution=500 – 100 = 400cm3]
14. Volume of water needed to mix with 10mL N HCl to get 0.1NHCl is (Ans: 90mL)
[Hints: Hence, water needed to mix= 100 – 10 = 90 mL]
15. Calculate the Normality of the following solutions:
(a) 4 g of caustic soda is dissolved in 200mL of the solution. (Ans:- (a) 0.5 N)
(b) 5.3 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in 100mL of solution. (Ans:- (b)1N)
(c) 0.365 g of pure HCl gas is dissolved in 50mL of solution. (Ans:- (c) 0.2 N)
3
16. What is Normality of a solution of NaCl which contains 60g of NaCl in 2000cm of a solution?
(Ans:- 0.513N)
17. What volume of water is required to make 0.20 N solutions from 1600 ml of 0.2050 N solutions? (Ans: 40 ml)
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 MOLE FRACTION (X) An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Mole Fraction (X) :- The mole fraction of any component in the solution is equal to the number of moles of
the component divided by the total number of moles of all the components. For a solution
containing n2 moles of the solute dissolved in n1 moles of the solvent.
Mole fraction of solute in the solution (x2) = , Mole fraction of solvent in the solution (x1) =
The sum of mole fractions of the components is equal to 1, i.e., x1 + x2 = 1
(Numericals)
01. Calculate the molality and mole fraction of 2.5 gm of ethanoic aid (CH3COOH) in 75 gm of benzene.
(NCERT) (Ans:- m = 0.556 mol kg-1 , 0.0416)
02. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water in a solution containing 20% of
C2H6O2 by mass. (Ans:- 0.068, 0.932)
03. A solution contains 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by mass. Calculate the mole fraction
of each component. (Ans:- 0.503, 0.196, 0.301)
04. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in CCl4. (Ans:- 0.458, 0.542)
05. Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol in a sample of spirit containing 92% ethanol by mass. (Ans:- 0.82)
06. Calculate the mole fraction of the solute in an aqueous solution containing 18 g of glucose in 100 g
of water. (Ans:- 0.018)
07. Calculate the mole fraction of methyl alcohol in a solution prepared by adding 50 g methyl alcohol in
100 g of water. (Ans:- 0.22)
08. A solution contains 2.80 moles of acetone and 8.20 moles of chloroform. Calculate the mole fraction
of acetone. (Ans:-0.255)
09. Calculate the molarity, molality and mole fraction of ethyl alcohol in a solution of total volume
95 mL prepared by adding 50mL of ethyl alcohol (density = 0.789 gmL-1) to 50 mL water
(density = 1.00g mL-1). (Ans:- 9.027 M, 17.152m, 0.236)
10. 214.2 g of sugar syrup contains 34.2 g of sugar. Calculate
(i) Molality of the solution and (Ans:- 0.555 m)
(ii) Mole fraction of sugar in the syrup. (Ans:- 0.0099)
11. Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol and water in a sample of rectified spirit Which contains 95% of
ethanol by weight. (HPSB,2004) (Ans: - 0.88 & 0.12)
12. What is the mole fraction of a solute in 2.5 m aqueous solution? (AISB, 2005C) (Ans: 0.043)
13. A solution has been prepared by dissolving 60 g of methyl alcohol in 120 g of water.
What are the mole fraction of methyl alcohol and water? (Ans: 0.220 & 0.780)
14. A sugar syrup of weight 183.42 g contains 3.42 g of sugar (C12H22O11). Calculate the mole fraction of sugar.
(H.P Board 2008) (Ans: 0.00099)
15. Calculate the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol and water in a solution in which 46 g of ethyl alcohol and
180 g of water are mixed together. (C.B.S.E. 2010) (Ans: 0.09)
16. Calculate the mole fraction of water in a mixture of 12 g water, 108 g acetic acid and 92 g ethyl alcohol.
(Ans: 0.15, 0.40, 0.45)
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 HENRY’S LAW
An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Q01. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many milli moles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 liter of water?
Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293 K is 76.48
kbar.
Ans. According to Henry’s law, pN2 = KH  x N2 , X N2 = = =
If n moles of N2 are present in 1 L of water (i.e., 55.5 moles), x N2 = (as << 55.5)
or, n = 1.29 10-5  55.5 moles = 71.595  10-5 moles = 0.716 milli moles
Q02. At what partial pressure, oxygen will have a solubility of 0.05 g L-1 in water at 293 K? Henry’s constant (KH) for
O2 in water at 293 K is 34.86 k bar. Assume the density of the solution to be same as that of the solvent.
Ans. Calculate of mole fraction (x O2)
Mass of 1 L of solution = 1000 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 1000 g – 0.05 g = 1000 g ( d = 1 g m L-1)
n H2O = = 55.5 moles, nO2 = = 1.56  10-3 mole

xO2 = = = = 2.81  10-5

Calculation of partial pressure. Applying Henry’s law, = KH  x O2 = (34.86  103 bar)  (2.81  10-5) = 0.98 bar.
Q03. Air contains O2 and N2 in the ration of 1 : 4. Calculate the ration of solubility in terms of mole fractions of O2
and N2 dissolved in water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature at which Henry’s constant for O2 and
N2 are 3.30  107 torr and 6.60  107 torr respectively.
Ans. At 1 bar pressure, Partial pressure of O2 (pO2) = 1 bar = 0.2 bar
Partial pressure of N2 (pN2) = 1 bar = 0.8 bar
Applying Henry’s law. pO2 = KH (O2)  x N2 or, x O2 =
P N2 = KH (N2)  x N2 or, x N2 =

= i.e., x O2 : x N2 = 1 : 2
Q04. The mole fraction of helium is a saturated solution at 200 C is 1.2  10-6. Find the pressure of helium above the
solution. Given Henry’s constant at 200 C is 144.97 kbar.
Ans. P He = KH  x He = (144.97  103 bar) (1.2  10-6) = 0.174 bar
Q05. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56  10-2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution
contains 5.0  10-2 g of ethane, then what shall be the pressure of a gas?
Ans. We know that mass of a gas in a given mass of a solvent at any temperature, is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas. m p or m=kp (k is constant)
thus, 6.56  10-2 = k  1 …………… (i)
and, 5.0  10 = k p
-2 …………… (ii)
Comparing equation (i) and (ii) we get,
Or, p = = 0.75 bar

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 SOLUTIONS – VALUE CHART
An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Name: …………………………………………………………………………………….. Roll No.: …………. Batch time: ……………………..

College / School: ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………. Date: ……………………………….
Values of Henry’s constant for some gases in Values of Henry’s constant for some gases in different
S. No. water S. solvents at 298 K
Gas Temp.(K) KH (k bar) No Gas Solvent KH (k bar)
01. O2 293 K 34.86 01. H2 Water 71.18
303 K 46.82 02. H2 Benzene 3.67
02. N2 293 K 76.48 03. CO2 Water 1.67
303 K 88.84 04. CO2 Benzene 0.11
03. H2 293 K 69.16 05. CH4 Water 41.85
298 K 71.18 06. CH4 Benzene 0.57
04. He 293 K 144.97
05. Ar 298 K 40.3
06. CO2 298 K 1.67
07. CH4 298 K 41.85

Molal elevation constants of some solvents Molal depression constants of some solvents.
Solvent B.P. Molal elevation Solvent F.P. (K) Molal depression
(K) constant (Kb) constant (Kf)
(K kg mol-1) (K kg mol-1)
Water (H2O) 373 0.52 Water (H2O) 273.0 1.86
Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) 351.5 1.20 Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) 155.7 1.99
Benzene (C6H6) 353.3 2.53 Benzene (C6H6) 278.6 5.12
Chloroform (CHCl3) 334.4 3.63 Chloroform(CHCl3) 209.6 4.79
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 350.0 5.03 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 250.5 31.8
Diethyl ether (C4H10O) 307.8 2.02 Diethyl Ether (C4H10O) 156.9 1.79
Cyclohexane (C6H12) 353.74 2.79 Cyclohexane (C6H12) 279.5 20.2
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 391.1 2.93 Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 290.0 3.90
Carbon disulphide (CS2) 319.4 2.34 Carbon disulphide (CS2) 164.2 3.83
Differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions Difference between osmosis and diffusion
Ideal solution Non-ideal solution Osmosis Diffusion
01. The interactions between the The interactions between the 01. The process of osmosis No semi-permeable
components are similar to those components are different from takes place through a semi - membrane is needed
in the pure components. those of the pure components. permeable membrane. for the diffusion
process.
02. There is on enthalpy change on There is enthalpy change on 02. The osmosis involves the In diffusion both the
mixing. ( (  mixing H  0 ) mixing  mixing H  0  movement of the solvent solute and the solvent
03. There is on volume change on There is volume change on mixing molecules only. molecules can move.
Mixing (  mixing V  0 )  mixing V  0  03. In osmosis, molecules of
solvent move from a region of
In diffusion, the
molecules move from a
04. Each component obeys Raoult’s Their components do not obey lower concentration of solution region of higher
law at all temperatures and Raoult’s law. They show positive into a region of higher concentration in to
concentrations. i.e, and negative deviations from concentration. the region of lower
pA  pA0  xA and pB  pB0  xB Raoult’s law i.e. concentration
p A  p A0 x A and p B  p B0 xB 04. Osmosis is limited to Diffusion is common
solutions only in gases as well as in
liquids.
05. Osmosis can be stopped or It cannot be stopped
reversed by applying additional or reversed.
pressr= on the higher conc.n side.

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Q01. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute ( mol.wt. = 40 ) which should be dissolved in 114g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to
80%. (Ans. w = 8gm)
Q02. The vapour pressure of Hg decreased form 758 mm to 747.3 mm by dissolving 10.7g of a substance in 100gm of Hg. Find the mol. wt.
of Substance (the mol. wt. of Hg be 200) (Ans m = 1516)
Q03. The vapour pressure of a solution of cane sugar at 100°C. was found to be 756 mm. find the amount of cane sugar in 1000 gm of
water . the mol.wt.of cane sugar be 342 and the vapour pressure of water at 100°C be 760 mm. (Ans. 100gm)
Q04. The vapour pressure of the solution obtained by dissolving 11.34gm of turpentine in 100gm of ether ( Mol.wt. = 74 ) was found to be
360.1mm vapour pressure of pure ether at the same temperature was 383 mm. Cal. the mol. wt. of turpentine (Ans. m = 140 approx)
Q05. At 40°C the vapour pressure of a solution containing 0.284gm of a solute in 100gm of acetic acid is 34.69 mm. The vapour pressure of
acetic acid at the same temperature is found to be 34.77 mm. Cal. the mol. wt. of the solute. (Ans. m = 74.06)
Q06. A solution of 8.28gm of a substance ‘X’ in 100gm of diethyl ether was found to have the same vapour pressure as a solution of
7.32gm of benzoic acid in 100gm ether. What will be the mol. wt. of ‘X’. (Ans. Mol.wt.of the “X” = 138)
PO  P w  M PO  P w  M
[ Hints:-  ; M= 74, W =100gm, m = ?, w = 8.28 gm ]---(1) [ Hints:-  ; M= 74, W =100gm, m = 122, w = 7.32 gm ]----(2)
PO m W PO m W
8.28  74 7.32  74
From eqn. (1) & (2) we have,  ; or m  138
m  100 122  100
Q07. An aqueous solution of 2 % non- volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the
molar mass of the solute? (Given the V.P of solvent = 1.013)
[Hints :- w = 2 gm , W = 98 gm, m = ?, M = 18, p = 1.004, po = 1.013 ] (Ans. 41 gm mol-1)
Q08. The V.P of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.842 bar. A non- volatile solute weighing 2.175 gm is added to 39.0 gm of
benzene. The V.P of the solution is 0.790 bar. What is the molar mass of the solute? (Ans. 70.4)
Q09. Calculate the vapour pressure lowering caused by addition of 50 g of sucrose (molecular mass = 342) to 500 g of water if the vapour
pressure of pure water at 250C is 23.8 mm Hg. (Ans. 0.124 mm Hg)
Q10. Vapour pressure of Water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of Water at 293 K when 25 gm of Glucose is
dissolved in 450 gm of Water. (NCERT - Text Book) (Ans : - 17.438 mm Hg)
Q11. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in
benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. (NCERT - Text Book) (Ans : - 1.78 × 10 -3 )
[Hints: - we know that p = KH . X or x = p / KH , = 760 / 4.27 × 10 5 = 1.78 × 10 -3 Ans.]
Q12. Calculate the mass of solute of molar mass 342 g mol-1 that should be dissolved in 150 gm of water to reduce its vapour pressure to
22.8 torr. The vapour pressure of pure water at 250C = 23.75 torr. (Ans: - 114 gm).
Q13.The vapour pressure of a 5%aqueous solution of a non-volatile organic substance at 373 K is 745mm.Calculate the molar mass of the
solute. P.S.B 1990S (48g mol-1 ,47.05g mol-1)
Q14.1.0 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of acetone (mol. mass =58)at 298K.The vapour pressure of solution was found to
be 192.5 mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. The vapour pressure of pure acetone at 298 K is 195mm Hg. (Ans. 45.24mol-1)
Q15.At 298 K the vapour pressure of water is 23.75mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure at the same temperature over 5% aqueous
Solution of urea[(CO(NH2)2)] A.I.S.B 1985 (Ans. 23.375mm)
Q16.The vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17mm.Calculate the vapour pressure of a solution containing 2 g of urea (mol. mass =60)
In 50g of water. Assume that the solution is not dilute. (Ans. 16.799 mm)
Q17.The vapour pressure of 2.1% of an aqueous solution of a non –electrolyte at 373 K is 755 mm. Calculate the molar mass of solute.
(Ans. 58.7g mol-1)
Q18.The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of cane sugar (mol mass 342) is 756 mm at 373 K. How many grams of sugar are present in
1000 g of water? (Ans.100g)
Q19.At 250C ,the vapour pressure of pure water is 23.76 mm of Hg and that of an aqueous dilute solution of urea is 22.98 mm of Hg.
Calculate the molality of this solution? (Ans.1.8m)
Q20. Vapour pressure of CCl4 at 250C is 143 mm Hg. 0.5 gm of a non-volatile solute (Mol.Wt.=67.66) is dissolved in 100 ml
CCl4. Find the vapour pressure of the solution (Density of CCl4 = 1.58 g / cm3) C.B.S.E. 1999 (Ans. 141.97 mm)
Q21. Lowering in vapour pressure is the highest for, (B.H.U. 1997)
(a) 0.1 M urea (b) 0.1 M Glucose (c) 0.1 M Mg SO4 (d) 0.1 M BaCl2
Q22. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute. Tis law is called (M.P.C.E.E. 1998)
(a) Henry’s Law (b) Raoult’s Law (c) Ostwald’s law (d) Arrhenius Law
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Q01. The boiling point of a solution containing 50gm of a non -volatile solute in 1kg of solvent is 0.50 higher than that of the
Pure solvent. Determine the molecular mass of the solute (given molecular mass of solvent =78 g mol-1 and Kb for solvent
=2.53 Km-1) (Haryana board 2003) Ans: 253 g mol-1
Q02. Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 0.456 g of camphor (molar mass= 152 g mol-1) dissolved in 31.4g of
acetone (b.p =329.45 K).Given that the molecular elevation constant per 1000g of solvent is 1.72K.
(Pb. Board 2006) Ans: 329.614K
Q03. 0.90 g of a non-electrolyte was dissolved in 87.9 g of benzene. This raised the boiling point of benzene by 0.250C.If the
molecular mass of the non-electrolyte is 103.0 g mol -1. Calculate the molal elevation constant for benzene.
Ans: 2.52 K Kg mol-1
Q04. Calculate the molal elevation constant for water given that 0.2 molal solution of non-volatile and non-electrolyte solute
increases the boiling point of water by 0.104K. Ans: 0.52 Km-1 or 0.52K Kg mol-1
Q05.A solution containing 0.5126 g of naphthalene (molar mass =128 mol-1) in 50.0 g of carbon tetrachloride gave a boiling point
elevation of 0.402K while a solution of 0.6216 g unknown solute in the same mass of carbon tetrachloride gave a boiling
point of elevation of 0.647K.Find the molar mass of the unknown solute. Ans: 5.019K Kg mol-1 , 96.44 g mol-1
Q06. Calculate the Kb of water if molar enthalpy of vapourisation of water at 373 K is 40.585 KJ mol-1. Ans:0.513 K/m
Q07.A solution of 7g of a non-volatile solute is 250g of water boils at 100.260C.Find the molecular mass of the solute Kb for
water is 0.52 K Kg mol -1 . Ans: 56g mol-1
Q08.A solution containing 0.45 g of urea in 22.50g of water gave a boiling point elevation of 0.17 K. Calculate the molal
boiling point elevation constant for water. Molar mass of urea is 60g mol-1. Ans: 0.51 K Kg mol-1.
Q09. The boiling point of pure water is 1000C. Calculate the boiling point of an aqueous solution containing 0.6 g of urea
(molar mass = 60) in 100 g of water. (Kb for water = 0.52 K/m) Ans. 100.0520 C
Q10. Molal elevation constant for benzene is 2.52 K/m. A solution of some organic substance in benzene boils at 0.1260C
T
higher than benzene. What is the molality of the solution? (Hints: Tb  K b . m, m  b ) Ans. 0.05m
Kb
Q11. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90g of benzene, the boiling point is
raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. (Kb for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol-1) Ans. 57.5 g mol-1
Q12.A solution containing 12.5 g of a non-electrolyte substance in 175 g of water gave boiling point elevation of 0.70K. Calculate the
molar mass of the substance. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1). C.B.S.E. 1997 Ans. 53.06
Q13. A solution containing 0.730 g of camphor (molar mass = 152) in 36.8 g of acetone (b.p. 56.300C) boils at 56.550C.A solution of
0.564 g of an unknown compound in the same weight of solvent boils at 56.460C . Calculate the molar mass of the unknown
compound. Ans. 1.92 K m-1, 183.9
Q14. On dissolving 3.24 g of sulphur in 40 g of benzene, boiling point of solution was higher than that of benzene by 0.81 K.Kb value for
benzene is 2.53 K kg mol-1. What is the molecular formula of sulphur? (Atomic mass of sulphur = 32g mol-1) (C.B.S.E. 2000) Ans. S8
Q15. 0.90 g of a non-electrolyte was dissolved in 87.90 g of benzene. This raised the boiling point of benzene by 0.250C. If the molecular
mass of the non-electrolyte is 103.0 g mol-1 calculate the molal elevation constant for benzene. (C.B.S.E 2003) Ans. 2.515 K m-1
Q16. Calculate the molar mass of a substance 1.3 g of which when dissolved in 169 g of water gave a solution at 100.0250C at a pressure
of one atmosphere (Kb for water = 0.52 K m-1 ). (C.B.S.E. 1988) Ans. 160.
Q17. The boiling point of a solution containing 1.5 g of dichlorobenzene in 100g of benzene was higher by 0.2680 C, Calculate the molar
mass of dichlorobenzene (Kb for benzene = 2.62 degree/molal) Ans. 146.6
Q18. 18 g of glucose C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce pan. At what temperature will the water boil (1.013 bar pressure).
Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol-1 and boiling point of water is 373.15 K. Ans. 373.202 K
0 0
Q19. The boiling point of water (100 C) becomes 100.52 C if 3 g of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 20 ml of it. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute (Kb for water = 0.52 K m-1) (C.B.S.E. 1989) Ans. 150
Q20. A solution containing 0.513 g of naphthalene (molar mass = 128) in 50g of CCl4 give a boiling point elevation of 0.4020C, while a
solution of 0.625 g of an unknown solute gives a boiling point elevation of 0.6500C. Find the molar mass of the unknown solute.
Ans. 96.54.
Q21. 10 gram of a non-volatile solute when dissolved in 100 gram of benzene raises its boiling point by 10. What is the molecular mass
of the solute? (Kb for benzene = 2.53 K mol-1). (Haryana S.B. 1995) Ans. 253.
Q22. A solution containing 4.2 g of an organic compound in 50 g of acetone shows an elevation of boiling point by 1.8 K . Determine the
molar mass of the organic compound. (Kb of acetone = 1.71 K kg mol-1). (C.B.S.E. 1995) Ans: 79.8 g mol-1
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Q01. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate

(i) the freezing point depression (ii) the freezing point to the solution. Ans. 2.25 K , 270.90 K
Q02. Addition of 0.643 g of a compound to 50 ml benzene (density 0.879 g/ ml) lowers the freezing point from 5.510C to 5.030C.
If Kf for benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-1 , calculate the molar mass of the compound. (I.I.T. 1992) Ans. 156.06
Q03. In a cold climate water gets frozen causing damage to the radiator of a car. Ethylene glycol is used as an anti freezing agent.
Calculate the amount of ethylene glycol to be added to 4 kg of water to prevent it from freezing at – 60C.
(Kf for water = 1.85 Km-1) (Roorkee Entrance, 1994) Ans. 804.32g
Q04. The molal freezing point depression constant of benzene (C6H6) is 4.90 K kg mol-1. Selenium exists as a polymer of the type
Sex. When 3.26 g of selenium is dissolved in 226 g of benzene, the observed freezing point is 0.1120C lower than for pure
benzene. Deduce the molecular formula of selenium. (Atomic mass of Se = 78.8 g mol-1) (C.B.S.E. 2002) Ans. Se8
Q05. 1.0 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50.0 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing
Point depression constant for benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-1. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Ans. 256
Q06. How many grams of ethylene glycol (molar mass 62) should be added to 10 kg of water so that the resulting solution freezes
at -100C (Kf for water = 1.86 K mol-1, freezing point of water = 00C). (Pb. P.M.T. 1991) Ans. 3.3 kg
Q07. When 30.0 g of a non-volatile solute having the empirical formula CH2O are dissolved in 800 g of water, the solution freezes
at –1.160C. what is the molecular formula of the solute? (Kf for water = 1.86 K m-1). Ans. C2H4O2
Q08. Calculate the amount of ice that will separate out on cooling a solution containing 50 g of ethylene glycol in 200 g of water
to – 9.30 C. (Kf for water = 1.86 K m-1 Ans. Amount of ice separated from 200g of water = 200 – 161.29 = 38.71 g
Q09. A motor vehicle radiator was filled with 8 L of water to which 2L of methyl alcohol (density 0.8 g/ml) were added. What is
the lowest temperature at which the vehicle can be parked out doors without a danger that water in the radiator will freeze?
(Kf of water = 1.86 Km-1). Ans.  Vehicle may be parked outdoor not below than -11.6250 C temperature.
Q10. 1.4 g of acetone dissolved in 100 g benzene gave a solution which freezes at 277.12 K. Pure benzene freezes at 278.4 K,
2.8 g of a solid (A) dissolved in 100 g of benzene gave a solution which froze at 277.76 K, Calculate the molecular weight
of (A). Ans. 5.30 Km-1 , 231.87.
Q11. 0.48 g of a substance was dissolved in 10.6 g C6H6. The freezing point of benzene was lowered by 1.80C. Calculate the
molecular mass of the substance. Molecular depression constant for benzene is 50 K mol-1 100g. Ans. 125.79
Q12. The molal freezing point constant of C6H6 is 4.90 and its melting point is 5.510C. A solution of 0.816 g of a compound A
dissolved in 7.5 g of benzene freezes at 1.590C. Calculate the molecular mass of compound A. Ans. 136
Q13. What is the weight of one mole of solute, 0.132 g of which in 29.70 g of C6H6 gave a freezing point depression of 0.1080?
Kf for C6H6 is 5.12 K mol-1 kg. Ans. 210.69
Q14. A solution of a non-volatile solute in water freezes at - 0.300C. The vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.51 mm Hg
and Kf for water is 1.86 degree molal-1. Calculate the vapour pressure of this solution at 298 K. (IIT 1998)
Ans. 23.44 mm Hg
-1
Q15. A Solution of sucrose (molar mass 342 g mol ) is prepared by dissolving 68.4 g of it per litre of the solution. What is its
osmotic pressure at 300 K? (R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1) (MLNR 1997) Ans. 4.92 atm
Q16. How many grams of the KCl should be added to 1.00 kg of water to its freezing point to -8.00 C ? Kf (H2O) = 1.880C kg mol-1
(C.B.S.E. 1996) Ans. 317.029
Q17. Calculate the amount of NaCl which must be added to 100g water so that the freezing point is depressed by 2K.
(For water Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1) (C.B.S.E. 1992) Ans. 6.290 gm
Q18. The normal freezing point of nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) is 278.82 K. A 0.25 molal solution of a certain solute in nitrobenzene
causes a freezing point depression of 2 degree. Calculate the value of Kf for nitrobenzene. (C.B.S.E. 1994) Ans. 8 K mol-1
Q19. An aqueous solution of a weak monobasic acid containing 0.1 g in 21.7 g of water freezes at 272.814 K. If the value of
Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1, what is the molecular mass of the monobasic acid? Ans. 46.0
0
Q20. C6H6 freezes at 5.5 C. At what temperature will a solution of 10.0 g of C4H10 in 200 g of C6H6 freez? The molal freezing
point depression constant of C6H6 is 5.120C m-1. Ans: 1.10C
Q21. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75 gm of acetic acid to lower its melting point
by 1.5C. Kf = 3.9 Kkg mol-1 (NCERT, Intext question) Ans: 5.08 gm

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Isotonic Solutions: Two solutions of different substances, which have same osmotic pressure at the same temperature, are called as Isotonic or
Iso – osmotic solutions. “Or” Solution having the same osmotic pressure at the same temperature is known as isotonic solution.
For Isotonic solutions 1 = 2 ; C1RT = C2RT ; Or C1 = C2 (For no association or dissociation)
Or n1/V1 = n2/V2 or W1 /M1V1 = W2/M2V2 ------------------- (1)
Equation (1) is applicable to those solutes only which neither possesses the tendency to get dissociates nor associate in solution.
Eg. (a) Urea and sucrose are isotonic then, 1 = 2 and C1 = C2 , (b) Urea and KCl (dissociate) are isotonic then, 1 = 2 but C1 = C2.
(c) Urea and acetic acid (associate) are isotonic then, 1 = 2 but C1 = C2.
Q01. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution obtained by mixing one litre of 7.5% Solution of substance A (Mol. Wt. = 75) and
two litre of 5% solution of a substance B (Mol. Wt. = 60) at 453 K. R. = 0.0821 litre atm mol-1 K-1. Ans. 33.05.atm
3
Q02. If 1.71 g of sugar (molar mass = 342) are dissolved in 500 cm of a solution at 300K, What will be its osmotic pressure?
(R = 0.083 L bar K-1 mol-1) Ans. 0.249 bar
Q03. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution obtained by mixing 100 mL of 3.4 per cent solution of urea (mol. Mass =60) and 100 mL
of 1.6 per cent solution of cane sugar (mol mass = 342) at 293 K. (R = 0.083 L bar K-1 mol-1) Ans.7.458 bar,
Q04. A solution containing 10.2 g of glycerine per litre of a solution is found to be isotonic with 2% solution of glucose (molar mass 180).
Calculate the molar mass of glycerine. (Punjab S.B.E. 2001) Ans. 91.8
Q05. The osmotic pressure of blood is 8.21 atm at 370C. How much glucose should be used per litre for an intravenous injection that is
isotonic with blood? [Hints: n = V/RT, Wt. of Glucose = 10 / 31 × 180 (n ×180)] Ans. 58.06 g
-1
Q06. A solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol ) is prepared by dissolving 68.4 g of it per litre of solution. What is the osmotic
Pressure at 300K? Ans. 4.92 atm
0
Q07. 10.0 g of an organic substance, when dissolved in two liters of water gave an osmotic pressure of 0.59 bar at 7 C. Calculate the
molar mass of the substance. Ans. 196.95 g mol-1
Q08. The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 9.2 g of a substance (molar mass = 176) in 302 ml of solution was found to be 4.1
atmosphere at 15.50C. Calculate the value of solution constant. Ans. 0.0821 litre-atm/mol/degree.
Q09. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution obtained by mixing 100 ml of 1.5% solution of urea (molar mass = 60) and 100 ml of
3.42% of cane sugar (molar mass = 342) at 200C. (R = 0.082 litre atm K-1 mol-1) Ans. 4.20 atm.
Q10. Three grams of a non-volatile solute when dissolved in a litre of water shows an osmotic pressure of 2 bar at 300 K. Calculate the
molar mass of the solute. (R = 0.083 L bar K-1 mol-1) (P.M.T 1990) Ans. 37.35 g mol-1
Q11. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing ten gram each of glucose (C6H12O6) and sucrose (C12H22O11) in 1000cm3 of the
solution at 250C. (R = 0.083 L bar K-1 mol-1) Ans. 2.10 bar
Q12. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a decinormal solution of cane sugar at 00C. Ans. 2.24 atm.
Q13. An aqueous solution contains 10g of glucose (mol. Wt = 180) per 0.5 L. Assuming the solution to be ideal, calculate Osmotic pressure
at 250C. Ans. 2.715 atm
3
Q14. What is the osmotic pressure of a solution of 4.48 g of a substance of molecular weight 286 in 100 cm water at 298 K?
(R = 82.1 cm3 atm/deg/mole) Ans. 3.83 atm
Q15. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 3.42 g of sucrose per litre at 400 K. Molecular mass of sucrose is 342,
R = 0.082 litre atm mol-1 K-1. Ans. 0.328 atm
Q16. An aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6) has an osmotic pressure of 2.58 atm at 298 K. How many moles of glucose were dissolved
per litre of solution, R = 0.082 litre atm mol-1 K-1. Molecular Mass of glucose = 180. Ans. 0.1055 moles
Q17. Osmotic pressures of a solution containing 7 g of a protein per 100 ml of solution is 25 mm Hg at 370C. Calculate the molecular mass
of the protein. R = 0.082 litre atm mol-1 K-1. (C.B.S.E. 1993) Ans. 54093.7
Q18. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found
to be 2.57  10-3 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the protein. R = 0.0821 litre atm mol-1 K-1. Ans. 60377 g mol-1
Q19. Osmotic pressure of a solution containing 2 g of dissolved protein per 300 cm3 of solution is 20 mm of Hg 270C. Calculate the
molecular mass of protein (R = 0.0821 litre atm mol-1 K-1.) Ans. 6239.6
3
Q20. A 250 cm water solution containing 24 g of C12H22O11 at 300 K is separated from pure water by means of a semi-permeable
membrane. What is the minimum pressure that has to be applied above the solution to prevent osmosis. R = 0.0821 litre atm mol-1 K-1.
Ans. 6.91 atm.

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 SOLUTIONS – Van’t Hoff Factor
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If (i) i = 1, solute behaves normally, (ii) i = ½ solute dimer, (iii) i = ¼ solute is tetra- atomic, e.g. P4
(iv) i = 1/8 solute is octa-atomic e.g. S8. (v) i > 1 solute undergoes dissociation
(vi) i <1 solute undergoes association. (vi) i = 1 solute do not undergo any association or dissociation.
01. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 liter of water such that its osmotic pressure in 0.75 atm. at 27°C.
[Hints: πV = inRT or πV = i w/m .RT ] (Ans: 3.33 gm)
02. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point of a solution prepared by dissolving 6.00g of Glauber’s salt, Na-
─1
2SO4.10H2O in 1 kg of H2O. [Given for water, Kf = 1.86K kg mol ) (C.B.S.E., 1998) (Ans. Tsol. = 271 . 95)
03. The elevation in boiling point for 13.44gm of CuCl2 dissolved in 1kg of water as solvent. [Kb = 0.52Kg/J, Molar mass of CuCl2 = 134.4
gm/mol] (IIT Screening, 2005) (Ans : 0.16)
04. How many grams of KCl should be added to 1.0 kg of water to lower its freezing point to 8°C (Kf for H2O = 1.86°C kg mol─1).
(A.I.S.B. 1996) (Ans : 160.2 g per kg)
05. The osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolyte is found to be 0.70 atm at 27°C. Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor.
(R = 0.082 lite atm K ─ 1 mol ─1) [ Hints : π = iCRT ] (CBSE 2003) (Ans : 2.76 )
06. The freezing point of a solution containing 0.3 g of acetic acid in 30.0 g of benzene is lowered by 0.45°C. Calculate Van’t Hoff factor
(Kf for benzene = 5.12 kg mol─1). (CBSE 2001) (Ans : 0.527)
07. A solution containing 3.10 g of BaCl2 in 250 g of water boils at 100.083°C. Calculate the value of Van’t Hoff factor and molality of
BaCl2 in this solution. (Kb for water = 1.86 K kg mol─, molar mass of BaCl2 = 208.3 g mol─1) (CBSE 2001) (Ans: 2.68)
08. The observed osmotic pressure for a 0.10 M solution of Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2 at 25°C is 10.8 atm. Compare the expected and experimental
values for i. (Ans :- 4.42)
09. An aqueous solution containing 1.248 g of barium chloride (molar mass = 208.34 g mol -1) in 100 g of water boils at 100.08320 C.
Calculate the degree of dissociation of barium chloride. [Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol -1].
[Hints: i = 2.67, α = i – 1/ n – 1, 2.67 – 1/ 3 – 1 = 0.835, α = 8305%] (AI 2003) (Ans. 83.5 % )
10. What is meant by Van’t Hoff factor? The osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolyte is found to be 0.70 atm at
27o C. Calculate the Van’t Hoff Factor. [R = 0.082 L atm mol -1 K -1]. What conclusion do you draw about the molecular state of
the solute in the solution?
[Hints: Since i = 2.76, solute undergoes ionization in aqueous solution , solute is strong electrolyte] (AI 2003)
11. When does the measurement of colligative properties of a solution lead to abnormal molecular masses? The freezing point depression of
0.1 m NaCl solution is 0.372o C. What conclusion would you draw about the state of its formula? Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol -1
[Hints: Since i = 2, solute undergoes ionization in aqueous solution , solute is strong electrolyte) (AI 2003)
12. Calculate the freezing point of a 1 molar aqueous solution of KCl (1 molar of KCl means 74.5 gm of solute) (Density of solution = 1.04 g
cm-3, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol -1, At. wt. of K = 39 and Cl = 35.5). (Ans. 269.148 K)
13. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1 kg of water so that the freezing point is depressed by 3 K.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol -1). (Ans. 60.08 g)
14. A decimolar solution of K4 [Fe (CN)6] is 50 % dissociated at 300K. Calculate the osmotic pressure of solution. (R = 0.0821 litre atm K -1
mol -1). [ Hints: C = 1/10 M, n = 5, α = i – 1/ n – 1 = 0.5 = i-1/ 5-1, i = 3, π = iCRT ]. [Ans. 7.389 atm (AI 1997 C)]
15. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25oC, assuming that it is
completely dissociated. (Ans. 5.27 × 10 -3 atm)
0
16. An aqueous solution of 3.12 g of BaCl2 in 250 g of water is found to boil at 100.0.832 C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of BaCl2 .
(Kb for water = 0.52 K/ m .)
[Hints: i = 2.66, α = i – 1/ n – 1 = 0.83, Degree of dissociation (α) = 83% ] (Ans: 83 %)
17. What is the Van’t Hoff’s factor for a compound which undergoes tetramerisation in an organic solvent?
Ans: Van’t Hoff’s factor (i) = 1 / 4
18. What do you mean by ‘EDMA’?
Ans: When more quantity of salt is taken by any person in his food, the water retains in tissue cells and intercellular space is experienced,
because of Osmosis. It creates puffiness or swelling which is known as ‘EDMA’ .

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 SOLUTIONS: (JAC 2006 – 19)
Previous Year Questions An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Q01. Define (i) Molarity and (ii) Molality. (2 Marks, 2006 JAC)
Q02. Define colligative property of the dilute solution. Write down different types of colligative properties. (3 Marks2 006 JAC)
Q03.State Raoult’s law for solution of non-volatile solute. (2 Marks, 2007 JAC)
Q04. A solution of 12.5 g urea in 170g of water gave a boiling point elevation of 0.63 K Calculate the molecular weight of
Urea taking Kb =.52K/m (3 Marks, 2007 JAC)
Q05.Calculate the normality of 0.2 (M) aqueous solution of a dibasic acid. (1 Mark, 2008 JAC)
Q06.At 298 K, the vapour pressure of water is 23.75 mm of Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure at the same temp. Over 5%
aqueous solution of urea. (Molecular wt.of urea =60) (3 Marks, 2008 JAC)
Q07. Name one preservative used in cold drinks. (1 Marks, 2009 JAC)
Q08. What will be the Van’t Hoff factor value for dilute aqueous solution of BaCl2? (1 Mark, 2009 JAC)
Q09. A solution containing 2.56 g of sulphur dissolved in 100g of naphthalene whose melting point is 80.10C give a freezing
point lowering by 0.680C. Calculate the molecular formula of sulphur. (Kf for naphthalene =6.8 K/M) (3 Marks 2009 JAC)
Q10. State Henry’s law relating to solubility of a gas in a liquid and mention two applications of the law. (3 Marks 2010 JAC)
Q11. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate –
(a) the freezing point depression and (b) the freezing point of the solution (3 Marks, 2010 JAC)
Q12. Difference between molarity and molality of a solution. What is the effect of change in temperature of a solution on
its molarity and molality? (2 Marks, 2011 JAC)
Q13. Calculate the osmotic pressure at 25°C of a 6% solution of urea.
(M.W= 60 and R= 0.082 litre-atm/degree/mole). (3 Marks, 2011 JAC)
Q14. (a) Define Colligative properties of dilute solution. (2 Marks, 2012 JAC)
(b) The Vapour pressure of 2 % aqueous solution of non – volatile substance X at 373 K is 755 torr. Calculate molar
mass of the solute. Vapour pressure of water at 373 K as 760 torr. (3 Marks, 2012 JAC)
Q15. The value of colligative properties of a solution increases when solute molecules undergo (1 Mark , 2013, 2016 JAC)
(a) Association (b) Dissociation (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
Q16. Write Raoult’s law for relative lowering of vapour pressure of solutions containing (a) Volatile solute and (b) Non-
volatile solute. (2 Marks 2013 JAC)
Q17. 5% urea solution is isotonic with 12.5% solution of an organic compound. If the molecular mass of urea is 60, then
calculate the molecular mass of that organic compound. (3 Marks 2013 JAC)
Q18. Discuss the following: (i) Osmosis (ii) Osmotic pressure (iii) Semi permeable membrane (5 Marks 2014 JAC)
Q19. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 96.6C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500g of water such that it boils
at 100C? Molal elevation constant (Kb) for water is 0.52 K Kg mol1. (5 Marks 2014 JAC)
Q20. What is the Van’t Hoff factor for a compound which undergoes tetramerisation in an organic solvent? (C.B.S.E. 2007)
Q21. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point? (1 Mark , 2015 JAC)
(a) 1 % Glucose (b) 1 % Sucrose (c) 1 % NaCl (d) 1 % CaCl2
Q22 Define the following terms: (i) Molarity (ii) Molality (iii) Mole fraction (3 Marks 2015 JAC)
Or, Find out the volume in mL of 0.1 M HCl required to completely neutralize 1g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing
equal number of moles of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. (NCERT intext Questions)
Q23.The normality of 0.2 (M) aqueous solution of a dibasic acid is (1 Mark, 2016 JAC)
(a) 0.4 N (b) 0.1 N (c) 0.8 N (d) none of these
Q24. Define Parts per million (ppm) (1 Mark , 2016 JAC)
Q25. 6.02  10 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. What is the concentration of the urea solution?(2 / 2017)
20

Q26. Distinguish between molarity and molality. (2 Marks , 2017 JAC)

Q27. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol, C2H4 (OH)2 and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of
the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 gmL-1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution? (5 Marks, JAC 2018)
Q28. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water at 293 K. When 25 g of glucose
is dissolved in 450 g of water. (5 Marks, JAC 2019)
Q29.Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 270 C. (Ans; 3.42 gm)

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 School/ College Test Questions An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

1. Give an example of solid in solid solution. (1 Mark, UIC-2010)

2. Write the definition of solution. (1 Mark, UIC-2010)
3. What is Molarity? Calculate molarity of a solution containing 5.0 g of NaOH in 450 ml of Solution.
(2 Marks, UIC-2010)
4. State Henry’s law and write its applications. (5 Marks, UIC-2010)
5. (a) What are isotonic solutions? (2 Marks, UIC-2012)
(b) 10% w/v glucose (C6H12O6) solution is isotonic with 5% w/v solution of streptomycin. Find the
wt. of streptomycin.
6. State Henry’s law. Write two application of Henry’s law. (3 Marks, UIC-2012)
7. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of solute in :- (1 Mark, UIC-2013)
(a) 1000 g of the solvent (b) 1 Litre of the solution
(c) 1 Litre of the solvent (d) Number of moles of solvent
8. Colligative properties of the solution depend upon : (1 Mark, UIC-2013)
(a) Nature of the solution (b) Nature of the solvent
(c) Number of the solute particles (d) Number of moles of solvent
9. Define colligative properties of dilute solution. Write down different types of colligative properties.
(2 Marks, UIC-2013)
10. State Henry’s law relating to solubility of a gas in Liquid and mention two applications of the law.
(2 Marks, UIC-2013)
11. (a) What is the Vant  Hoff – Factor value for dilute (aq) solution of BaCl2 (5 Marks, UIC-2013)
(b) Define (i) Molarity (ii) Normality
(c) A solution of 12.5g urea in 170g of water gave a boiling point elevation of 0.63K calculate the
Molecular weight of area taking Kb = 0.52 K. Kg Mol1.
12. Solubility of gas in liquid increase with (1 Mark, UIC-2014)
(a) Increase of pressure and increase of temp (b) Decrease of pressure and increase of temp
(c) Increase of pressure and decrease of temp (d) Decrease of pressure and temp
13. Which pair from the following will not form an ideal solution : (1 Mark, UIC-2014)
(a) CCl4 + SiCl4 (b) H2O + C4H9OH (c) C2H5Br + C2H5I (d) C6H14 + C7H16
14. Which of the following is not affected by temp? (1 Mark, UIC-2014)
(a) Molarity (b) Molality (c) Normality (d) All of these
15. What is an ideal solution? (1 Mark, UIC-2014)
16. Define mole fraction? (1 Mark, UIC-2014)
17. Define Raoult’s law for volatile and non-volatile solute. (2 Marks, UIC-2014)
18. (a) State Henry’s law. (3 Marks, UIC-2014)
(b) The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 Kpa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution
of a non volatile solute in it.
19. Osmotic pressure depends on (1 Mark, UIC-2015)
(a) Concentration (b) Temperature (c) both a and b (d) None
20. Which of the following concentration of the solution remains independent of temperature?
(a) Normality (b) Molality (c) Molarity (d) Formality

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 An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

21. Find molarity if ; 8gm NaOH is dissolved in 1 litre of solution . (1 Mark, UIC-2015)
22. Define Raoult’s law for volatile solute. (1 Mark, UIC-2015)
23. Define colligative properties write the types of colligative properties with formula. (2 Marks, UIC-2015)
24. (i) Define Henry’s Law (1 ½ + 1 ½ + 2 = 5 Marks, UIC-2015)
(ii) Define Azeotropes
(iii) 45gm of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 60g of water. Calculate
(a) Freezing – point depression (ΔTf)
(b) Freezing point of solution (Tf) Kf = 1.86 kkg mol1
25. Colligative properties depends upon (1 Mark, UIC-2016)
(a) The nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution
(b) The number of solute particles in solution
(c) The physical properties of solute particles dissolved in solution
(d) The nature of solvent particles
26. Isotonic solution have (1 Mark, UIC-2016)
(a) same boiling point (b) same vapour pressure
(c) same melting point (d) same osmotic pressure
27. Which concentration term remains unaffected by temperature? (1 Mark, UIC-2016)
28. Give an example of antifreeze? (1 Mark, UIC-2016)
29. What is unit of molarity? (1 Mark, UIC-2016)
30. What is Vant hoff factor? (2 Marks, UIC-2016)
31. What is Henry’s law? (2 Marks, UIC-2016)
32. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 Kpa at 300K Calculate V.P of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile
solute in it. (3 Marks, UIC-2016)
33. Heptane and octane form ideal solution at 373 K. The vapour pressure of the two liquid components
are 105.2Kpa. And 46.8 Kpa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of
heptane and 35g of octane. (3 Marks, UIC-2016)
34. Write notes on ideal and non-ideal solution. (3 Marks, UIC-2016)
35. What do you mean by elevation of boiling point and molal elevation constant? (3 Marks, UIC-2016)
36. How many ml of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
containing equimolar amounts of two? (5 Marks, UIC-2016)
37. A solution containing 30 g of a non-volatile solute in 30g water has a V.P of 2.8 KPa at 298 K.
Further 18 g of water is added to solution, the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 K pa at 298 K
Calculate: (a) Molecular mass of solute (b) V.P of water at 298 K (5 Marks, UIC-2016)
38. Explain boiling point elevation constant for a solvent or Ebullioscopic constant. (All India 2013, 2011, 2009)
Ans: We know that, the elevation of boiling point is directly proportional to the molality of the solute.
i.e.  T  Cm ( Cm = Molality ) ‘or’  T  K b Cm ( Kb = Molal elevation const. )
If Cm = 1.  [ T  K b ]
Hence, boiling point elevation constant is equal to the elevation in boiling point when 1 mole of a solute
is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. It is also called Ebullioscopic constant.
39. A 5 % solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point
of a 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K (N.C.E.R.T .Ans; 269.06 K)
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 PRACTICE PAPER – CHAPTER 2 An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

CHEMISTRY FULL MARKS: 70

CHAPTER: SOLUTIONS Time: 3 Hrs.
General Instructions:
All questions are compulsory.
 The question paper consists of 50 questions.
 Questions 1 to 10 are objective. Each carrying 1 mark. There are four options & only one of them is correct.
 Questions 11 to 20 are very short answer type questions. Each carrying 1 mark. These are to be answered one sentence.
 Questions 21 to 31 are short answer type-I questions. Each carrying 2 marks. These are to be answered in 30-50 words.
 Questions 32 to 43 are short answer type –II questions. Each carrying 3marks.These are to be answered in 50-70 words.
 Questions 44 to 50 are long answer questions carrying 5 marks. They are to be answered in as required.
[[[[[[[[[[[[[

 Very Short Type Questions OR Objective Type Questions. Each carrying 1 mark. 1×10 = 10

1. Which of the following correctly represents Henry’s law :-

(a) m = KH.P (b) XA = KH.PA (c) PA = KH.XA (d) All of theses.
2. Solubility of gas in liquid increases with –
(a) Increase of Pressure & increases of Temperature.
(b) Decrease of Pressure & increase of Temperature.
(c) Increase of Pressure & decrease of Temperature. (d) Decrease of Pressure & Temperature.
3. In liquid CCl4. Which of the following has maximum solubility?
(a) Cl2 (b) Br2 (c) I2 (d) NaCl
4. Which pair from the following will not form an ideal solution?
(a) CCl4 + SiCl4 (b) H2O + C4H9OH (c) C2H5Br + C2H5I (d) C6H14 + C7H16
5. Which is not a colligative property?
(a) Freezing point (b) Lowering of vapour pressure.
(c) Osmotic pressure (d) Elevation of boiling point.
6. The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation
(a) = ST/C (b) = CT/S (c) = SC/T (d) = CST
7. Isotonic solution have
(a) Same boiling point (b) Same vapour pressure
(c) Same melting point (d) Same osmotic pressure
8. As a result of osmosis, the volume of solution
(a) Decreases (b) Increases (c) not affected (d) All of these
9. The Van’t Hoff factor more than unity indicates that solute in solution is :-
(a) Dissociated (b) Associated (c) both (d) None of these
10. Which of the following is not affected by Temperature
(a) Molarity (b) Molality (c) Normality (d) All of these

 Very Short Answer Type Questions. Each carrying 1 mark. (Attempt any 5 Question). 1×5= 5
11. What is Van’t Hoff factor for NaCl in aqueous solution?
12. What is isotonic solution?
13. What is an ideal solution?
14. Give one example of Non-ideal solution?
15. Define Mole fraction.
16. What do you mean by relative lowering of Vapour pressure?
17. Give one example of solid solution.
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 An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

18. What is unit of Molarity?

19. Calculate the normality of 0.2 (M) aqueous solution of a dibasic acid.
20. What is reverse osmosis?
 Short Answer Type Questions. Each carrying 2 mark. (Attempt any 8 Question). 2× 8 = 16

21. What is difference between osmosis & diffusion?

22. What do you mean by Molarity? How it is affected by temperature?
23. Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor for K2SO4 solution, if it is completely dissociated.
24. Compare between Ideal & Non-ideal solution.
25. What is constant Boiling mixture? Give example.
26. Define Molality and how it differs from Molarity?
27. State Raoult’s law for elevation of boiling point.
28. What do you mean by Abnormal Molecular Masses?
29. Draw a graph between Vapour pressure & Temperature for a solvent & dilute solution.
30. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
31. 25g of Ethanoic acid is dissolved in 75g of benzene. Calculate the Molality of solution.
 Short Answer Type Questions. Each carrying 3 mark. (Attempt any 8 Question). 3 × 8 = 24

32. State and explain Henry’s law.

33. (a) What do you mean by Colligative property? (b) What are different Colligative properties?
34. A solution containing 2.56 g of sulphur dissolved in 100g of naphthalene whose melting point is 80.10C
give a freezing point lowering by 0.680C. Calculate the molecular formula of sulphur. (Kf for
naphthalene =6.8 K/M)
35. What is meant by positive & negative deviation from Raoult’s law for non-ideal solution?
36. Calculate the Osmotic pressure of 5 % solution of cane sugar at 15°C.
37. 12.5 gms of a solute when dissolved in 170 gms of water results in the elevation of boiling point by
0.63 K. Calculate the molecular mass of the solutes (Kb water = 0.52 Kg mol-1)
38. What are laws of osmotic pressure?
39. Addition of 0.643g of a compound to 50ml of benzene (density = 0.879 gml-1) lowers the freezing point
from 5.51°C to 5.03°C. if Kf for benzene is 5.12 kmol-1, calculate the mol. mass of the compound.
40. Write Raoult’s law for elevation of boiling point.
41. What is Reverse Osmosis? How it is useful?
42. At what temperature will a 5 % solution of glucose develop an osmotic pressure of 7 atm. (mol. mass of
glucose = 180)
43. 5 % solution of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. calculate the freezing point of 5 %
glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
 Long Answer Type Questions. Each carrying 5 marks. (Attempt any 3 Question). 5 × 3 = 15

44. (a) What do you mean by depression of freezing point

(b) Derive equation for depression in freezing point.
45. (a) Define isotonic solution, hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution.
(b) A solution is obtained by mixing 300g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40 % solution by mass.
Calculate the mass percent of resulting solution.
Ans:(b) 300 g of 25% solution contains solute = 75 gm
400 g of 40% solution contains solute = 160 gm
Total solute = 160 + 75 = 235 gm
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 An ISO9001-2008 Certified Institution

Total solution = 300 + 400 = 700 gm

% of solute in the final solution =
% of water in the final solution = 100 – 33.5 = 66.5 %
46. (a) Write equation for osmotic pressure? Expression for osmotic pressure.
(b) Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (Molar mass = 40) which should be dissolved in 114g
octane to reduce the vapour pressure to 80 %.
(c) Write Raoult’s law for Vapour pressure of solution of volatile and Non-volatile solute.
47. (a) What do you mean by elevation of boiling point?
(b) What is cause of elevation in boiling point?
(c) What are characteristics of Non-ideal solution?
48. (a) An aqueous solution of 2 % non- volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal
boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute? (Given the V.P of solvent = 1.013)
(b) The vapour pressure of the solution obtained by dissolving 11.34gm of turpentine in 100gm of
ether (Mol. wt. = 74) was found to be 360.1mm vapour pressure of pure ether at the same
temperature was 383 mm. Cal. the mol. wt. of turpentine
49. (a) What is Boiling Point and Normal Boiling Point?
(b) 3gm of camphor when dissolved in 25.2gm of chloroform raises the boiling point of solvent by
0.299°C. Cal. the molecular wt. of camphor (Kb for 1000 gm of chloroform = 0.322 ).
50. Explain the Following.
(a) Isotonic Solutions (b) Hypotonic Solutions (c) Hypertonic Solutions
(d) Isosmotic Solutions (e) Plasmolysis
Or
51. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3, supposed
to be carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass)
(i) Express this in per cent by mass
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample
Ans. (i) ppm = 106
106 ………….. (i)
% mass = 100 = …………… (ii)

Dividing (ii) by (i)

(ii) Moles of chloroform = = 0.126  10-5 m

52. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of alcohol and water?
Ans. the basic rule for solubility is “Like dissolves like”. Alcohol and water is a polar compound. They
form H-bond with each other and hence miscible in all proportion. Also there are force of attraction
between alcohol and water molecules due to their dipole-dipole interaction.
53. Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
Ans. for most of gases like N2, O2, He etc, the value of Henry’s constant, KH increases with temperature
and as a result of this solubility of gases decreases with increase of temperature.
We know, at given temperature,
Partial pressure of has in solution = KH + mole fraction of gas in sol.
KH depends on nature of gas.
For example , KH value of O2 at 293 K is 34.86 while at 393 K it is 46.82 kilobar.
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