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Hypothesis

Hypotheses are tentative statements about possible relationships between variables that can be tested. They provide direction for research and help facilitate the extension of knowledge. There are two main approaches to formulating hypotheses - deductive and inductive. Deductive hypotheses are developed from existing theories, while inductive hypotheses are developed from specific observations and seek to generate new theories. For a hypothesis to be useful, it must be clearly stated, testable, specify the expected relationship between variables, and be amenable to testing within a reasonable time frame.

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M Aziz Khan
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93 views

Hypothesis

Hypotheses are tentative statements about possible relationships between variables that can be tested. They provide direction for research and help facilitate the extension of knowledge. There are two main approaches to formulating hypotheses - deductive and inductive. Deductive hypotheses are developed from existing theories, while inductive hypotheses are developed from specific observations and seek to generate new theories. For a hypothesis to be useful, it must be clearly stated, testable, specify the expected relationship between variables, and be amenable to testing within a reasonable time frame.

Uploaded by

M Aziz Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis; Meaning, Need and Formulation

Meaning and Definition

The word hypothesis is a compound of two words ‘hypo’ and ‘thesis’ where ‘hypo’
means under and ‘thesis ’ means reason or rational view. Thus, hypothesis is a
below reasoned view. It is a view, which is not fully reasoned. In social research
and other research, hypothesis is used to mean a statement about the relationship,
which helps to be investigated. According to F.N. Kerlinger, “Hypothesis is the
most powerful tool man has invented to achieve dependable knowledge ” Once
the problem to be answer is defined, the researcher formulates theory. Theory
formulation leads to hypothesis formulation. Data collection and analysis revolve
around the hypothesis, when hypothesis comes to be true, it originates theory.
Hypothesis is an educated guess about a problem’s solution. It shows the relation
between two or more variables, which need to be investigated for the truth. Non-
hypothesis can be defined as logically conjectured relationship between two or
more variables in testable statements. Hypothesis is always presented in declarative
sentence form. They can be general or specific.

Hypotheses can be strong or weak. “Students’ IQ scores are related to their


academic
achievement” is an example of a weak hypothesis, since it indicates neither the
directionality of
the hypothesis (i.e., whether the relationship is positive or negative), nor its
causality (i.e.,
whether intelligence causes academic achievement or academic achievement
causes
intelligence). A stronger hypothesis is “students’ IQ scores are positively related to
their
academic achievement”, which indicates the directionality but not the causality. A
still better
hypothesis is “students’ IQ scores have positive effects on their academic
achievement”, which
specifies both the directionality and the causality (i.e., intelligence causes academic
achievement, and not the reverse).
Definition
According to G.A. Lundberg: - “A hypothesis is a tentative generalization the
validity of which remains to be tested. It may be any hunch, imaginative idea or
intuition whatsoever, which becomes the basis of action or investigation.”
According to W. Goode and P.K. Hatt: - “A hypothesis is a proposition, which
can be put to test to determine its validity. It may seem contrary to, or in
accordance with common sense.”

CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS
It should be conceptually clear, specific and well designed.
It should be available to techniques and capable of being varied.
It should be capable of empirical test.
It should not be mere a judgment.
It should be simple and to the point.

IMPORTANCE OF THE HYPOTHESES


Hypotheses facilitate the extension of knowledge in an area.
Hypothesis provides the researcher with rational statements.
Hypothesis provides direction o the research.
Hypothesis provide basis for exporting the conclusions for the study.

FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESES


Hypotheses are the products of considerable speculation and imaginative guess
work.
They are based partly on known facts and explanations and partly conceptual.
There are certain necessary conditions which are conducive to their
formulation.
Richness of background knowledge.
Versatility of intellect.
Analogy and other practices.
Important Approaches of Formulating Hypothesis
1) Deductive method /approach/logic:
The deductive method is one in which the researcher develops hypothesis from
theory and design a research strategy to test them. There, hypothesis formulation is
preceded by theory formulation. A clear theoretical portion is developed prior to
data collection.
2) Inductive method/approach/logic:
The inductive method is in which the researcher develops hypothesis from specific
observation. Here, the researcher first collects data and then develops theory as a
result of data analysis. It is based on the principle of developing theory after the
data have been collected. The two approaches are closely interlinked. Theory and
research go side by side. They have never ending interaction. The deductive
approach owes more to positivism and the inductive approach to interpretive.

CRITERIA OF USEABLE HYPOTHESES


Hypotheses should be clearly ad precisely stated.
Hypotheses should be testable.
Hypotheses should state the expected relationship between variables.
Hypotheses should limited on scope.
Hypotheses should be stated as far as possible in simple terms.
The hypotheses selected should be amenable to testing within a reasonable
time.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Descriptive hypothesis: It describes the characteristics of a variable.


Relational hypothesis: It describes the relationship between the variables.
Casual hypothesis: It describes the causal relationship between the variables.
Working hypothesis: Hypotheses which are subject to modification as the
investigation proceeds.
Null hypothesis: They state that no difference exists between the parameter and
statistic being compared to it.
Alternative Hypothesis: They are the opposite of Null hypothesis, which state
that there is difference which exists between the parameter and statistic being
compared to it.
Statistical hypothesis: These are statements about a statistical population.
These are quantitative in nature in that they are numerically measurable.
Commonsense hypothesis: It represents the commonsense ideas. They state the
existence of empirical uniformities perceived through day to day observation.
Complex hypothesis: It aim s at testing the existence of logically derived
relationship between empirical uniformities.
Analytical hypothesis: these are concerned with the relationship of analytic
variables. These hypotheses occur at the highest level of abstraction. It also
specifies the relationship between changes in one variable and changes in another.

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