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Mechatronics

This document provides an overview of mechatronics course content including topics on DC generators, DC motors, testing of DC machines, transformers, synchronous motors, and induction motors. It describes the basic principles and components of DC generators such as the magnetic field, conductor, armature, commutator, and field coils. It also summarizes the working principles of synchronous motors and how they differ from induction motors in relying on synchronous rather than slipping speed.

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Kaiser Carlo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Mechatronics

This document provides an overview of mechatronics course content including topics on DC generators, DC motors, testing of DC machines, transformers, synchronous motors, and induction motors. It describes the basic principles and components of DC generators such as the magnetic field, conductor, armature, commutator, and field coils. It also summarizes the working principles of synchronous motors and how they differ from induction motors in relying on synchronous rather than slipping speed.

Uploaded by

Kaiser Carlo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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…

Wikiversity

Sear

Mechatronics

Mechatronics I

An introductory course in
Mechatronics
Syllabus

DC Generator

DC Motor

Testing of DC Machines

Transformer

Synchronous Motors

Induction/asynchronous motor

Alternators
DC Generator
An Electrical Generator converts
mechanical energy (or power) into
electrical energy (or power).And motor
converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy.

Principle
It is based on the principle of production
of dynamically (or motionally) induced
e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a
conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically
induced e.m.f. is produced in it according
to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

Hence, the basic essential parts of an


electric generator are :

A magnetic field,
A conductor or conductors which can so
move as to cut the flux.

Simple Loop Generator …

'Construction …

A single turn rectangular copper coil


'ABCD' rotates about it's own axis in a
magnetic field. In practice, this field can be
due to permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
The two ends of the coil are connected to
slip rings 'a' and 'b' which are insulated
from each other and from the central
shaft.

Two collecting brushed made up of carbon


or copper press against these slip rings in
order to collect the current induced in the
coil. This current is conveyed to the
external resistance 'R'

The rotating coil is referred to as the


'Armature' and the magnets are called
'Field Magnets'

Working …

Current produced by an AC slip-ring generator, DC


split-ring generator, and smoothed DC split-ring
generator
If the coil rotates in clockwise direction,
the flux lined with it changes as it
assumes successive positions in the
field.Hence, an e.m.f is induced in it and
this e.m.f is proportional to the rate of
change of flux linkages, i.e e=NdΦ/dt

Split ring dynamo showing unidirectional, non-


continuous current.
continuous current.

When the plane of the coil is at right


angles to the lines of flux, i.e. position '1' in
the figure, the flux,Φ, is maximum but the
rate of change of flux,dΦ/dt is minimum.
This is because the segments 'AB' and 'CD'
don't cut the flux but move along parallel
to it. Thus, no e.m.f. is induced in the coil.

This position is assumed as the starting


position and hence, the angle of rotation is
measured from here. As the coil rotates
further, dΦ/dt increases till it reaches a
maximum value at position 3 where the
angle of rotation,θ, reaches a value of 90
degrees. Since the coil plane is now
horizontal, the flux linked is minimum, but
the rate of change of flux is maximum.

In a similar manner,as the angle varies


from 90 degrees to 180 degrees, the flux
increases and rate of change of flux
decreases till position 5. According to
Fleming's Right Hand Rule, the current is
found to be flowing from A to B and C to D.
The same process is repeated as the coil
continues to rotate through angles 180
degrees to 360 degrees and positions 5 to
8, back to 1. However, by Fleming's Right
Hand Rule, the current is found to be
flowing from D to C and then B to A

Thus, the direction of current is reversed


every half cycle and this is called
ALTERNATING CURRENT. This is
illustrated in the figure above. A.C current,
unlike D.C current does not maintain a
constant direction, or even a constant
magnitude in one direction.

For making the flow of current


unidirectional, slip rings are replaced by
split rings. These are made up of
conducting cylinders, cut into two halves
or segments, insulated from each other by
a thin mica sheet or other insulating
material.

Slit rings result in unidirectional current,


but not this current is not continous like
pure DC current.

Practical Generator …

A cutaway drawing of a dynamo, showing the


commutator
The basic principle of a generator was
explained in the above section. In practice,
a generator has the following parts :

1.Frame or Yoke

The yoke serves two purposes. The first


one is to provide an outer covering, i.e. it
should provide mechanical suppot for the
motor. The second use is to provide a path
for the magnetic field. Since the field is
stationary( caused by DC) there are is no
need to laminate the yoke. It is made from
cast iron in cheap machines or sometimes
using fabricated steel to obtain high
values of permeability.

2.Pole

The poles house the field coils around


them. They also need not be laminated as
they carry stationary field. Poles are
usually made from cast iron for small
machines and fabricated steel for high
power machines. The pole shoes present
at the end of poles act as support for the
field coils and spread out the magnetic
flux generated. The pole shoes thereby,
reduce the reluctance of the air gap. This
reduces the requirement of field currrent.

3.Field Coils

The objective of the field coils is to provide


the necessary mmf resulting in flux. Now,
mmf is the product of number of turns and
current. To reduce the current drawn, more
number of turns are normally wound on
the pole. The windings are usually made
with copper. By reducing the currrent, the
diameter of wire is reduced, leading to
critical copper saving in the field coils.

4.Armature core

It is the rotating part of the machine, and


is cylindrical in shape. The purpose of the
armature is to rotate the conductors in a
uniform magnetic field. The armature is
slotted and these slots house the
armature conductors. The armature
conductors are made of copper and are
insulated. The field produced from these
conductors is not stationary. Therfore, the
armature is made from silicon steel
stampings to reduce the hysteresis and
eddy current losses. There are small key
holes present throughout the armature to
aid in proper cooling. The armature
conductors are placed in the slots in
different patterns to control the
performance of the machine.

5.Armature windings or conductors


The armature windings as previously
specified are made of copper and are
insulated from each other. There are
placed in the slots present in the armature.
The armature windings have diffferent
arrangements leading to a different
performance of the machine. Some
popular armature winding arrangements
are Wave, Lap, Drum, etc.

6.Commutator
The commutator is one of the most
important parts of the DC machine. It is
like a rotating switch placed between the
armature and the external circuit. It is
arranged in such a way that it will reverse
the connections to the external circuit at
the instant of each reversal of current in
the armature coil. The commutator
essentially converts alternating current
generated in the armature conductors to a
unidirectional current. Coomutator is
made using high conductivity copper
segments seperated by thin layers of
mica.

7.Brushes and Bearings

The function of the brushes is to collect


current from the commutator segments
and supply it to the external load circuit.
The brushes are rectangular in shape and
rest on the commutator. Brushes are made
from a variety of materials like carbon,
graphite and copper. Copper brushes are
costlier and are used only in machines
with very high current ratings. Carbon is
the preferred material for making brushes
for the smaller rating machines.

DC Motor

Testing of DC Machines

Transformer

Induction Motor

Alternators
Synchronous Motors
A synchronous electric motor is an AC
motor in which, at steady state,[1] the
rotation of the shaft is synchronized with
the frequency of the supply current; the
rotation period is exactly equal to an
integral number of AC cycles.
Synchronous motors contain
electromagnets on the stator of the motor
that create a magnetic field which rotates
in time with the oscillations of the line
current. The rotor turns in step with this
field, at the same rate. The motor does not
rely on "slip" under usual operating
conditions, and as a result produces
torque at synchronous speed.
Synchronous motors can be contrasted
with induction motors, which must slip in
order to produce the rotor magnetic field
and to provide torque. The speed of the
synchronous motor is determined by the
number of magnetic poles and the line
frequency. Synchronous motors are
available in sub-fractional self-excited
sizes[2] to high-horsepower industrial
sizes.[1] In the fractional horsepower
range, most synchronous motors are used
where precise constant speed is required.
In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the
synchronous motor provides two
important functions. First, it is a highly
efficient means of converting AC energy to
work. Second, it can operate at leading or
unity power factor and thereby provide
power-factor correction.
Active Participants
Laxmi Nair - B.Tech,EEE,Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham

Amit Kumar - B.Tech,EEE, Amrita Vishwa


Vidyapeetham

See also
Mechatronics II

School of Engineering
Completion status: Been started, but most of the work is still to be done.

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Subject classification: this is an engineering resource.

w/index.php?
title=Mechatronics&oldid=
2118437" Type classification: this resource is a course.

Last edited 27 days ago by Jaxter184

Educational level: this is a tertiary (university) resource.

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