CHAPTER 4:

DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM

(DTFT)

Lecture 6: Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Lecture 7: Digital signal spectra
Lecture 8: Frequency response and filter
 Lecture 6
Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

 Outline:
1. DTFT basics
2. Inversion of DTFT
3. Properties of DTFT
 DTFT formula


X()  DTFTx[n ]   x[n] e  j n

n  

 Continuous function in frequency and periodic with period of 2

 Gives the complex frequency spectrum of DT signal
 Not all DTFT is converge
 Convergence of the DTFT

 
We always have:
 x[n ]e
n  
 jn
  x[n ]e
n  
 jn


  x[n ] e
n  
 jn


=  x[n ]
n  
 DTFT exists when:


 x[n ]  
n  
 From ZT to DTFT

Recall ZT of x[n]:

X(z)   x[n]z
n  
n

Evaluating X(z) on the unit circle (if the unit circle is in the
ROC of X(z)):


X( z)
z e j 
  x[n]e
n  
 j n
 X()
 From ZT to DTFT

DTFT is the Z-transform of x[n] evaluated on the unit circle

X ()  X ( z )
z e j 

If the ROC of the ZT contains the unit circle, we can get the
DTFT from the ZT by substitution z = ejΩ
 Example of calculating DTFT

Find DTFT of x(n) where x[n]  a u[n]

n

If |a| < 1:
  j
1 e
X()   a e n  jn
  (ae ) 
 j n
 j
n 0 n 0 1  ae  j
e a

z e j
X ( z)  , ROC :| z || a | X ()  j , | a | 1
za e a
 Lecture 6
DTFT

 Outline:
1. DTFT basics
2. Inversion of DTFT
3. Properties of DTFT
 Inversion of DTFT

X()   x[ n
n  
] e  j n

 
1 1  
 j n  j l

2  
j l
X()e d    
2   n  
x[n ]e 

e d

  1  j ( l n ) 
  x[n ]  e d  x[l]
n    2   

1

j n
x[n ]  X() e d
2  
 Examples of calculating the
inverse DTFT


1,   c
1. Find x[n] from its DTFT X(Ω): X()  
0, c    


1 c
1 jn c sin c n
x[n ]   1.e d  
jn c
.e c
2  
c
2jn  c n
 Examples of calculating the
inverse DTFT

2. Find x(n) from its DTFT X(Ω): X()  cos 2 

2
 e  e  1 j2  1 1  j2 
j  j

X ()     e   e
 2  4 2 4
1 1 1
 x[n ]  [n  2]  [n ]  [n  2]
4 2 4
 Examples of calculating of the
inverse of DTFT

e j
3. Find x(n) from its DTFT X(Ω): X()  j
e 2

z
X(z)  | z | 2
z2
 x[n ]  2 u[n  1]
n
 Lecture 6
DTFT

 Outline:
1. DTFT basics
2. Inversion of DTFT
3. Properties of DTFT
 Linearity

DTFT
ax[n]  by[n]  aX()  bY()

The DTFT of a linear combination of two or more

signals is equal to the same linear combination of the
DTFT of the individual signals.
 Time shifting

DTFT
x[n  n 0 ]  e  j n 0
X()
Proof: infer from the shifting property of ZT
ZT
x[n  n 0 ]  z X(z) n 0

 A shift in time causes a linear phase shift in

frequency – no change in DTFT magnitude
 Frequency shifting and modulation
DTFT
e j 0 n
x[n ]  X (   0 )
DTFT
1 1
cos(0 n ) x[n ]  X (   0 )  X (   0 )
2 2

DTFT  
e j0 n
x[n ]   (e
n  
j0 n
x[n ])e  jn
  x[ n
n  
]e  j(  ) n
0
 X (   0 )

 Modulation causes a shift in frequency

 Convolution in time domain

DTFT
x1[n ]  x 2 [n ]  X1 ().X2 ()

Convolution in time  Multiplication in frequency

 Convolution in frequency domain
DTFT
1 1
x1[n ].x 2 [n ]  
2 2 
X1 ()X 2 (  )d  X1 ()  X 2 ()
2
DTFT 
x1[n ].x 2 [n ]   1
( x
n  
[ n ].x 2 [ n ])e  jn

Multiplication 
 1 
in time    X (  ) e j n
d  2
x [ n ]e  jn

n    2 2  
1

1  x [n ] e  j(  ) n d

  X (  ) 2 
2 2   n  
1

1

2 2 
 X1
(  ) X 2
(    ) d Convolution in
frequency
 HW

Prob.1 Compute the DTFT of the following signals


a ) x[n ]   2 ,  1 , 0 , 1 , 2


2  ( 12 )n | n | 4
b) y[n ]  
0 | n | 4
c) v[n ]  2 u[n ]
n

d ) h[n ]  a sin( 0 n )u[n ]

n

e) w[n ]  u[n ]  u[n  6]

 HW

Prob.2 Determine the signal having the DTFT shown in

following figure

 
 HW

Prob.3 A signal x(n) has the following DTFT:

1
X() 
1  ae  j

Determine the DTFT of the following signals:

(a ) x[n ]  x[n  1]
(b) x[n ] cos(0.3 n )
jn / 2
(c) e x[n  2]
 Lecture 7
Digital signal spectra

 Outline:
1. Frequency spectrum
2. Nonperiodic signals
3. Periodic signals
 Frequency spectrum

 Detailed description of the frequency components the signal

contains.
 Two parts: magnitude spectrum & phase spectrum.
 Tools for calculating the spectrum: DTFT for nonperiodic
signals and DFS for periodic signals.
Frequency spectrum
 Lecture 7
Digital signal spectra

 Outline:
1. Frequency spectrum
2. Nonperiodic signals
3. Periodic signals
 DTFT to calculate spectrum of a
nonperiodic signal

j( )
X()  X() e
Amplitude spectrum Phase spectrum
 
X ( )   x[n]e
n  
 jn
; X ( )   x[n]e
n  
jn

 X ( )  X (  ) *

 | X() || X() | and X()  X()

 Example of finding amplitude
spectrum and phase spectrum

Find and plot amplitude spectrum and phase spectrum:

x[n] = u[n] - u[n - 4]

 j 4
3
1 e
X ( )   e  jn
  j
n 0 1  e
sin(2)  j 3 / 2
 e
sin( / 2)
 Using Matlab to plot amplitude
spectrum and phase spectrum

w = -2*pi:pi/255:2*pi; % freq. -2π  2π, resolution of π/255

X =4*sinc(2*w/pi)./sinc(w/(2*pi)).*exp(-j*1.5*w);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w/pi,abs(X)); % plot amplitude spectrum
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w/pi,phase(X)); % plot phase spectrum
 Amplitude spectrum
6

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-2

-4
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Phase spectrum
 Lecture 7
Digital signal spectra

 Outline:
1. Frequency spectrum
2. Nonperiodic signals
3. Periodic signals
 Periodic sinusoidal signals

 Digital sinusoidal signal is periodic only if its frequency F is

rational number x (n )  A cos( n  ),    n  
 A cos(2Fn  ),    n  

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
 Fourier expansion
• CT periodic signals with period T:

1 2
x(t )  a e
k  
k
jk0t
; ak   x(t )e  jk0t dt
TT
0 
T

• DT periodic signals with period N:

1 2
x[n]  a e
k N 
k
jk 0 n
; ak 
N
 x[n]e
n N 
 jk 0 n 0 
N

Note: finite sums over an interval length of one periodic N

2 2
jk n j( k  N ) n
e jk0 n
e N
e N
e j( k  N ) 0 n
 Example of Fourier Series expansion


Given a DT periodic signals with period N: p[n]    [n  kN ]
k 

. . . -2N -N 0 N 2N . . . . .
N 1 2
p[n]   ak e
jk n
N

k 0

1 N1 1
a k   p[n ]e  jk 2 n / N

N n 0 N
 Spectrum of periodic signals

• CT periodic signals with period T:

 F 
x(t )  a e
k  
k
jk0 t
 X()  2  a k (  k0 )
k  

• DT periodic signals with period N:

F 
x[n ]  X()  2  a k (  k0 )
k  
 Example of calculating DTFT of
periodic signals (DFS)
Height = 1
Spacing = N

. . . -2N -N 0 N 2N . . . . . . . . n


2   2 
P()  2  a k   k0       k 
k   N k   N
2π/N 2π/N 2π/N 2π/N 2π/N Height = 2π/N
Spacing = 2π/N

. . . -4π/N -2π/N 0 2π/N 4π/N . . . . Ω

 Another approach to get DTFT of
periodic signals (DFS)

x(n) is periodic signal; x0(n) is a part of x(n) that is repeated

0 N-1

 x[n] 0  n  N  1
x0 [n]  
 0 otherwise
 Another approach to get DTFT of
periodic signals (DFS)

 x[n] 0  n  N  1
x0 [n]  
 0 otherwise

  
x[n]   x [n  kN ]   x [n]   [n  kN ]  x [n]    [n  kN ]
k 
0
k 
0 0
k 

p(n) in previous
example
F
x[n]  x0 [n]  p[n]  X 0 () P()  X ()
Another approach to get DTFT of
periodic signals (DFS)

F
x[n]  x0 [n]  p[n]  X 0 () P()  X ()
 2 2 
X ()  X 0 ()
 N k
  (  k ) 
N 
2 2 2

N k
 X 0 (k
N
) (  k
N
)

 It has N distinct values at k = 0, 1, …, N-1

 Procedure to calculate spectrum
(DFS) of periodic signals

Step 1:
Start with x0(n) – one period of x(n), with zero everywhere else
Step 2:
Find the DTFT X0(Ω) of the signal x0[n] above
Step 3:
Find X0(Ω) at N equally spacing frequency points X0(k2π/N)
Step 4:
2 2 2
Obtain the DTFT(DFS): X () 
N
k X 0 (k N ) (  k N )
Example of calculating DFS of
periodic signals

0 1 2 3
3
X 0 ()   x0 (n)e  jn
 1 e  j
 2e  j 3

n 0

k = 0  X0(0) = 4; k = 1  X0(1) = 1+j

k = 2  X0(2) = -2; k = 3  X0(3) = 1-j
Example of calculating DFS of
periodic signals
 HW

Prob.4 Determine and sketch the magnitude and phase

response of the following signals

a ) x[n ]   [n ]   [n  2]
1
2
b) x[n ]   [n ]  2 [n  1]   [n  2]
1
2
c) x[n ]   [n ]  3 [n  1]  3 [n  2]   [n  3]
1
8
 HW

Prob.5
Given a periodic signal y(n) with N = 3 with associated

y0 [n]   [n]  2 [n 1]  3 [n  2]

Find Y0(Ω) and Y(Ω). Do the test with the inverse DTFT
 Lecture 8
Frequency response and filter

 Outline:
1. Frequency response
2. Response to complex exponential signals
3. Filters
 Frequency response

 For impulse response, h(n), its DTFT is often called

frequency response H(Ω)
 H(Ω) completely characterizes a LTI system in the
frequency domain
 H(Ω) allows us to determine the steady-state response of
the system to any arbitrary weighted linear combination of
sinusoids or complex exponential
 Example of frequency response

 A LTI causal system is described by the following equation:

y[n]  0.1y[n 1]  0.85 y[n  2]  x[n]  0.3x[n 1]
 First, checking the stability of the system (by using Matlab):
b = [1 -0.3];
a = [1 0.1 0.85];
zplane(b,a) % plot zeros and poles to check if all poles are
inside the unit circle

 Second, take DTFT for two sides:

1  0.3e  j
H () 
1  0.1e  j  0.85e  j 2
Example of amplitude & phase responses
1
H() 
1  0.4e  j
1 1
| H() | 
| 1  0.4e | | 1  0.4 cos   j0.4 sin  |
 j

1

(1  0.4 cos ) 2  (0.4 sin ) 2
1

1.16  0.8 cos 

 0.4 sin  
H()  0  (1  0.4e  j
)  arctg 
 1  0.4 cos 
Example of amplitude & phase responses
1
H() 
1  0.4e  j
2

1.5

0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0.5

-0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
 Lecture 8
Frequency response and filter

 Outline:
1. Frequency response
2. Response to complex exponential signals
3. Filters
Response to complex exponential signals

j0 n
x[n]  Ae ,   n  

y[n ]   h[k] x[n  k]
k  

 

y[n]   h[ k
k  
] Ae j 0 ( n  k )

 
 A  h[k ] e  
 j  0 k  j 0 n
e
k   
j 0 n
 ( Ae ) H ( 0 )  x[n]H ( 0 )
 Example of determining response
to complex exponential signals
Determine the output signal of system h[n]  (1 / 2) n u[n]
to the input signal below

j n
x[n ]  Ae 2
,   n  
  1 2  j26.60
H    e
 2  1 j 2
1
5

    
2  j26.6 2A
j n j n  26.60 
y[n ]  x[n ]H   Ae . e 
0
2 
2
e
2 5 5
 Response to sinusoidal signals

A j n A  j n
x[n ]  A cos(0 n )  e  e 0
, n  0

2 2
A j 0 n A  j0 n
y[n ]  e H( 0 )  e H (  0 )
2 2
A j 0 n jH (  0 ) A  j0 n  jH (  0 )
 e | H ( 0 ) | e  e | H ( 0 ) | e
2 2
 A | H( 0 ) | cos  0 n  H( 0 ) 
 Example of determining response
to sinusoidal signals

h[n]  (1 / 2) n u[n]

x[n ]  10  5 sin n  20 cos n,    n  
2
1    2  j26.6 1 2
H(0)   2 ; H   ; H()  
0
e
1  0.5 2 5 1  0.5 3

  
y[n ]  10 | H(0) | 5 H  sin  n  H( 2 ) 
2 2 
 20 | H() | cos(n )
 0 40
 20  2 5 sin  n  26.6   cos(n )
2  3
 Lecture 8
Frequency response and filter

 Outline:
1. Frequency response
2. Response to complex exponential signals
3. Filters
 What is digital filters?
 Systems that perform mathematical operations on a DT signal
to reduce or enhance certain aspects of that signal.
 Provide a convenient means to change the nature of a signal.
 Change the frequency characteristics of a signal in a specific
way, letting some frequencies in the signal pass while blocking
other
B
E A

F F

O T

R E

E R
 Characterizations of digital filter

1. Impulse response h(n): FIR and IIR filters

2. Transfer function H(z)
3. Frequency response H(Ω): amplitude response and
phase response
4. Difference equation:
Speech signal
y[n]  a1 y[n  1]  ...  aN y[n  N ]  b0 x[n]  b1 x[n  1]  ...  bM x[n  M ]
 Typical applications of digital filters

 Noise Suppression: radio signal, biomedical signal, analog media

signal...
 Enhancement of Selected Frequency Range: treble/bass control,
equalizers in audio,
.
image edge enhancement…
 Bandwidth Limiting: aliasing prevention, interference avoidance…
 Removal of Specific Frequencies: DC removal, 60 Hz signal
removal, notch filter…
 Special Operations: differentiation, integration, Hilbert transform…
 Basic digital filter types

 Low pass filter (LPF): lets low frequencies through while

blocking high frequencies;
 High pass filter (HPF): lets high frequencies while blocking
low frequencies;.
 Band pass filter (BPF): allows a band of frequencies to pass;
 Band stop filter (BSF): allows all frequencies outside a band
to pass
 Ideal digital filters

Cx[n  n0 ], 1    2
y[ n ]  
0 , 

Y (e j )  CX (e j )e j n0  X (e j ) H (e j ), 1    2
 j n0
j Ce , 1    2
H (e )  
0,  

| H (e j ) | C , 1    2 Linear phase response

Constant amplitude
 ( )   n0 , 1    2 response
Ideal digital filters


 Block diagram representation
 Being built based on input-output relation or transform function
by connecting the basic components in the specific way:
y[n]  a1 y[n  1]  ...  aN y[n  N ]  b0 x[n]  b1 x[n  1]  ...  bM x[n  M ]
N M

 a
k 0
k y[n  k ]  b r x[n  r ]
r 0
M
.

Y(z)  r
b z r

 H(z)   r 0
N

 k
X(z) k
a z
k 0

 Some advantages: easy to determine the relation between

input and output, easy to manipulate the diagram to the other
equivalent one, easy to determine the hardware…
 Components for block diagram

EX: an averaging system y[n] = 0.5(x[n] + x[n-1])

 HW

Prob.6 An FIR filter is described by the difference equation

y[n]  x[n]  x[n  10]

a) Compute and sketch its magnitude and phase response

b) Determine its response to the inputs

  
(1) x[n ]  cos n  3 sin  n      n  
10 3 10 
 2 
(2) x[n ]  10  5 cos n      n  
 5 2
 HW

Prob.7 (a) Determine the coefficients of a linear-phase FIR filter

y[n]  b0 x[n]  b1x[n  1]  b2 x[n  2]

such that:
- It rejects completely a frequency component at 0  2 / 3
- Its frequency response is normalized so that H(0) = 1
(b) Compute and sketch the magnitude and phase response of
the filter to check if it satisfies the requirements
 w = -pi:pi/255:pi;
 b0 =1/3 ; b1 =1/3 ; b2 =1/3 ;
 H = b0 + b1*exp(-j*w) + b2*exp(-j*2*w);
 Habs = abs(H);
 Hphase = phase(H);
 subplot(2,1,1);
 plot(w/pi,Habs,'linewidth',2);grid;
 subplot(2,1,2);
 plot(w/pi,Hphase,'linewidth',2);grid;