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Introduction PDF

This document introduces the course Compiler Construction and provides an overview of compilers, including how they translate source code into executable programs, the differences between compilers and interpreters, and the typical analysis-synthesis model that compilers use to first analyze source code before synthesizing target code.

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syeda rabia
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106 views

Introduction PDF

This document introduces the course Compiler Construction and provides an overview of compilers, including how they translate source code into executable programs, the differences between compilers and interpreters, and the typical analysis-synthesis model that compilers use to first analyze source code before synthesizing target code.

Uploaded by

syeda rabia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

8/5/2020

Compiler Construction
[SWE-310]
Introduction

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Overview

 Programming languages are notations for describing


computations to people and to machines.
 The world as we know it depends on programming
languages, because all the software running on all
the computers was written in some programming
language.
 But, before a program can be run, it must first be
translated into a form in which it can be executed
by a computer.

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Overview
 The software systems that do this translation are called
Language Processing Systems (Compilers, Interpreters and
Assemblers etc.) or Translators and compiler is one of them.
 This course is about how to design and implement compilers.
 A few basic ideas can be used to construct translators for a
wide variety of languages and machines.
 Besides compilers, the principles and techniques for compiler
design are applicable to so many other domains that they are
likely to be reused many times in the career of a computer
scientist.
 The study of compiler writing touches upon programming
languages, machine architecture, language theory, algorithms,
and software engineering.

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Overview

 This preliminary chapter is about:


• Introduction of different forms of language
translators
• A high level overview of the structure of a
typical compiler
• The trends in programming languages and
machine architecture that are shaping
compilers

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Language Processing System/Translator

A translator inputs and then converts a


source program into an object or target
program.
 Source program is written in a source
language
 Object program belongs to an object
language
 A translators could be: Assembler,
Compiler or Interpreter

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Language Processing System/Translator

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Assembler

 Assembler:

Assembler

Source Program Object Program


(In Assembly Language) (In machine Language)

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler

A compiler is a program that can read a


program in one language (the source
language) and translate it into an
equivalent program in another language
(the target language)

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler

 If the target program is an executable


machine-language program, it can then be
called by the user to process inputs and
produce outputs

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler

 The compiler also report about errors in


source program.

Compiler

Source Program Target Program

Error Messages

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Interpreter

 An interpreter is another common kind of language


processor. Instead of producing a target program as a
translation, an interpreter appears to directly execute
the operations specified in the source program on
inputs supplied by the user

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter

 The machine-language target program produced by a


compiler is usually much faster than an interpreter at
mapping inputs to outputs .
 An interpreter, however, can usually give better error
diagnostics than a compiler, because it executes the
source program statement by statement.

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter

 Compiler: translates a source program written in a


High-Level Language (HLL) such as Pascal, C++
into computer’s machine language (Low-Level
Language (LLL)).
• The time of conversion from source program into
object program is called compile time
• The object program is executed at run time

 Interpreter: processes an internal form of the


source program and data at the same time (at run
time); no object program is generated.

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter

 Why Interpretation?
• A higher degree of machine independence: high
portability.
• Dynamic execution: modification or addition to
user programs as execution proceeds.
• Dynamic data type: type of object may change
at runtime
• Easier to write: no synthesis part.
• Better diagnostics: more source text
information available

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter

 Compilation Process:

 Interpretive Process:

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter

 Compilation Process:

 Interpretive Process:

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter
 Java language processors combine compilation and
interpretation.

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Compiler vs. Interpreter
 A Java source program may first be compiled into an
intermediate form called bytecodes.
 The bytecodes are then interpreted by a virtual
machine.
 A benefit of this arrangement is that bytecodes
compiled on one machine can be interpreted on
another machine, perhaps across a network.
 In order to achieve faster processing of inputs to
outputs, some Java compilers, called just-in-time
compilers, translate the bytecodes into machine
language immediately before they run the
intermediate program to process the input.

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Model of a Compiler

 A compiler must perform two tasks:


 Analysis of source program:
 The analysis part breaks up the source program
into constituent pieces and imposes a
grammatical structure on them. It then uses this
structure to create an intermediate representation
of the source program.
 Synthesis of its corresponding program:
constructs the desired target program from the
intermediate representation and the information
in the symbol table.

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Model of a Compiler

 This model is collectively called the


Analysis-Synthesis model of compilation.
 The analysis part is often called the front
end (FE) of the compiler
 The synthesis part is the back end (SE).

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Analysis-Synthesis Model of a Compiler

Source Program Object Program

Synthesis
Analysis
Code Code
Lexical Syntactic Semantic
Generator optimizer
Analysis Analysis Analysis

Tables

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Software Tools Performing Analysis

 Software tools other than compilers that


perform analysis on Source Program are:
 Structure Editors: Inputs a sequence of
commands to build a source program.
 The structure editor performs text creation,
modification and analyzes program text for
putting an appropriate hieratical structure on
the source program.
 E.g. Matching do-while and parenthesis { }

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Software Tools Performing Analysis

 Pretty Printers:
 Analyzes a program and prints it in such a
way that the structure of program becomes
clearly visible.
 i.e. Indentation

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Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Software Tools Performing Analysis

 Static Checkers:
 Reads a program, analyzes it and attempts
to discover potential bugs without running
the program.
 E.g. Parts of source program that can
never be executed and using variables
without being defining them.
 Works on dry run techniques.

Compiler Construction [SWE-310] Introduction


Introduction

The End

13

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