;

TABLE O F
t

Proportional Logarithms;

To be ufed with the

ASTRONOMICAL AND NAUTICAL

E P HEMERIS.
LONDON:
Printed by W. Bowybr and J. NicHOts :

AMD SOLD BY

J. No u R s £) Bookfeller to his Majefty, in the Strand

and MeiT. Mount and Page, on Towerhill.

MDCCiXVI.

Dig.: '.ed by Google

 PRO P 0R T I 0N \ L
f / t / /
'
1

n 0 2 6
I 3 4 S

0 2-2553 1 9542 1.7782 1.6532 1-5563 1-4771

I 4-0334 2.2481 1.9506 1-7757 1.6514 1.5548 1-4759
2 3-7324 2.2410 1.9470 1-7733 1.6496 1-5534 1 4747
3 3-5563 2.2341 1-9435 1.7710 1.6478 1.5520 1-4735
4 3 43 '3 2.2272 1.9400 1.7686
- 1.6460 1.5505 1-4723
5 3-3344 2.2205 1-9365 1.7662 1.6442 1.5491 1-4711

6 3-2553 2.2139 1-9331 1-7639 1.6425 1-5477 1.4699

7 3 ««3 2.2073 1.9296 1.7616 1.6407 1.4687
-i 1-5463
8 3-1303 2.2009 1.9262 1.7592 1.6390 1-5449 1.4676
9 3-0792 2.1946 1.9228 1.757c 1.6372 1-5435 1.4664
10 3-0334 2.1883 1.9195 1.7546 1-6355 1.5420 1.4652

f1 2.9920 2.1821 1.9161 1.7524 1.6337 1.5406 1.4640

12 2.9542 2-1761 1.9128 1.7501 1.6320 1-5393 1.4629
>3 2.9195 2. 1701 1.9096 1.7478 1.6303 1-5379 1-4617
14 2.8873 2. 1642 1.9063 1-7456 1.6286 1-5365 I 4605
15 2-8573 2.1584 1.9031 1-7434 1.6269 '• 535 > 1-4594

i6 2.8293 2. 1526 1.8999 1-7411 1.6252 1-5337 1.4582

17 2.8030 2-1460 1.8967 1-7389 1.6235 1-5323 1.4571

iS Z* J ^ B 2 2.1413 1-8935 1.7368 1.6218 1-5310 1-4559
19 2.75+6 2.1358 1.8904 1-7345 1.6201 t.5296 1.4548
2 C 1-7324 2-1303 1.8073 1-7324 1.6184 1.5283 1-4536

21 2.71 12 2.1249 1.8842 1.7302 1.6168 1.5269 '•4525

22 2.6910 2.1 196 1.8811 1.7281 1.6151 1-5255 1-4513
23 2.6717 2.1143 1.8781 1.7259 1.6134 1-5242 1.4502
24 2.6532 2.1091 1.8.751 1.7238 1.61 18 1.5229 1-4491
25 2.6355 2.1040 1.8720 1.7216 1.6102 1.5215 1-4479

26 2.6184 2.0989 1.869c 1.7195 1.6085 1.5202 1.4468

27 2.6021 2.0939 1.8661 1-7175 i.6o6g 1.5189 1-4457
28 2.5862 2.0889 1.8631 1-7153 1.6053 1-5175 1.4446
29 2.5710 2.0840 It. 8602 1.7133 1.6037 1.5162 1-4435 -.

30 2.5563 2.0792 11.8573 1.7 1 lift .6021 |i- 5 49' 1-4424

'

Digitized b> Coo';!'.

 LOGARITHMS.

31 2.5420 2.0744 1.8544 1. 7091 1. 6004*1. 513611.4412

322.52832.0^6 1.8516 1. 7071 i.5988ji.5i23|i.440i

T
33 2-5149 2.0649 1-8487 »- 7 oSC i- 5973 5 ”o|i -4390
34 2.5019 2.0603 1.8459 '-7030 1-5957 ‘- 5097 II -4379
352.48932.0557 1.8434 1.701C 1. 5941 r.5084 1.4368

362.4771 2.0512 1.8403 1.6990 1.5925 1.5071 1.4357

37 2.4652 2.0466 1.8375 1.6969 1.5909 1-5058 1.4346
38 2-4536 2.0422 1.8347 1.6949 1.5894 1.5045 1.4335
392.44242.0378 1.8320 1.6930 1.5878 1.5032 1.4325
40 2.4313 2.0334 1.8293 1-6910 1.5862 1.5019 1.4313

41 2.42062.0291 1.8266 1.6890 1.5847 1.5006 1.4303

42 2.4102 2.0248 1.8239 1.6871 1.5832 1.4994 1.4292
43 2.3999 2.0206 1.8212 1.6851 1.5816 1.4981 1.4281
44 2.3899 2.0164 1.8186 1.6832 1.5801 1.4968 1.4270
45 2.3802 2.0122 1.8159 1.6812 1.5786 1.4956 1.426c

462.37062.0081 1.8133 1.6793 1.5770 1.4943 1-4249

47 2-3613 2.0040 1.8107 1.6774 1.5755 1-4931 1423S
48 2.3522 2.0000 X.8081 1*6755 1.5740 1.4918 1.4228
492.3432 1.9960 1.8055 1-6736 1-5725 1-4906 1.4217
50 2.3344 1.9920 1.8030 1.6717 1.5710 1.4893 1.4206

51 2.3259 1.9881 1, 8004 1.6698 1 5695 1.4881 1.4196

52 2.3174 1.9842 I.
7979 1-6679 I 568c 1.4869 1.4185
53 2.3091 1.9803 I
7954 1.6660 1 5665 1.4856 1.4175
542.3010 1.9765 1 7929 1.6642 1 5651 1.4844 1.4165
55 2.2930 1.9727 1.
7904 1.6623 1 5636 1.4832 1.4154

56 2.2852 1.9689 I.
7879 1.6605 5621
^ 1.482c 1.4143
572.2775 1.9652 1,
7855 1.6587 5607
1 1.4808 1.4133
58 2.2700 1.9615 1. 7830 1.6568 5592
1 1.4795 1-4122
59 2.2626 1.9579 I. 7805 1.6550 1
5577 1-4783 1.4112
602.2553 t-9542 1- 7782 i.b532li 556; 1.4771 1.4102
B 2

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 1 1

L 0 G A R 1 T H M S.

/ / t / 9 /

tt
7 8 9 10 11 12 I.;
31 1-3792 1.3250 1.2768 1-2334 1.1939 1.1578 1.1244
32 1-3783 1-3241 1.2760 1.2327 1-1933 1-15^ 1.1238
33 1-3773 1-3233 1-2753 1.2320 1.1927 1.1566 1 - 1^33
34 1-3763 1.3224 1.2745 1-2313 1.1920 1.1560 1.1228
35 1-3754 1.3216 1-2737 1.2306 1.1914 1-1555 1.1222

3<5 1-3745 1.3208 1.2730 1.2300 1.1908 I. 1549 1.1217

37 1-3735 1-3199 1.2722 1-2293 1.1902 1-1543 1.1212
3 « 1-3725 1.3191 1.2715 1.2286 1.1895 1-1537 1 12 C 6 .

39 1.3716 1-3183 1.2707 1.2279 1.1889 1.1532 1.1201

4 C 1.3706 1-3174 1.2700 1.2272 1.1883 1-1526 1.1 196

41 1.3697 1.3166 1.2692 1.2265 1.1877 1.1520 l.1 191

42 1.3688 1.3158 1.2685 1.2259 1.1871 1-1515 1.1186
43 1.3678 1-3149 1.2677 1.2252 1,1864 1.1509 1.1180
44 1.3669 1-3141 1.2670 1.2245 1.1858 1-1503 1.117s
45 1.3660 1-3133 1.2663 1.2239 1.1852 1.1498 1.1 270

46 1.3650 1.3124 1-2655 1.2232 1.1846 1.1492 1.1164

47 1.3641 1-3116 1.2648 1.2225 I j 840 1.1486
. 1.1159
48 1.3632 1.3108 1.2640 1.2218I 1.1834 1.1481 1-1154
49 1.3622 1.3099 1-2633 1.2212 1.1828 1.1475 1.1148
50 1-3613 1.3091 1.2626 1.2205 1.1822 1.1469 1.1143

51 1.3604 1-3083 1.2618 1.2198 1. 1816 1-1464 1.1138

52 1-3595 1-3075 1.261 1.2192 1.1809 1.1458 1-1133
53 1-3585 1-3067 1.2603 1.2185 1.1803 1.1452 i.i 128
54 1-3576 1-3059 1.2596 1,2178 1.1797 1.1447 1.1 123
55 1-3567 1.3050 1.2589 1.2172 1.1791 1. 1441 1-1117

56 1-3558 1-3042' 1.2582 1.2165 1.1785 1-1435 1.1112

57 1-3549 1-3034 1.2574 1.2159 1.1779 1.143c 1.11C7
5*^1
354 C-
1.3026^ 1.2567 1.2152 1-1773 1.1424 l.I 102
59 1-3531 1-30181 1.256c 1-2145 1.1767 1.1419 1.1096
|

60 1.352211.-30101 1. 25531. 213f| t.1761 ’14.1 X 1.1 09

I

Digitized by Gt)ogIe
 1

'
f R 0 PORTION Ai L
9 / t / / /

//
14 IS 17 18 19 20 21

0 1091
1. 1.0792 1.0512 1.0248 0000 9765 9542 9331
I 1086
I. 1.0787 1.0507 1.0244 9996 9761 9539 9327
2 1081
I. 1.0782 1.0502 1.0240 9992 9757 9535 9323
3 1.1076 1.0777 1.0498 1-0235 9988 9754 9532 9320
4 I. 1071 1.0772 1.0493 1.0231 9984 9750 9528 93>7
5 1. 1066 1.0768 1.0489 1.0227 9980 9746 9524 9313

61061 1 0763 1.0484 1.0223 9976 9742

1. 9521 9310
71055 1.0758 1.0480 1.0218 9972 973 «
1. 9557 9306
81050 1-0753 1-0475 1.0214 9968 9735
1. 9513 9303
9 1.1045 1.0749 1.0471 1.0210 9964 9731 9510 9300
10 1.1040 1.0744 1.0466 1.0206 9960 9727 9506 9296

1 1.1035 5-0739 1 .0462 1.0201 9956 9723 9503 9293

12 1.1030 I 0734 1.0458 1.C197 9952 9720 9499 9289

13 1.1025 1.0729 1-0453 5-0193 9948 9716 9495 9286
14 I. 1020 1.0725 1.0448 1.0189 9944 9712 9492 9282
55 1.1015 1.0720 1.0444 1.0185 994c 9708 9488 9279

16 1.1009 1.0715 1 .0440 I. 018c 9936 9704 9485 9276

57 1.1004 1.0710 1-0435 1.0176 9932 9701 9481 9272
18 1.C999 1.0706 1.0431 1. 0172 9928 9697 9478 9269
59 1.0994 1.0701 1:0426 1.0168 9924 9693 9474 9265
20 1.0989 1.0696 1.0422 1.0164 9920 9689 9470 9262

21 1.0084 1.0692 1.0418 b

0 9916 9686 9467 9259
22 1.0979 1.0687 1.0413 1.0155 9912 9682 9463 9255
23 1.0974 1.0682 1.0408 1.0151 9908 9678 9460 9252
24 1.0969 1.0678 1.0404 1 0147 9905 9675 9456 9249
25 1.0964 1.0673 1. 040c I-OI 43 9901 9671 9453 9245

26 1.0959 1. 0668 5-0395 1.0139 9897 9667 9449 9242

27 1.0954 1.0663 i- 039 i 1.0135 9*»’93 9664 9446 9238

28 1.0949 1.0659 1.0386 1.0130 9889 q 66 o 9442 923s

29 1.0944 1.0654 1.038.1 1.0126 98859656 9439 9231
30 1.0939 1.0649 1.0378 1.0122 9881 9652 9435 9228}

Digitized by Google
 1 1

L 0 G A R I r H M S.

1 / / / / / /

tf
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

31 1.0934 1 0645 1-0373 i.oi 18 9877 9648 9431 9225

32 i.oqaq 1.0640 1.0369 1.0114 9873 9645 9428 9221
33 1.0924 1 0635 1.0365 I.OI 10 9869 9641 9425 9218
34 1.0919 1.0631 1.0360 1.0106 9865 9637 9421 9215
35 1.09 14 1.0626 1.0356 1.0102 9861 9634 9417 9211

36 I 0909 1.0621 1-0352 1.0098 9858 9630 9414 9208

37 1.0904 1.0617 1-0347 1 .0093 9«.54 9626 9410 9205
38 1.0899 1.0612 2-034.2 1.0089 9850 9623 9407 9201
39 1.0894 1.0608 1.0339 1.0085 9846 9619 9404 9198
40 1.0889 1.0603 1-0334 1. 0081 9842 9615 9400 9195

41 1.0884 1.0598 1.0330 1.0077 9838 9612 9396 9191

42 1. 088 c 1.0594 I 0326 1.0073 98.34 9608 9.393 9188
43 1.0875 1.0589 1-0321 1.0069 9830 9604 9389 9185
44 1.0870 1.0584 1.0317 1.0065 9826 9601 9386 9181
45 1.0865 1.0580 1-0313 1 .006 9823 9597 9383 9178

46 1.0860 1-0575 1.0308 1 0057 9819 9593 9379 9175

47 1-0855 1.0571 1-0304 1-0053 9815 9590 9375 9171
48 1.0850 1.0566 1.0300 1 .0049 9811 9586 9372 9168
49 1.0845 1.0561 1.0295 I.CO44 9807 9582 9368 9165
50 1.0840 1-0557 1.0291 1.0040 9803 9579 9365 9161

51 1-0835 1-0552 1.0287 9800 9575 9.362

1.0036 9158
52 1.083d 1 o<;48 1.0282 1.0032
9796 9571 9358 9155
53 1.0826 1-0543 1.0278 1.0028
9792 9568 9355 9151
54 1.0821 1-0539 1.0274 1.0024
9788 9564 9351 9148
55 i.o8i6 1-0534 10269 1. 0020 9784 9560 9348 9145

56 1 .08 1 1.0529 1.0265 I.OO16 9780 9557 9344 9141

57 1.0806 1.052s 1.0261 1 0012 9777 9553 9341 9138
.

58 I 0801 1.0520 1-0257 1.0008 9773 9549 9337 9135

1 0796 1.0516 1.0252 1.00049769 9546
9334 9132
I 0792 1-051 1.0248 1.00009765 9542
1
9128 mi

Digitized by Googli
 1 c

I
LOGARITHMS. j

i ' f / t / / /

//
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

31 9027 8839 8658 8484 830 8157 8002 7852 7707 7567
32 9024 8836 8655 8481 8315 8154 7999 7849 7705 7565
33 9021 8833 8652 8479 8312 8152 W 97 7847 7703 7563
34 9018 8830 8640 8476 8309 8149 7994 7844 7700 7560
35 9015 8827 8646 8473 8306 8146 7991 7842 7698 7558

36 9012 8824I8643 8470 8304 8144 7989 7840 7696 7556

37 9CX)8 8820:8640 8467 8301 8141 7986 7837 7693 7553
3 » 9005 8817 8637 8464 8298 8138 7984 7835 7691 7551
39 9002 '8814I8635 8462 8296 8136 7981 7832 7688 7549
40 8999 88iij8632 8459 8293 8133 7979 7830 7686 7546

41 8995 8808 8629 8456 82908130 7976 7827 7683 7544

42 8992 8805 8626 8453 8288:8128 7974 7825 768-I 7542
43 8989 8802 8623 8450 8285 8125 7971 7823 7679 7540
44 8986 8799 8620 8448 828218122 7969 7820 7676 7537
45 8983 8796 8617 8445 8279j8i20 7966 7818 7674 7535 f

46 8980 8793 8614 8442 7964 7815 7672 7533

8277I8117
47 8976 8790 8611 8439 8274 81 1 7961 7813 7669 7531
48 8973 8787 8608 8437 827 i [8 ii 2 7959 7811 7667 7528
49 8970 8784 8605 8434 8268 8109 795 ^ 7808 7665 7526
5 ° 8967 8781 8602 8431 8266|8 io 7 7954 7805 7662 7524

51 8964 8778 8599 8428 8263 8104 7951 7803 766c 7522
52 8960 8775 8596 8425 8260 8102 7949 7801 7658 7519
53 8957 8772 8593 8422 8258 8099 7946 7798 7655 7517
54 8954 8769 8591 8420 8255 8097 7944 7796 7653 7515
55 8951 8766 8588 8417 8252 8094 7941 7793 7651 7512

56 8948 8763 85^5 8414 82 CO 8091 7939 7791 7648 7510

57 8945 8760 8582 S41 8247 8089 7936 7789 7646 7508
5 « 8942 8757 8579 8408 8244 8086 7934 7786 7644 7506
8938 8754I 8576 8406 8242 80S4 7931 7784 7641 7503
g !Z5i 8405 8081 7929 7782 7639
822i 75°.’.
 1 1

PROPORTIONAL
t t / t /• /

//
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 '41

0 75 °i 7368 7238 7112 6990 6871 6755 6642 6532 6425

1 7499 7365 7236 7110 6988 6869
6753 6640 6530 6423
2 7496 7363 7234 7108 6986 6867 675* 6638 6528 6421

3 7494 7361 7232 7106 6984 6865 6749 6627 6527 6420
4 7492 7359 7229 7104 6982 6863 6747 6635 6525 6418
5 7490 735 ^ 7227 7102 6980 6861 6745 6633 6523 6416

6 7488 7354 7225 7100 6978 6859 6743 6631 6c2T 6414
7 7485 7352 7223 7097 6976 6857 6741 6629 & 5’»9 6412
8 7483 7350 7221 7095 6974 6855 6739 6627 ^•517 641
9 7481 7348 7219 7093 6972 6853 6738 6625 6516 6409
10 7478 7345 7216 7091 6970 6851 6736 6623 6514 6407

1 7476 7343 7214 7089 6968 6849 6734 6621 6512 6405
12 7474 7341 7212 7087 6966 6847 6732 6620 6510 6404
13 7472 7339 7210 7085 6964 6845 6730 6618 6508 6402
H 7469 7337 7208 7083 6962 6843 6728 6616 6507 6400
>5 7467 7335 7206 7081 6960 6841 6726 6614 6505 6398

16 7465 7332 7204 7079 6958 6839 6724 6612 6503 6397
17 7463 7330 7202 7077 6956 6837 6722 6610 6501 6395
18 7461 7328 7200 7075 6954 6836 6721 6609 6500 6393
19 7458 7326 7197 7073 6952 6834 6719 6607 6498 6391
20 7456 7324 7195 7071 6950 6832 6717 6605 6496 6390

21 7454 7322 7193 7069 6948 6830 6715 6603 6494 6388
22 7452 7319 7191 7067 6946 6828 6713 6601 6492 6386
23 7449 7317 7189 7065 694416826 6711 6599 6490 6^84
24 7447 7315 7187 7062 6942:6824 6709 6598 6489 6383
25 7445 7313 7185 7061 6940|6822 6707 6596 6487 6381

26 7443 7311 7183 7059 693816820 6705

6594I6485 6379
27 7441 7309 7181
28 7438 7306 7179
7057 6936.6818 6704 6592 iM
4 6377
7054 6934 68 r6 6702 65906482 6376
7436 73°4 7177 7052 6932I6814 6700 6588 6480
s
"0 f 434 7,302
iZHi 7050 69306812 6698 65'87 6478 6272

Digitized by Googli
 LOGARITHMS.
' / ' / / / / '
'
1

//
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
j

31 7431 73CX) 7172 7048 6928 6810 6696 6585 6476,6370

32 7429 7298 7170 7046 6926 6808 6694 6583 64746369
33 7427 7296 7168 7044 6924 6807 6692 6581 64736367
34 7425 7293 7166 7042 6922 6805 6690 6579 6471J6465
35 7423 7291 7164 7040 6920 6803 6689 6577 646916363

36 7421 7289 7162 7038 6918 6801 6687 6576 6467 6362
37 7418 7287 7160 7036 6916 6799 668c 6574 6465 6360
38 7416 7285 7158 7034 6914 6797 668c 6572 6464 6358
39 7414 7283 7032 6912 6795 6681 6570 6462 6357
40 7411 7281 7153 7030 6910 6793 6679 6568 6460 6355

41 7409 7278 7151 7028 6908 6791 6677 6566 6458 6333
42 7407 7276 7149 7026 6906 6789 6676 6565 6457 ^ 35 ?
43 7405 7274 7147 7024 6904 6787 6674 6563 6455 6349
44 7403 7272 7145 7022 6902 6785 6672 6561 6453 6348
45 7401 7270 7143 7020 6900 6784 66i70 6559 6451 6346

46 7398 7268 7141 7018 6898 6782 6668 6557 6449 6344
47 7396 7266 7139 7016 6896 6780 6666 6556 6448 6342
48 7394 7264 7137 7014 6894 6778 6664 6554 6446 634*
49 7392 7261 7135 7912 6892 6776 6662 6552 9444 6339
5 Q 7389 7259 7133 7010 6890 6774 6660 6550 6442 6337

S> 7387 7257 7131 7008 6888 6772 6548 6441 6336
52 7385 7255 7128 7006 6886 6770 6657 6546 6439 6334
53 7383 7253 7126 7004 6884 6768 6655 6545 6437 6332
-54 7381 7251 7124 7002 6882 6766 6653 6543 643s 6<3i
55 7378 7248 7122 7000 6880 6764 6651 6541 6434 6329

56 7376 7246 7120 6998 6878 6762 6649 6539 6432 6327
7.374 7244 7118 6996 6877 6.761 6648 6538 6430 6325
58 7372 7242 7116 6994 667s ^V 59 6646 6536 6428 6323
59 737c 7240 7114 ''5992 6873 6757 6644 6534 6426 6322
60 7368 7238 7112 6990 '6871 6 ?S 5 6642 6532 6425 6320

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2 3317 3214 3ii5 So 1 5912 5838 5737 964b 5560 5474
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4 &313 6211 61 1 6014 S 9'9 5825 5734 5^45 5557 5471

5 6311 6209
6116 6012 5917 5824 5733 5 3 5556 5470 H
6 6310 6208 6108 6011 5916 5823 5731 5642 5554 5469
7 6308 6206 6106 6009 5414 9821 5730 5640 5553 5467
8 6306 6204 6105 6008 5912 9819 5728 5^39 SSSi 5465
9 6305 6203 6103
6006 5911 9818 5727 5637 5550 9464
lO 6303 6201 6102 00 5909 5816 5725 5636 5548 5463

1 6301 6190 61CX) 6003 5908 5815 5724 5634 5547 5461
12 6300 6198 6099 6001 5906 5813 5722 5633 5546 9460
13 6298 6196 6097 6000 5905 9812 5721 5631 5544 5458
14 6296 6194 609s 5998 5903 9810 5719 5630 5543 5457
IS 6294 6193 6094 5997 5902 5809 5718 5629 5541 5456

i6 6293 6191 6092 5995 9900 5807 5716 9627 5540 5454
17 6291 6189 6090 5993 9898 5805 5715 9626 5538 5453
i8 6289 618b 6089 5992 5897 9804 5713 9624 5537 5452
19 628; 6186 0087 5990 5895 9802 5712 5623 5535 5450
2 C 6286 6184 3085 5988 5894 5801 5710 5621 5534 5449

21 628^ 3i82 6084 5987 9892 9800 5709 9620 5533 54^7
22 3282 0181 6082 5985 989c 5798 5707 5618 553 ’ 5446
2 5281 617^ 5 o 8 c 5984 5889 9796 5706 5617 553 ° 5444
2>1 627c &i7b J079 5982 5795 5704 5615 5528 5443
2< 627'/ 6176 6077 59 ?^ 5886 5793 5703 5614 5^27 544 ’

2f 327 c;'’i 74 5075 5979 9884^5792 570 ’ 5612 5525 5440

2/ 3274 .6173 60745977 5883 579c 570c 9611 5524 5439
2^ 5273 6171 3072 5976 9881 5789 969b 9609 5522 5437
2 C 327c oi6c !307 j 5974 988c>5787 5697 960b 5521 5436
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54 55 56 57 58 59 1. 0 I. 1
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o 5393 5310 5229 5 149 5071 4994 4918 4844 4771 4699
r 5391 5308 5227 5148 5069 4992 4917 4843 4770 4698
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24 1018 0987 0957 0927 0897 0868 0838 0809 0780 0751
25 1017 0987 0957 0927 0897 0867 0838 0809 0780 0751

26 1017 0986 0956 0926 0896,0867 0837 0808 0779 0750

27 1016 0986 0956 0926 089610866 0837 0808 0779 07.50
28 1016 0985 0955 0925 08950866 0836 0807 0778 0750
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5 0732 0703 0675 0647 0619 0591 0564 0536 0509 0482

6 0731 0703 0675 0647 0619 0591 0563 0536 0509 0482
7 0731 0702 0674 0646 0618 0590 0565 05 3 ^ 0508 0481
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16 0727 0698 0670 0642 0614 0586 0559 053 ‘ 0504 0477
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36 0182 0157 0132 0107 0083 0058 0034 0010

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41 0180 0155 0130 0105 0081 005610032 0008

42 0180 0^55 0130 0105 0080 0056 0031 0007
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50 0176 0151 0126 0102 0077 0053 0028 0004

51 0176 0151 0126 0101 0077 0052 00 00 0004

52 0176 0151 0126 0101 0076 0052 0027 0003
53 0175 0150 0125 0100 0076 0051 0027 0003
54 0175 0150 0125 0100 0075 0051 0027 0002
55 0174 0149 0124 0100 0075 0051 0026 0002

56 0174 0149 0124 oogg 0075 6050 0026 0062

57 0174 0148 0124 oogg 0074 00^ 0025 0001
58 0173I 0148 0123 C098 0074 0049 0025 0001
59 0173 0148 0123 0098 0073 0049 0025 0000
0122 0098 0073
E2i 017210147 0049 0024 0000

Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
 EXPLICATION and USE
;0 F T H E

T A B L E S

Requifite to be u(ed with the Astrono-

mical and Nautical Ephemeris.

T he
curved Line,
Rays of Light in paffiug through the Atmo-
ftrait Courfe into a
fphere being bent out of their
thence happens that all the heavenly Bo-
it

dies, except when they are in the Zenith, appear higher

than they ought to do, and fo much the more, the nearer
they are to the Horizon. Hence they appear to rife fome Mi-
nutes fooner, and fet fome Minttes later than they would
do, if there was !«> Atmofphere, or if it had not this •

Power of turning the Rays of Light out df their Courfe.

This apparent Elcvarioh of the heavenly Bodies above thiir
true Height is called the Refraftion of their Light, or, in

common Speaking, the Refraftion of the Objefts. The Ef-

fjeft of contained in Table Page ad> and it fuited to a
it is

mean Temperature of the Air at Greenwich ; the Height

• of the Barometer being 29 Inches, and that of the Ther-
mometer of Fahrenheit’s Conftruftion 50 Degrees ; or,
which comes to the fame Thing, 30 Inches of the Baro-
meter, and 55 of the Thermometer. It is deduced from
a Rule invented by Dr. Bradley, and by him adapted to his
Obfervations, that the Refraftion at any Altitude, is to
57", the Refraftion at the Altitude of 45®; as the Tangent
pf the apparent Zenith Dillancc lelTened by three times the
S Refraftion

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.
•: j i , L .130 ' ] L. c
Kefraftion taken out of any common Table, is to the Ra-
dius. To allow for the Variations of Refra^^ion in differ-
ent Temperatures of the Air, h? has ftaied another Rule,
derived alfo from or Confirmed by his Obfervations, that
the true Refrartion is to that expreffed by his firft Rule,
or contained in this Table, in a direff Ratio of the Alti-«
tilde of the Barometer • to 29^
Inches; and in an Inverfe
Ratio of the Altitude of.the Thermometer increafed-by 350,
to the Number 400,
It is evident that all obferved Altitudes of the heavenly
B'.xlies ought to be diminilhed by the Numbers taken out
of this Table, particularly the Meridian Altitudes of the
Sun and Stars, &c. the Altitudes of the Sun and Stars
defigned for computing the apparent Time of the Day, and
the Altitudes of the Sun taken for computing his Azimuth.
The Time for taking an Amplitude of the Sun is not
when he appears in the Horizon, but when his Centre ap-
pears 29' high, or his lower Limb 15'; or upper Limb 43'
above the true Horizon ; but the Quantity of the Dip, p.
14. is to be added to thel'e Numbers to find the apparent
Altitudes above the vifible Horizon of the Sea.
The Moon’s Parallax is the Difference between her Place
in the Heavens feen from the Surface of the Earth, and
that in which fhe would bi feen from the Centre, which
l.ifl is called her true Place, and is that which is given di-

Tcfily by Aftronoraical Tables. On this Account the

Moon, except when in the Zenith, always appears lower
than her true Altitude ; the Quantity of this Depreflioh,
called the Moon’s Parallax in Altitude, is contained in
'I'able p. 3, 4, 5, and is to be added to all obferved Abi-
tudes of the Moon. It is ufeful in finding the Latitude

from the Moon’s Meridian Altitude, the apparent Time

from the obferved Altitude of the Moon at a Difiance from
the Meridian, and in computing her apparent Altitude
from her right Afcenfipn and Declination, the Hour being
given; but in this laft Cafe the true Altitude being firft
found, the Parallax mufl be fubfirafted from it to obtain
the apparent Altitude.
It

Digitized by Google
 9

[ 13 * ]
•
It is Hkewlfe ufeful in computing the fecond Corre£tion
'
of Parallax delivered in the Preface to the Britilh Mariner’s
Guide, which may alfo be confulted for the Application of
the abKivementioned Ufes of the Moon’s Parallax. Mr.
Lyon’s Tab. IV. of Parallax, defigned for facilitating theo
Computation of the fecond Correftionbf Parallax, requires :

alfo the Table of theUfe of the Moon’s Parallaxes.

The Table, p. 6, 7, and 8, ferves to turn Degrees and
Minutes of the Equator into Time, and the contrary ; it is
of frequent Ufe, as has been Ihewn already in the Expli-
cation of the Ephemeris. It is alfo ufeful to find the true
Difference of Longitude between Greenwich and any Place,
from the Difference of Meridians found in Time by the
Obfervation of the Moon’s Diftance fiom the Sun or a Star,
as will be explained hereafter. ,

Page pih contains the Longitudes and Latitudes of 1

of the brighteft Stars and neareff the Ecliptic, being fuch
as are moll proper to take the Moon’s Diftance from for
finding the Longitude at Sea ; and therefore it Would be •

better in general not to ufe any others* The to marked

with Afterilksare the only ones made ufe of In the Diftances*
of the Ephemeris. This Table is derived from a larger
Table of 40 Stars communicated to me by Mr. Gael Mor-'
ris, deduced from Dr. Bradley’s Obfervations, and adapted

to the Year 1760. I he Longitude of the Stars in this

Table being adapted to the Beginning of the Year 1767,
muft be increafed by the proportional Part of 5o"j, the an-
nual Variation, for any Day of the Year, according to the
Number of Days from the Beginning of the Vear, which
may be found in the laft Column of the mean Motion of •

the Sun for the Days of the Month, p. 13 —

18 in Mayer’s
T.ibles: They mull alfo be increafed at the Rate of 50'^ |-
for every Year after 1767 and muft further be correfted
;

by the Number of Seconds taken out of the following

Table, intltled, I'able to find the Aberrarion of a Zodia-
cal Star in Longitude, communicated alfo by Mr. Gael
•vlorris. To find the Argument or Number for entering
this Tattle with, fubftradl the Longitude of the Star from
the Loncltude of the Sun, borrowing la Signs if nccef-
S 2 faiy;

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 [‘ 1^2 ]
fary; where note, that the Charaifler + affixed
Sign of the Argument, fhews that the Number of Seconds
to the

is, to be added ; and — fhews that it is to be fubftrafted,;

and when the Number of Signs is found at, the Bottom
of the Table, the Degrees are to be looked for to the
right Hand of the Table. The Aberration. of Light is,
an apparent Motion to which all the fixed Stars are fub-
jeft, the Period of which is completed in a Year, It
was firft difeovered by Dr. Bradley in the Year 1727,'
and fhc\vn by him to arife from the fucceflive Propagation
of Light, and the Motion of the Earth in its Orbit, com-
pounded ttjgether. LafUy, the Longitudes of the Starsi
muft be correfted by the Equation of the Equinoftial
Ppints, which is fet down for every three Months at the >

Beginning of the Ephemcris, whence it may be taken at

Sight, and applied according to its Sign- This Equation
arifes from the Nutation of the (Earth’s Axis, which ist

,
owing to tlie Adlion trf the Moon upon the, protuberant
Parts of the Earth about the Equator, combined with the>
Inclination of the Moon’s Orbit to the Ecliptic, and the,
entire Revolution of its Nodes in i8i Years. This was-
alfo difeovered by Dr. Bradley, by the like Obfervations
by which he found the Aberration, continued for a Series
of twenty Years.
The Moon’s Velocity of Accefs or Recefs being greateft;
with Refpeft to a Star pofited near the fame Parallel of
Latitude, it is proper to chufe one out of the 24 Stars
contained in Table Page 9th, as near this Situation as,
pofUble, from which to obfer ve the Moon’s Diftance for find-
ing the Longitude at Sea : For, if a Star be taken from
which the Moon varies her Dillancc too flowly, the una-
voidable Errors of Obfervaticn will produce a proper-
tionably greater Error in the Rcfult. The two following
Tables, intitled, A Table for ebufing proper Stars for ob-
ferving the Moons Diftance from, and a particular Table
of Limits for, a Aqtiila;, are defigned for this Purpofe,
and were accordingly uled for chufing the proper Stars
for the Moon’s Dift.inces in the Ephemcris. The Ufe of
the

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 -' '

r. >35'
the Tables is this, the Difference of the Latitudes of fhe
MOon and Star, if of the fame Denomination,' viz. bodi’
North or both ^uth, or'their Snm, if of contrary DenO'*'
minations, or one North and the other South, being'
found ill the fifft Column, the Diflerenceof the Longi-
tudes of the Moon and Star (houid not be lefs dia« b<-
Ihewn agamft it in thfc fecond' Coiumn'; Or, the DkRr-
ence of Longitude being fotmd in the fecond CohiiSa, the’
Difference or Sum of the Latitudes fhould nor be greater
than is ffiewn in the firll Column. I have adapted tlic
fifft' Table, fo that the Velocity of the Moon’s Acccfs to or-

Rccefs from a Star may 'be never lefs than Seven Eighths'
-

of her proper Motion ; but, in order to- take in (o fine-

•

a Star as a Aquilae, in fome Cafes when: there may be a

Defefl of other bright Stars proper for the Pnfpofe,
have extended the Limits a little further in the fixond
Table, -yet fb that the Velocity of the Moon’s Accefsi to,' of
Recefs from, a Aquilae, may never be lefs than of her*'
proper Morion. '
'
/
' The’ Ufe
of the following Table of Corr^krtis of the'
Moon’s Longitude and Latitude found by even Proportioa'
from the Ephemeris, on account of the fecond Diffirences
of the Motion in twelve Hours, has been ftie'wn in the Ex-
planation of the Ephemeris, under the Articles of the
Moon’s Longitude and Latitude.
The next Table of the right Afccnlions and DecKnx-’
tions of the principal fixed Stars, is ufeful for finding the
Time and the Latitude by Altitudes taken in the Night;
alfo for computing the Alritnde of a Star from which the
Moon’s Diftance was obferved, in cafe it was not obferved.
The Method of finding the Time from the obferved Alri-^
tude of a Star will be ihewn in the Precepts for finding the'
Longitude at Sea by the Help of the Ephemeris. It is alfo
fhewn in the Britifo Mariner’s Guide, Chap. iii. Page iq,
which alfo confult at Page 57 and 92, for the two otter
Ufes of the Catalogue of right Afeeniions and Dedinatior.s,
mentioned above.
t

If

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t *34 1
.If the right Afceofions of the Stars are required for any
Year after 1767, the right Afcenfions in the Table muft
be increafed in proportion to the Number of Years after
1767, according to the Increafe of right Afcenfion in Ten
Years fet down in Column the fourth : In like manner the

Declinations mulf be correAed according to the Variation

of Declination into Years, fet. down in the laff Columni
the Sign + denoting when the Correftion is to be added,
and the Sign — when it is to be fubAradfed. .

If the right Afcenlion and Declination are required for

any Year before 1767, they are found by dirainiftirng the.
right Afcenfion contained in the Table, according to die
Number of Years which precede 1767, and by applying
the CorrefUon of Declination with a contrary Sign to that
Ihewn by the Table. - ,

This Table, as well as the Table of Multipliers, p, 14,

is taken from the Bjitilh Mariner’s Guide,, which confult
at Page 49 for .the Ufc of the latter Table.
The following Table of the Deprellion or Dip of the
Horizon of the Sea is more correft than the common'
Tables, the Numbers in it being One Tenth Part lefs than
in them. This Correftion is owing to the Refraftion of.
the Rays of Light in palling from the Horizon through the
Air to the Eye ; and 1 find it confirmed by Experiment, as
well as by Theory. All Altitudes taken from the apparent
Horizon of the Sea are to be lelfened by the Numbers taken
out of this Table, according to the Height of the Eye above
the Sea.
The Tables of the right Afcenfions, Declinations, Lon*
gitudes, and Latitudes of 21 principal fixed Stars, de-
duced from Dr. Bradley’s Obfervations, were communi*
cated by the Reverend Mr. Hornlby, Savilian Profeflbr of
Afironomy at Oxford. They may be prefumed to be very
,

exa£f, being fettled from Ten Years Obfervations, made be-

tween the Years 1750 and 1760; and are fit for the nicer
Inquiries of Allronomy. The Longitudes and Latitudes
of 24 Stars, contained p. 9, are moftly the fame with
thefc p. 1 6 to the ncarcll Second, being both carried on
.

from

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?35 ]
from the fame Settlement of the Stars made to the Begin-
ning of the Year 1760.
Next follow Mr. Lyon’s Tables and Rules, and Mr.
Dunthorne’s Tables, for correfting the apparent Diftance
of the Moon from the Sun or a fixed Star, on account of
B-efr^dfion and Parallax, the Explanation and Ufe of which,
with Examples, is immediately fubjoined to the Tables
fhemfelves.

EXPLICATION

> y

V
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 EXPLICATION
*
•
' »
and *
USE
•’'OF T 'H E

T A B L E
O F

PROPORTIONAL LOGARITHMS.

T H E apparent Diflance of the Moon from the Sun,

or a luted Star, being carefully obferved and re-
duced to the true Diflance by the preceding Tables and
Rules, it is manifeft that the Problem of finding the Lon-
gitude from Greenwich is reducible to this, to find the
apparent Time of the Obfervation by the Meridian of
Greenwich ; for, the Time at the Ship being given, the
Difference of thefe Two is tiie Difference of lajngitude in
Time. The apparent Time at Greenwich is to be found
by comparing the obferved Diflance reduced with the
Diftances of the Moon from the Sun or the fame Star fet
down in the Ephemeris, ‘for every Three Hours by the Me-
ridian of Greenwich, and making the following Propor-
tion ; as the Variation of the Moon’s Diflance in three
Honrs by the Ephemeris : is to the Difference of the re-
duced Diflance, and the next preceding Diflance in the
Ephemeris : fo is three Hours or iSo'
: :to the Number
of Hours, Minutes, &c. which added to the Hour (landing
at the Topof the Column above the next preceding Dif-
tance, gives the apparent Time of the Obfervation by the
Maidian of Greenwich.
I have

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 [ »37 3
I have calculated the Table of proportional Logarithms,
as 1 term them, principally in order to render the Opera-
tion of this Proportion more analogous to a
eafy. It is
Table of Logiftical Logarithms, but three times as large,
feeing continued up to 3'' or Three Hours, on account of the
Diltances being fet down in the Ephemeris at fucb Inter-
vals. Nothing more is to be done than to enter the Table
with the Variation of Dillance in Three Hours, looking for
the Degree and Minute at Top, and Seconds on the Side,
and take out the proportional Logarithm ; in like manner
to takeout the proportional Logarithm of the Difference
i

of the reduced Diflance and next preceding DlAance in the

Ephemeris ; the Difference of thefe Two Logarithms will be
^he proportional Logarithm of the Hours, Minutes, and
Seconds, which being found in the Table, and added to
the Hour of the next preceding Diflance, gives the apparent
Time by the Meridian at Greenwich. This will be fur-
ther explained and illuflratedby an Example among the
Precepts for Hnding the Longitude at Sea by the Help of
the Ephemeris. •
,

The Table of proportional Logarithms is alfo very ufe-

ful in facilitating the Computation of the Effedl of Pa-
rallax upon the Moop’s Diflance from a Star by Mr. Lyon’s
Rules, as has been fhewn in their Explication at the End
of his Tables.’
Wherever any Proportion is to be worked, and all the
Three given Terms are Sexagefimals, that is to fay. Degrees,
Minutes, and Seconds, Hours, Minutes, and Seconds, See.
the Anfwer is readily fpund by adding the proportional
Logarithms of the fecond and tltird Terms, together with
the arithmetical Complement of the proportional Logaritltiii
of the firfl Term ; the Sum will.be the proportional Lo-
garithm of the foutth Term rcqiiir^J. If one of the given
Terms is Three Degrees, or Three Hours, whofe propor-
tional Logarithm is o, the Refult is had by only adding
Two Numbers together, as in the Cafe firfl mentioned of
finding the Time at Greenwich from the reduced Diflance
by the Help of the Eplicraeris.
T If

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 t ]
If the Two firft Terms in the Proportion are 'common
Numbers, and Third a Sexagefimal, add the propori-
the
tional Logarithm of the Third I’erm to, the eomtnoti Lo*-
garithm of the Firll Term, and the arithmetical Complfe-
ment of the common Logarithm of the Second 'I'erm, thi
Sum will be the proportional Logarithm’ of the Fourth
Term required. '
Or, if the Two Firft Terms are SexagefmMik, and the
Third a common Number to the common Logarithm oF
the Third Term, add -the proportional Logailthin of^rhc
•

Firft Term, and the arithmetical Complement of- the proe

-

portlonal Logarithm of the Second 1 erm, the Sum udfi

lie the common Logarithm of the Number required. ‘

To multiply a Sexagefimal' by any common Number," cA"

hy a Sine, Tangent,' &c.- to the proportional Logarithm of

the Sexagefimal, add the arithmetkat- Complement of the
Logarithm of the commott Number, or of the logarithmic
Sine, Tangent, &c. the Sum'wilt bO the proportional Lo^
~ ' t e: -• .1
, garithm of the Prodniff required. ‘

The Diyifion of a Sexagefimal will be perform^ by ad^-

Ing together the proportional Logarithm of the Sexag^-
fimal and the common Logarithm of the Divifor, the Sum
will be the proportional Logarithm of the'Qnotlent re^'
quired.
The proportional Logarithms were found by fubftraifling
the Logarithm of any Number of Seconds from 4.05342,
the Logarithm of 10800, the Number of Seconds contained
^
in 3'' or Three Hours.
i (hall now (hew, andilluftrate by an Example, the Man-
ner in which the Moon’s Longitude or Latitude may be
readily found from the Eplieineris by the Help of this
Table. Take half the Increafe of the Moon’s Longitude
in Twelve Hours, or the Motion irt Six Hours, and again
take its Half or the Motion in Three Hours; To the pro-
portional Logarithm of thehrOtki’s Motion in Three Hours,
add the proportional Logarithm of the Excefs of the Time,
reckoned from Noon or Midnight, above Three, Six, or
Nine Hours, which ever is the next below it, the Sum
wUl

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 ]'
f. 139
will be the proportjofiiU Logarithm of- the Degreej hit-
nutes, and Seconds, Which added to the MoOn’s Longi-
tude at the preceding Noon or Midnight, together with-
I

the ^^otion. ip Three Hours, Six Honrs, or the Motions

in Three Hours.: and Six Hotlrs,c' taken together, gives^
the Moon’s Longitude at the given Time by JPi'o- -

portion This mufl be corretfled on account of the Se-

:

cond Difterences in the Manner Ihewn in treating q 1 the Ar-

ticle pf the Moon’s Longitude.

Example.
Let be required to find the Moon’s Longitude and La-
it

titude July -idth 1767, at 16 H. 22 M. 1 6 S. by the Help

of the Ephemeris. July lOth at 12 H. the Moon’s Lon-
gitude iso, S. 6°. /fo'. 25' .and July 17th at Noon, o. S.
13''. 47'. 48". the Difference 7^'. 7'. 23". is the Moon’s
Motion in 12 Hours; its Half, or 3®. 33'. 4i"J. is the
Motion in 6 Hours; and its Half again, or 1°. 46'. 51". is
the Motion in 3 Hours. The Time reckoned from Mid-
night, is, 4 H. 22'. 16 '. from which fubltrafling 3 Hours,
there remains i H. 22 M. 16 S. Now to 0.2265 the
proportional Logarithm of 1°. 46'. 51". adding 0.3400,
the proportional Logarithm of i H. 22 M. 16 S. the Sum
0.5665 is the proportional Logarithm of 0°. 48'. 50".
which, together with lo. 46'. 51". being added to o S.
6°. 40'. 25". gives o S. 9°. 16'. 6". the Moon’s Longir
tude found by even Proportion :To which add 25", on
account of the Second Difierences, and the true Longitude
of the Moon will be o S. 16'. 31'^ In like manner,
to find the Moon’s Latitude at the fitme Time, July i6th
at Midnight, by the Ephemeris, it is 40. 49'. 36'^. N. and
July 1 7th at Noon 50. 3'. 26''. N, Therefore the Motion in
12 Hours is 13'. 50". and in 3 Hours is 3'. 27", whofe
proportional Logarithm is 1.7175, which added too. 3400,
the proportional Logarithm of i H. 22'. i6"- gives 2.0575,
the proportional Logarithm of 1'. 34''. which added to 3'.
27"‘ gives 5'. i". but this muff be coneded by adding
T-? 33',

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 [' HO ]
33". the GiJrreftion of Second Difierences, whence the
proportional Part corrofled, +
is 5'. i". 33". = 5'. 34".
which added to 4°. 49'. 36". gives 4°. 55^ ;io". N. the
—
Moon's Latitude correft. See the Example, p. 33 37..
tinder the Explanation of the Article of t^ Moon’s Lon-
- gitnde and Latitude.

INSTRUC- •

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 '

INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
Fin4ing t|ae Longitude at S E A,

By the Help of the Ephemeris,

. I . vi .1.1.
’
I
'
riJ j
; . ,

’
AR T I c L E I.

Concerning the Instruments and Observations,

T H E Obferver muft be furnifhcd with a good Had-

ley’s Quadrant, and a Watch that can be depended
upon for keeping Time within a Mindte for lix Honrs.
But it will be more convenient if the Inllrument be made
a Sextant^ in which Cafe it will meafurp 120°. for the Sake
of obfervipg the Moon’s Diftance from the Sun, for Twoi
qr Three Days after the firA and before the laA Quarter.
The loArumeat will be Aill more fit for the Purpofc, if it
Ik furnilhed with a Scre\y to move the Index gradually ia
ineafuring the Moon’s DiAance from the Sun or Star ; aa
s^ldit!onal dark Glafs, lighter than the common ones, to
take off the Glare of the Moon’s Light in obferving her
DiAance from a fixed Star, and a fmall Telefcope magni-
fying Three or Four Times to render the Gontaft of the
Star, with the Moon’s Limb more difcernible. A magnir
fying Glafs of i J or Two Inches Focus will aflIA the Ob-
fprwer to rpad off his Obfervation with greater Eafp and
Certainty,
The greateA Care muA be taken In having the Quadrant
cniefully adjnAed before the Obfervation, or, which I
ftould
 '
'
[ 142’ 3 r- 7 V*
ftiould rather advife, in examining the Error of the Adr
juftment, for it is liable to alter, and allowing for it.
The Method of doing it is this ; turn the Index of the
Quadrant till the Horizon-'of 'the Sea, or the ^'loon, or any

other proper Objeft appetus as One, by the Union of the

reflected Image with the Objeft fecn direffly ; then the
Number of Minutes by which o on tjie Index dilFers frewn
o on the Arch is the Error of Adjulhnent. If o ^qn the Index
Hands advanced upon the Quadrant before, or to the left
Hand of o on the Arch, that Number of Minutes is to be
fubftraCfed from all Ohfervatioas ; but i£ it Hands pfF the
Arch bshind, or to tb«- right HlMiJ'of o on the Arch, it
mull be added to the Obfervations. But the Sun himfelf
is incomparably the bell Objeft for this Purpofe Either :

the Two Suns maybe bMO'*f?ht irKo-Qne, or, which is a Hill

better Method, the Sun’s Diameter thaybe meafured twice,
with the Index placed ajteniatcly before and behind the
Beginning of the Divifions: Half the DifTei-ence oT thefe
Two Meafures will be the Correction of the Adjullment^
which mull be added or fubllraffed from all Obfervations,'
as the Diameter meafured with the loJcx upon tlxe Ardi,
that is to fay, before or (o the left Hand of the ‘Beginning
of the Divifions is lefs or greater than -the Diameter mea-
fored with the Index off the Afeh,'behind, or to the right!
Hand of the SegiUnitig of the Divilhjus. Tliusi' CupjKtfe I
had meafured the Sun’s Diametet' with tlte ftidex upor»_
the Arch, or to the left Hand of the Beginrtitig of the Di-
vffions, to be ;?o‘. and the contrary Way to be 35!''; I-
HuMild coiidiiJe that the Correftion of Adiullntent is f ?. or*
Kalf the Difftrence 3'. additive to the Obfervations. In the
PraftiCe of this Method the Telefcope nauft be it fed, and'
a -dark Glafs mull lx; applied at the Eye, or at leaf! oiv the
hither Side of the little .'peculum, ro darken both Suns at
once. It will al'fo be coiiveni'.mr ^
provide an U^mbrella
of Tadeboard, about Six Inches fquaie, with a Hole Jtvrhe-
Middle to receive the Tclefoojie, in order to defend't-lhs''
Eyes from the direft Light of the Sun, as well as from the'
ambient

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 «

Tl V
imbicntTSiIghtnefsof the Sky, which would othenvlfe rcn^
derthis Practide in many Cafes too painful and difficult.
It .wiH/conduie to greater Exaitnefs to take I’wo or

ThieeMeafmcs of the Sub’s Diameter each Way, Half

the Difference! of the Means each Way will be the Cor*-'
refljoa of the Ad'uftinent, to be applied ashefore. Thus I
have often affured myfelf of. the exaft Quantity of Cor-
re^fion of my Quadrant. wHliin a Qiiarter ot a.MiOnte.
There is another jWjuftmctvr ot the .'.Quadrant, which
is not commoofy regardedib much as'jr ought to be, that

of fetting the little Speculum parallel :to the great one by

the Screws on the Fore-part of the Inftrument. The Man-
ner of doing iit is^ this j hold, the Plane of the Quadrant
piu altel to the Horizon, andothe lirdex being brought near
too, if the! Horizon of the Sea fee n by Refleftkm in the
little Speculum is higher than the diredl Horizon feen by

the Side of it, nnferew the neareft Screw a little, and

ferew up the oppofite one till the direft and rcflefled Ho-
rizons agree. On tlte contrary, if the refleffed Horizon fe
lower thaft the true one, unicrew the Screw furtheft from
you,' and ferew up the neareft one ; and take care to leave
the' Screws both tight, by fcrewiug them up equally if
they are flack. If this Adjuftment is not above 4'. or 5'.
crroutotis,' it will not be necefTafy to corfeft it ; and it will
probaWy never err more, unlds the Inftrument meets with
fofne Accident. But fon the Sake of Caution k will be
proper to examine it from time to time.
THe'iObferver being now aflured of the Adjuftment of
his Quadrant, Or the exaef Correftion of it, may proceed
fafely fd the neceffary Obfervations for afcertaining the
Lortgirude.' ^he firft Obftrvation to be made, is that of
the Altitude of the Sun or fome bright Star, if the Horizon
he-faif'eneegli; for compurmg'the apparent Time at the
Shlp^ arid ctorrefting the Watch by which the other Ob-
fervatioDS are to be made, Thefe .Altitudes muft not be
taken nearer to the Meridian than Three or Four Points ^
but the hearer' they are taken due Eaft or Weft the better,
provided the Objedts be not lefs than 5°. high. The next
Obferv.ttk'n'to- be made is that of the Diflance of a Star
- from

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 r *4+ I
ftiKn tic Moon's enlightened Limb,' or the DUtance of
tlie Limbs ot the Sun and Moon. The Two other
nearcll i

requiilte Obfervations are the Altitudes of- the Moon and

Star, or of the Moon and Sun, to be taken by Two Af-
fiftants at the very Inflant, or at the utmoft within a Mi-
nute of the Time at which the principal Obferver gives
Notke of the comjfleting his Obfervation of the Diliance
of the Moem from the Sun ot Star. At the lame Inftant<
or at the ntmoll within a Quarter tit a Minute, and before
the ObferrerS attempt tb read off the Degrees and Minuted
from their Quadrants; fomebody mnA note the Hour; Mir
nnte, and Quarter Part of a Minute (if there is no fecond
Hand) of the Watch ufed in taking the Sun or Ststr’s Alti-
tude for computing the Time ; and the Oblemtions re-
qulfite for afeerfaining the Longitude are completed.,
If the Moon’s Diftaucc be taken from the Sun, and tlic
Sun be not nearer to the Meridian than Three Points, and
his Altitude be well taken within 1 5". or 20". of the Ob-
femtion the Diftance, this Altitude wnll fe.'-ve to com-
pute the apparent Time, witliout requiring the Ufe of the
feparate Obfervation firft mentioned, except it be ufed by
way of Confirmation and Check both upon Obfervation
and Calculation.
In taking the Moon’s DIflance from the Sun, the Ob-
fcnrcr mull look at the Moon direftly through the unfoiied
Part of tlie little Speculum, and obferve the Suft by Re-
llrflion, letting down One of the dark Glalles ufed in tak-
ing his Meridian Altitude, in taking the Moon’s Diftancr
from a Star, ha mull look .at the Star dire^lly, arfd Irt the
Moon by Rcfle^lion, nfing tlie dark Glals that is lighter
than the Reft; anddcligned for this particular Purpofe. The
Plane of the Quadrant mull be always made to pafs through
the Two Obje<fls whofe Diliance is to’ be oblerTed,..and
mud be put into various Pofifions according fo the Situa-
tions of the Objefls, which will be rendered familiar by a
littleExperience.
In order to attain the greater Degree of Exafhiefs, It
will be bitter to repeat the Obfervations till at lead Three
Dldances and their cotrefponding Altitudes are obtained ;
but

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i
 [ *45 ]
but the more that are taken the better. The Sum of the
Diftances divided by the Number of them is the mean Dif-
tancc : in like manner the mean Altitudes, and the mean
Time by the Watch are obtained ; which then are to be
ufed as a Angle Obfervation would be, only they may be
relied upon with greater AlTurance. But thefe Obferva-
lions mud be all included within the Space of Half an
Hour.
The Manner of finding the Star, whofe Diftance from
the Moon is fet down in the Ephemeris, has been men-
tioned among the Ufes of the Difiances contained in the
Ephemeris.
Whoever would fee more concerning the neceflary In-
ftruments and Obfervations, may confult the Two firfi
Chapters of the Britilh Mariner’s Guide, from which moft
of the foregoing InftrudUons are borrowed.

ARTICLE II.

To compute the apparent Time from the obferved

Altitude of the Sun or a known ’Star, and thence
to find the apparent Time of the Obfervation of ,

the Diftance of the Moon from the Sun or a Star. •

From the obferved Altitude of the Sun’s lower Limb,

fubfirafl the Sum of the Dip and Refraction, taken out
of Page ad and loth of requifite Tables, and to the Re-
mainder add 1 6'. for the Sun’s Semidiameter (or if you
have a mind to be more exaff, make ufe of the Sun’s Se-
midiameter, ftiewn Page 3d of the Month in the Ephe-
meris) and you have the true Altitude of the Sun’s Centre.
If the Sun’s upper Limb was obferved, his Semidiameter
,muft be fubfirafted inftead of being added. If the Alti-
tude of his Centre was taken, it is only neceflary to fub-
firaft the Sum of the Dip and Refraftion. Subfiraft the
true. Altitude of the Sun thus found from 90°. and yoa
have his true Zenith Difiance.
U The -

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 £ I4« }
The Sim’s Declination is to be found from the Ephe-
meris, Page 2d of the Month
but being there fet do%vn
;

for apparent Noon at Greenwich, Proportion muft be

made to find what it fhOuld be at the given Time reduced
to the Meridian of Greenwich. Turn your Longitude
by Account from London or Greenwich iftto Time, by
Table Page 6, 7, and 8, which iidd to, or fubftraft from»
the Time at the Ship, eftimated nearly according as yon-
are to the Weft or to the Eaft of Greenwich : This gives
the Time at Greenwich. Then fay, as 24 H. is to this
Time, fo is the daily Variation of the Sun’s Declination
in the Ephemeris to a Number of Minutes, &c. which
‘added or fubftrafted from, the Sun’s Declination, at
to,
the preceding Noon in the Ephemeris, according as his
Declination is increafing or deereafing, gives his true De-
clination required. Note, that the Sun’s Declination may
be found in the fame Manner for computing his Azimuth,
to compare with his obferved Azimuth
In order to find
the Variation of the Compafs. The
Sun's Declination,
if of the fame Denomination with the Latitude of the
Place (viz. both North or both South) mnft be fubftrafted
from pc®, but if of a contrary Denomination to the La-
titude of the Place (vizi one North and the other South)
mnft be added to 90®. the Sum or Difference is the Dif-
rance of the Sun from the Pole of the World which is
above the Horizon. Find alfb the Latitude of the Ship,,
at the Time of taking the Altitude of the Sun, by allow-
ing for the Ship’s Run from the Latitude determined at the
neareft Meridian Obfervation before or after : The Comple-
ment to yo°.ii> the Co-Latitude.
Now add together the Zenith Diftance, Polar Dlftanee,
and Co-Latitude, and take Half theSum, and the Difference
between the Half Sum and the Zenith Diftance Then add :

the Sines of the Half Sum and the faid Difference, toge-
ther M'ith the arithmetical Complements of the Sines of the
Polar Diftance andCo-Latitiide, Half the Sum of thele Fout
Logarithms is the Coline of Half the horary Angle; which-
therefore doubled gives the horary Angle or true Diftance
of the Sun from the Meiidi.rn. This being turned into
^
Time

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 '
I *47 3
Time by Table Page 6, 7, and 8, gives the apparent Time
if be Afternoon ; but, if
it it be Forenoon, the Comple-
ment to Tv<enty-four Hours is the apparent Time reckoned
from the preceding Noon. Five Places of Logarithms, be-
fides the Index, will be fuflicient for this Computation.
The Time thus found,
Difference between the apparent
and the Time fhewn by the Watch at the Inffant of taking
the Altitude, Ihews how much the Watch is too faft or too
flow ; which Difference being applied as a Correftion to
the Time Ihewn by the Watch when the Diflance of the
Moon from the Sun or Star was taken, being added there-
to, if the Watch is too flow, or fubftrafted therefrom, if
the Watch is too faft, gives the apparent Time of the Ob-
fervation of the Diftance.

Example.
Soppofe tlie apparent Altitude of the Sun’s lower Limb •

above the Horizon of the Sea fhould be obferved April 4 th

1767 to be 470. 13'. the Height of the Eye above the Sea
being 18 Feet ; the Latitude of the Ship at the fame time
corredfed for the Run from the preccdii^ Noon, being i&>.
24'. North, the Longitude to the fame Time by the Ship’s
Reckoning 43°. 37'. Weft of Greenwich, and the Time
at the Ship eftimated nearly 2 H. 41 M. It is required
to find the apparent Time ?

Obferved Altitude of the Sun’s lower Limb 47*’. 13'.

Sum of Dip 4'. and Refradf . 1 '. fubftradf 5

47. 8
Sun’s Semidiameter, add — — 16

True Atitude of Sun’s Centre — 47. 24

Subftraft from — _ — po

True Zenith Diftance of the Sun — 42“. 36'.

U 2 Time

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 [ U8 )
'
H. M.
Time from Noon eflimatcd nearly 2 41
Long. W. of Greenwich /rrAcc. 430 37'. =2 54 28

App. Time at Greenwich nearly — 5 35

The Sun’s Declination April 4th at Noon by the Ephe-

meris is 5°. 42'. 51". N, and April 5th is 6°. 5'. 39". N.
The Difference or daily Incrcafe is 22'. 48". Say then,
as 24 H.
is to
5 H. 35'. fo is 22'. 48". to 5'. 18". which
added to 5°. 42'5I. the Sun’s Declination in the Ephe-
ineris for the preceding Noon, gives 5°. 48'. 9". N. the
Sun’s true Dedination at the Time required, or rejeding
the Seconds, 5°. 48'. N. the Complement to 90°. (becaufo
the Latitude and Declination are of the fame Denomina-
tion) gives 84°. 12'. for the Sun’s true Diffance from the
North or elevated Pole.
The Latitude of the Ship carried on by Account from the
preceding Noon is 16°. 24'. N. the Complement of which
to 90°. is 73®. 36'. the Co-Latitude.

Zenith Dili, of the Sun 42. 36

Poiar Dift. of the Sun 84. 12 Ar, Com. Sine 0.00223
Co-Latitude 73. 3$ Ar. Com. Sine 0.01804

Sum — — — 200. 24
Half Sum — — too. 12 Sine 9.99308
Half Sum — Zepith Dift. 57. 36 Sine 9.92651

Sum of 4 Logarithms 19.93986

Half Sum Cofme of — 21®. 4'§, 9.96993
2

Sun’s horary Angle — 42. 9

H. M. S.
Therefore app. Time 2. 48. 36.

Suppofe the Watch at the Sun’s Altitude ffiewed 2 JI.

56'.48". the Difference is 8'. 12". by which the Watch is
toofaff for apparent Time. Now if the Moon’s Diffance
from

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 [ U9 3
from a Star was obferved afterwards at 8 H. 27'. 18". by
the Watch, fubftraft 8'. 12". and the apparent Time of
ObfervatioD of the Diflance is 8 H. 19'. 6". .

To find the apparent Time from the obferved Al-

titude of a known fixed Star.

The obferved Altitude of the Star above the Horizon of

the Sea miift be leflTened by the Sum of the Dip and Re-
fraffion, the Remainder is the true Altitude of the Star,
and the Complement to 90". is the Zemth Diftance. The
Declinations of the principal fixed Stars are contained in
Table p. 12 and 13, which muft be correfted for the In-
creafe or Decreafe for any Year after 1767, according to
the Variation in Ten Years fet down in the laft Column.
The Declination fubftracted from or added to 90”. as the
Declination of the Star and the Latitude of the Ship are of
the fame or contrary Denominations, gives the polar Dif-
tance of the Star.
The Zenith Diftance and Polar Diftance of the Star and
Co-Latitude being found, the Difiance of the Star from the
Meridian is found by the very fame Method or Procefs of
Logarithms as was before Ihewn for finding the Time by
the Son. Then fubftraft the Diftance of the Star Eaft of
the Meridian from its Right Afeenfion (found by I'abie
p. 12 and 13, correfted for any Number of Years after
1767, according to the Increafe in Ten Years, fet down in
5th Column) or add the Diftance of the Star Weft of
the Meridian to the right Afeenfion of the Star, the
Dif&rencc or Sum is the right Afeenfion of the Mid-
heaven which turn into Time by Page 6, 7, and 8. From
this (borrowing 24 Hours if neceflary) fubftradl the Sun’s
right Afeenfion in Time at the preceding Noon at Green-
wich ftanding in the Ephemeris, the Remainder is the ap-
parent Time nearly. To which adding or fubftrafting the
I^ongitudc of the Ship from Greenwich, turned into Time,
according as it is to the Weft or to the Eaft of Greenwich,
you will have the apparent Time nearly by the Meridian
of Greenwich. Then fay, as 24 H. is to this Time ; fo
is the daily Variation of the Sun’s right Afeenfion in Time
by

.
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 , 8

[ *50 ]
the Ephcmcris, to a Number of Minutes and Seconds;
'
which fubAraftcd from the apparent Time at the Ship,
found nearly above, leaves the apparent Time correA.
Example.
Suppofe the Altitude of the Star Procyon above the
Horizon of the Sea, Ihould be obferved Sept. 7 th 1767 in
Latitude 7®. 45'. South, Longitude 300. to'. Eaft of
Greenwich /er Account, to be 28°. i6'. the Height of the
Eye above the Sea being Eighteen Feet. Required the ap-
parent Time i

Obferved Alt. of Procyon 28°. 16'.

Sum of Dip 4’. and Refradiion 2'. fubR, 6

True Alt. of Procyon — — 28. 10

Complement to 900. or Zenith Diftance 61. 50
Declination of Procyon by Page 12th. N.
increafed by 90®. is— — — — 95. 49 49
5.

the DiRance of Procyon from Souththe or elevated Pole.

The 'Latitude — — —
is S.
Therefore Co-Latitude — — — 82. 4S15 7*

Zenth DiRance 61®. 50'.

Polar DiRance — 95. 49 Ar. Comp. 0.00224 Sine
Co-Latitude — 82. 15 Ar. Comp. 0.00398 Sine

— — 239. 54
Sum
I Sum
I Sum — Zen. DiR.
— 57
1 19.
58. -7 Sine
Sine
9 93775
9.92897

Sum of Four Logarithms — 19.87294

Half Sum, is Coline of —— 30. 14! 9-^3647
2

Doubled is horary Angle or

DiRance of Procyon from the 60. 29
1
Meridian to theWeR
Therefore fubRr. from right ? , '
Afc. of Star Page 12th i

Right Afc. of Mid- heaven 51. 1

Or

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 [ X5I ]
H. M. S.
—
.

Or, in Time by Page 6th 3. 25. 12

Subftraft Sun’s right Afc. inn
Time Sept. 7th at Noon by > II. 3. 7
the Ephemerls —
•
^

Apparent Time fie.irly 16. 22. 5

Long. 30“. 18'. Eaft of Green- J
**
wich in Time, fubftrait J

Leaves apparent Time at 7

‘

Greenwich nearly j

The Sun’s right Afcenfion in Time, Sept. 7th at Noon

being 1 1 H. 3'. 7". and Sept. 8th 1 1 H. 6 '. 42". the daily
Variation is 3'. 35''. Then fay as 24 H. is to 14 H. 21
M. fo is 3'. 35". to 2'. 8". which fubftrafted from 16 H.
22'. 5". the apparent Time at the Ship found nearly above,
leaves 16 H. 19'. 57". the apparent Time correft.
Note, If the Longitude of the Ship Eaft of Greenwich
in Time is greater than the apparent Time at the Ship, it
will be neceflary to borrow 24 Hours, in order to find
the apparent Time .at Greenwich ; but if the Longitude
Weft of Greenwich in Time, added to the apparent Time
at the Ship, makes more than 24 Hours, 24 H. mnft be
fiibftrafVed from the Sum to have the apparent Time at
Greenwich : And in the firft Cafe the Sun’s right Afcen-
fion in Time muft be taken out of the Ephemeris for one
Day of the Month lefs than that reckoned at the Ship ;
and in the other Cafe it muft be taken out for one Day
more. The Sun’s right Afcenfion thus found in cither
of thefe Cafes, is to be fubftrafled from the right Afcen-
fion of the Mid-heaven, to find the apparent Time nearly,
which muft be correfled by the proportional Part of the
Sun’s daily Variation of right Afcenfion, in like manner a»
has been fhewn before.

ARTICLE .

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 2

[ ^52 ]

ARTICLE III.

To reduce the obfcrved Diftance of the Moon’s

Limb from a Star, or from the Sun’s Limb to
the true Ditlance of the Centres.

The apparent Time of the Obfervation of the Moon’s

Diftance from the Sun or a Star being found by the pie-
ceding Article, add to it or fubftraft from it the Longituce
from Greenwich by Account turned into Time, accord-
ing as the Shipis to the Weft or to the Eaft of Greenwich,

and you will have the apparent Time at Greenwich near-

ly with which take out of the Ephemeris, from Page
;

8 th of the Month, the Moon’s Semidiameter, horizontal

Parallax, and its logiftic Logarithm for 1767, or propor-
tional Logarithm for fubfequent Years ; alfo the Sun's Se-
mUliametcr, from Page 3d of the Month, if the obferved
Diftance was that of the Moon from the Sun, But the Ar-
ticles, contained Page 8th of the Month, being fet down

in the Ephemeris only for Noon and Midnight, it will be

neceftary to make Proportion to find them for any inter-
mediate Time.
Take the Difference of the Two Semidiameters of the
Moon, &c. ftandlng in the Ephemeris againll the Noon
and Midnight, which immediately precede and follow the
given Time reduced to the Meridian of Greenwich, and
you have the Variation of the Semidiameter, &c. in 1
Hours : Then fay, as i z H. is to the apparent Time re-
duced to Greenwich, reckoned from the preceding Noon
or Midnight, fo is the Variation of the Semidiameter, &c.
in 1 2 Hours, to the proportional Part required ; which
added to the Moon’s Semidiameter, &c, at the preceding
Noon or Midnight, if it is increafing, or fubftiadfed from
it, if it is decreafing, gives the Moon’s Semidiameter, Sec.

at the given Time. The Moon’s Semidiameter thus found

is to be augmented according to. her Altitude, as follows,

to obtain the apparent Semidiameter.

J ’s Alt.

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 [ i53 ]

^ Alftj®. io®.i5.io®.*5°.30®.3s°.4o°45°.50°.55°.6o°.65°.70°.;5Scai)0»t
Inc. J) 5''. j". g-. io''.ii".ia".i3".i4".i5".i5*.i6".
Semid*

to the logiftic Logarithm of the Moon’s horizontal Parallax,

found from the Ephemeris of the Year 1767, add the con*
hant Logarithm 0.4771, rejefting i, when it arifes in the
Place of the Index, and you will have the proportional Lo-
garithm of the horizontal Parallax, which mull always have
the Cyjshcr o prefixed in the Place of tlie Index.

£1(am p L e.

Skippofe it was required to find the Moon’s apparent Se-

taiidiametcr, horizontal Parallax, and proportional Lo-
garithm of the fame, Nov. 5th 1767, at 10 H. 27 M.
apparent Time in the Longitude 78°. 1 3'. Well of Green-
wich. The Longitude turned into Time is 5 H. 12 M.
52 S; which add^ to 10 H. 27 M. (beepufe the Longitude
is Well) gives 15 H. 40 M. (to tlic nearell Minute) for

the apparent Time at Greenwich, or 3 H. 40 M. after

^dnight. Now the Moon’s Semidiameter Nov. 5th at
Midnight, by the Ephemeris, is 16'. 28". and Nov. 6th
at Noon, is 1 6'. 24". therefore the Decreafe in 1 2 Hours
is 4". Then fay, as 1 2 H. is to 3 H. 40 M. fo is 4". to
t". which fubftrafled, from 16 ', 28".becaufe (Moon’s Se- >

' lidiameter b decreaCng) leaves 16'. 27". the Moon’s ho-

rizontal Semidiameter at the given Time. In like manner
the Moon’s horizontal Parallax will be found 60'. 25".
— 5". =
60'. 20". and the lOgiftic Logarithm of the
fame 9970 -j- j =
997^, becaufe it is increafing. Add
0.4771, and the Sum, rejefling t in the Place of the Index,
is o.4746, the proportional Logarithm of the Moon’s ho-
rizontal Pamllax. Suppofe the Moon’s Altitude to be 52®.
the Increafe of her Semidiameter, anfwering to this Alti-
tude Ihewn above, is 12". which added to her horiiontal
^emidiameter 1 6. 27". found above, gives her apparent
Semidiameter 1 6 39".
Now addthe Moon’s apparent Semidiameter, juft found,
to the obferved Diftance of the Muon’s Limb from a Star.
X if

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[ *54 ]
if it was the Limb neareft the Star bnt fiibrtraft tile
;

Moon’s apparent Semidiameter from the obferved Diftancc,

ifthe Limb obferved was that furthefb from the Star, and
you will have the apparent Dlftance of the Moon’s Centre
from the Star. But to the obferved Difiarice of the Sun
and Moon’s neareft Limbs add the Sum of the apparent Se-
inidiameters of the Moon and Sun, and you will have the
apparent Diftance of their Centres.
Sublfrafl the Quantity of the Dip of the Horizon of the
Sea from the obferved Altitude of the Star; and add i6'.
leffened by the Dip to the obferved Altitude of the Sun or
Moon’s lower Limb; but fubftraft the Sum of the Dip
arid 1 '. from the obferved Altitude of the Moon’s upper
Limb, and you will have the apparent Altitudes of the
Moori and Star or Sun.
Lallly, with thefe Altitudes, and the apparerit Diftancc
of the Moon’s Centre from a Star, or the Sun’s Centre
found before, and the Moon’s horizontal Parallax, or its

proportional Logarithm, found in Manner fhewn above,

compute the Correiftions neceftary to be made on account of
Refradtion and Parallax, either by Mr. Lyons’ or Mr. Dun-
thorne’s Tables, being Part of this Work, in the Manner
explained immediately after the Tables thenjfelves; which
being applied, according to thofe Direiftions, to the ap-
l»arcnt Diftance of the Moon’s Centre from a Star, or the
Sun’s Centre, will give the true or reduced Diftance of the
Moon from the Star or Sun.

ARTICLE IV. and laft.

To find theLongitude from the obferved Diftance

' reduced, by the Help of the Ephemcris.

Take the Difference of the next lefs and next greater

Diftances, ftanding in the Epheraeris, then the reduced
Diftance, gives the V.iriaiion of Diftance in Three Hours.
Take the Diflerence between the reduced Diftance and
the next preceding Diftance in the Ephemeris, namely, the
next

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 [ 155 ]

next lefs Diilance when ii is increafing, or next greater Dif-

tauce if it is decrcaling ;
this call the Difference of Dillance.
Subftraft the proportional Logarithm of the Variation df
Diffance in Three Hours from the proportional Logarithm .

of the Difference of Diftance, gives the proportional Lo-

garithm of the Hour with Minutes and Seconds ; which
added to the Hour at Greenwich of the next preceding
Diflance, gives the true Time of the Obfervation of the
Moon’s Diffanee from the Sun or Star by the Meridian of
Greenwich ; the Difference between this and the Time of
the Obfervation at the Ship is the Longitude of the Ship
from the Meridian of Greenwich in Time ; and is Eaft or
Weft, as the Time at the Ship is greater or lefs than that
at Greenwich. This is to be turned into Degrees and Mi-
nutes of Longitude, at the Rate of One Hour to 15°. op
more ttriefly by the Table Page 6, 7, and 8th.

Example.
Suppofe the Moon’s Diftance from Regulus to the Eaft
of her obferved and reduced Diftance fhould be found Jan.
13th 1767 at 10 H. 27 M. 13 S, apparent Time at Sea to
be 46°. 32'. 24". Look in the Ephemerls againft Jan.
13th for the next greater and next lefs Diftances than the re-
duced Diftance, and you will find 47®. 20'. 1 8" at 6 II. and .

45’. 48'. 52". at 9 Hours by the Meridian of Greenwich ;

the Difference of thefe is i®. 31'. 26". which is the Va-
riation of Diftance in Three Hours, whofe proportional
Logarithm is 2942.
'Lake alfo the Difference of the reduced Diftance 46®.
32'. 24". and 470. 20'. 18". the next Diftance preceding the
uced one (namely the next greater, becaufe the Diftance
in this Cafe is decreafing) and you will have 47'. 54". for
the Difference of Diftance, whofe proportional Logarithm
is 5749 ; from which fubftradt 2942 the proportional Lo-
garithm of the Variation of Diftance in Three Hours found
above, and there will remain 2807, the proportional Lo-
garithm of I H. 34'. 19". This added to Six Hours, the
^iour of the next preceding Diftance in the Ephemeris,
givae

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 7

[ }
gh'es 7 H. 54'. 19". apparent Time by the Meridian of
Greenwich ; the Difference of which and 10 H. 27'. 13",
the apparent Time at the Ship, or- 2 H. 52'. 54". is the
Longitude of the Ship, reckoned from the Meridian of
Greenwich in Time, which by the Table, p. 6, 7, and
8, gives the Lon^jitude 43°. 13'. 30". Eaft, becaufe the
Time at the Ship is greater than that at Greenwich.
N. B. The Longitude thus found is that of the Ship,
when the Altitude of the Sun or Star was taken for regu-
lating the Watch, and not when the Diftance of the Moon
from the Star was o.bferved, unlefs the Altitude made uf«
of for computing the Time was made at or very near the
Time of the Obfervation of the Diflance.
'I he Longitude is to be carried onto the following Noon,

and fo on from Day to Day, by the Ship’s Reckoning in

the ufual Manner, until it i$ again afcertained by fubfc-
^ucut Qbfervations.

END of the Inftruflions for finding the Longitude

at Sea by the Help of the Ephemeris.

Here follow two Examples of the Calculation of the

Longitude by the Help of the Ephemeris, one
from the Diftance of the Moon from the Sun,
and the other from the Dhlance of the Moon
from a, Star.
Example I.

Sappofe the following Obfervations fhould be taken at

Sea, April 4, 1767.

April 4, i;6;. Obferved D;il, or Obferved Alt. of Obferred Alt.

Time by the S'in anti Moon'a ^tin'sL. L. frern Moon’s L.L from
WiHh. fiearcft Limbi, Hornon of Sea. Hofinn of Sea,

, / //
0 ' 0 f

4. 47. 14 73 4 >. S 3
- 22. JO 80. 1

4. 50. II 73 43 -SS
- 22. 12 80. 36
4. SS- 26 73 47 33
- . 21. 6 81. 9.

Mw’4nof (htTirne* Mean Diliance Mean Alt. Sun's MeanAit. Moon’s

ower Limb. 'ovver Limb.

4- 50-'57 73 44 - - 27 22. 3 80.

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[ »57 ]
Suppofc alfo that at s'". 4'. 38". by the Watch, a little

after the foregoing Obfervations, the apparent Altitude

®f the Sun’s lower Limb above the Horizon of the Sea
was obferved 19*. 13', in order for computing the Time,
the Height of the Eye above the Sea being 1 8 Feet, the
Latitude being 34°. 17' N. and the Longitude by Account
J7 *. 46' Weft of Greenwich.

Computation of the apparent Time by Article II.

The Sum of the Dip 4', and Refra<ftion 3' or 7' be-
ing fubftrafted from the obferved Altitude of the Sun’*
'
lower Limb 1 9°. 1 3'leaves 1 9°. 6 to which 1
6' being added
for the Sun’s Semidiameter, the true Altitude of the
Sun’s Centre is 19°. 22', and his zenith Diftance, 70”, 38'.
The Time of this Altitude by the Watch, is 5 4'. 38".
and fuppofe the Watch is eftipiated tobe 20 hlinute*
too fall for apparent Time, then 20 Minutes fub-
ftrafled leaves 4i>. 44'. apparent Time eftimated nearly ;
to which add i*". 1 1' for the Longitude by Account Weft
of Greenwich in Time, and you have 5*’. 55' for the
Time at Greenwich eftimated nearly.
Therefore the Sun’s Declination by the Ephemeris i?
5'*. 48' N. and the polar Diftance 84°. 12'. The Lotiy
tude being 34“. 17' N. the Colatitude is 55®. 43'.

O f

Zenith Diftance of the Sun 70.38 Ar.com. Sineo, 00223 ,

Polar Diftance of the Sun 84. 12 Ar. com. Sine o, 0828X

Golatitudc 55. 43

Sum 210. 33
§Sum 105.16 Sinep, 9844 i3>
4 Sum —Zen. Dift. 34. 38 Sine 9, 75459,

Sum—4 Logarithms ^9, 8*410

I Sum, Cofine of 35- 1 9,9i2ojf
, a

Sua’s horary Angle 70. 39.

Thc*9

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 [ 158 ]
h m (

Therefore apparent Time 4. 42. o

But Time by Watch was 5. 4. 38

Therefore Watch is too fail 22. 38

Subftra{t from 4*'. 50”. 57*. the Mean of the Times

bv Watch at the Obfervations of the Diftance of the
Moon from the Sun, and there remains 4^ 28'"‘ 19’. ap-

parent Time.

Reduftion of the obferved Diftance of the Moo*

from the Sun according to Article III.

Tire Mean of the 3 obferved Altitudes of the Sun’s

lower Limb above the Horizon of the Sea is 22°. 3'. to
—
which adding 16' 4' or 12'. for the San’s Semidia-
meter leifened by the Dip, and the apparent Altitude of
the Sun’s Centre is 22 °. 15'.
The Mean of the 3 obferved Altitudes of the Moon’s
lower Limb is 80°. 41', to which 12' being added, the
apparent Altitude of the Moon’s Centre is 80°. 53'.
The apparent Time at Greenwich eflimated nearly be-
ing 5*'. 55', the Moon’s Semidiamerer by the Ephemeris, is
15'. 19", the Moon’s horizontal Parallax 56'. 12", and
the logiftic Logarithm of the fame 0283, to which add
0,4771, and the proportional Logarithm is 0,5054. To the
Moon's Semidiameter 15'. 19". adding 16" for her Altitude
81“, the apparent Semidiameter of the Moon is 15' 35" :
The Sun’s Semidiameter by Page 3dof the Month is 16'. i";
therefore the Sum of the apparent Semidiameters of the
Sun and Moon is 31' 36"; which added to 73“. 44'. 27".
the mean of the 3 obferved Diftances of the neareft Limbs
of the Sun and Moon, gives 74“. 16'. 2 " for the apparent
Diftance of the Centres.
1 he principal Etfcff of Refrafflon will be found
from Tab. I. of Mr Lyons 176", from which 32'' found
by Table II. being fabftt acted, leaves 144"— 2'. 24". for
' th^

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 [ *59 ]
the Efflufl of Refraflion, which added to 74*. 16'. 3"
gives 74®. 18'. 27''. the Diftance cleared of Rcfraftion.
Arches the firft and fecond for Parallax by Mr. Lyon’*
Rules are 22'. 5". and 15'. 36"; the Difference 6'. 29".
fubftraiflcd from 74°. 18'. 27''. (becaufe Arch the firft is
greateft) leaves 74“. 1 1'. 58". the reduced Diftance :
Table W. for Parallax in this Cafe gives o.
By Mr. Dunthorne’s Tables the reduced Diftance will
be found 74®. ii'. 59".

Determination of the Longitude from the reduced

Diftance by Article IV.

The DiRanceof the Moon from the Sun, April 4, 1767,

Handing m the Ephemeris next preceding the reduced
Diftance 74®. ii'. 58" 27", at 3 *. and the
is 73“. i'.
Diftance next following it at 6^ is 74*. 28'. 50"; there-
fore the Variation of Diftance in 3 Hours is i“. 27'. 23",
whofe proportional Logarithm is 0,3138. The Diflerencc
of the reduced Diftance 74°. 11'. 58". and the next pre-
ceding Diftance 73® i'. 27" is i®. 10'. 31", whofe pro-
portional Logarithms 150,4070 : The Difference of thefe two
proportional Logarithms is0,0932, the proportional Loga-
rithm of a*". 25'. 14". Add 3''. Handing over the next
preceding Diftance, and 5^. 25^ 14" is the apparent Time
at Greenwich ; but the apparent Time at the Ship was
found before 4\28'. 19": The Difference o^. 56'. 55"
converted into Degrees, drc. by Table Page 6, 7, and 8,
gives 14®. 13'. 45". the Longitude from Greenwich at
the Time when the Altitude of the Sun was taken from
which the Time was computed, and it is Weft becaufe the
Time at the Ship is leaft.

EXAMPLE

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 i j6o 3

Example II.

Sept- 5. JjCj- At 4’’. 59">. 32'. by Watch, let the ob^

ferve j Altitude of the Sun’s lower Limb above the Horizcd
t(f the Sea be lo“. 29'. The Height of the Eye above the Sea
12 Feet, the Latitude at the fame Time 17®. 30' S. an<i
the Longitude by Account 64”. 32'. Eaft of Greenwich.

Time by Watch. Obferved DlftancH ApparentAJtkvde ApyirentAliitcJe

M:>oo*< remouf^ Moon*s L. L. a fStar above Ho-
Limb from « bove Hbrizon oi riasD cf Sea,
^egafi Sea.

k m s 0 / //
« /
j

i 4 50-30
- 44.53-48 i 5. 22 35 . 22
1

* 4 55-35
- 44.50.49 14. It 34 15
-

15.00* 0 44.48. 14 13 - 8 33 - 17
15. 5.50 44.44.48 11. 46 32. I

15-xi.is 44 41-37
- to. 30 30. 50

Mean of Timet Mean of Didan. Mean Altitude Mean Altitude of

Mood's L. L* Star.

6 OQ
44.47.51 '

12. 59 33- 9

The Sum of the Dip 3% and RefrafHon 5 or 8^ fub-

ftrafted from 10®. 29 L the obferved Altitude of the
feun’s lower Limb, leaves io“. 21', to which i6^ being
added foh the Sun’s Semidiaraeter, the true Altitude of
the Sun’s Centre is 10®. 37', and his zenith Diftance 79®.
23'. The Time at Greenwich eftimated neatly being
41 f, the Sun’s Declination by theEphemeris is 6*-49'N.
and his Diftaace from the South or elevated Pole 96*. 49'.
The Latitude being 17®. 30'. the Colatiatde is 72*.
30L Hence the apparent Time will be found 5*. 6'.
16". But the Time by the Watch was 4*". 59'. 32".
Therefore the Watch is 6 '. 44" too flow. Add this to
15'“. oL 38", the Mean of the Times by the Watch at the
Dbfervations of the Diftances, and the apparent Time of
thofa Obfervations will be tj''. 7™. 22*.

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 t >«« ] .

To 12°. 59^ the mean Altitude of the Moon’s lower

—
Limbobferved, add \6' 3 'or 13' for the Moon’s Scifti-
diameter lelTened by the Dip, the apparent Altitude
of the Moon’s Centre will be 13°. 12'. From 33°. 9'.
the obferved Altitude of the Star, fubftrafl 3 ' for the
Dip, and the apparent Altitude of the ^tar is 33°. 6'.
The Longitude Eaft of Greenwich in Time by Account
4^. i8“. 8’. (anfwering to 64°. 32') fubftrafted from 15'*.
7'. 22'', leaves 10’'. 49®™. the apparent Time at Greenwich
eftioMited nearly. Hence the Moon’s Semidiameter, by
the Ephemeris, is 16'. 29", the horizontal Parallax 60'.
32'', and its logiftic Logarithm 9962, and confequently
the proportional Lc^arithm 0,4733. The Increafe of the
Moon’s Semidiameter for the Altitude 13° is 4", whence
the Moon’s apparent Semidiameter is 16'. 33", which fub-
ftrafted from 44°. 47'. 51 ", the Mean of the obferved Dif-
tances of the Moon’s remote Limb from a Pegafi, leaves
44°. 3t'. 18", the apparent Diftanceof the Moon’s Centre
from the Star.
Hence the EfFeft of RefrafHon will be found by Mr.
Lyons’ Tables-f-i '.50", and the apparent Diftance cleared
of Refraftion 44°. 33'. 8''. Arches the firft and fecond for
Parallax will befound 47', 6" and 13'. 58", and the prin-
cipal Effedl of Parallax or Parallax in Diftance 33'. 8" to
be fubftrafled. The Number correfponding to this by
Table 4th for Parallax is 9", and that correfponding to
58't, the Moon’s Parallax in Altitude, is 30", the Dif-
ference 2 1 "is the fecond Correffion of Parallax to be added;
and 44°. 33'. 8" —33'. 8" -f- 21" 44°. o'. 21" the
Diftance reduced. The fame comes out by Mr. Dunthorne’s
Tables 44°. o'. 23''. The next preceding Diftance in the
Ephemeris is 45°. 6'. 40" at9*>, and the next following
Diftance at i2*'.is 43". 24'. 24"; whence the Difference or
Variation of Diftance in 3 Hours is i'’.42'. 16''. whofe
proportional Logarithm is 2455 : The Difference of the
reduced Diftance 44®. o'. 22", and the preceding Diftance
45’. 6'. 40", is I®. 6'. 18", whofe proportional Loga-
rithm is 4338 : The Difference of thefe Logarithms Is
1883 the proportional Logarithm of i*>. 56'. 40".
Y Add

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 [ ]

Add 9*’, and the apparent Time at Greenwich is lo ^

56”', 40®. But the apparent Time at the Ship was 15''.
22’ : The Difterence 4^. 10'. 42'' converted into De*
30" for the Longitude from Green-
grees gives 62". 40'.
wich at the Time when the Altitude of the Sun was taken
for computing the Time, and it is Eaft, becaufe the Time
at the Ship is greateft.
N.B. An Altitude of the Sun for computing the Time might
have been taken early in the Morning after the Obfervations
of the Diftance, which would have had the Advantage of
tne Altitude taken in the Afternoon by being nearer the
Time of the Diftance, fo that there would be Occafion to
depend upon the going of the Watch for a lefs Interval of
Time ; befides that, the Longitude would be thereby car»
ried on for a longer Time.

FINIS,

6 00371

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 ' ~ ';

Of the
INDEX
Contents of the Nautical Almanac and
Astronomical Ephzmeris, and ot Tables
requifite to be ufed with the fame.

Page.

T HE Ephemeris,
Explanation and Ufe of the Articles con
cained in the Ephemeris,
Tables requifite to be ufed with the Ephemeris,
»~-

I
±-±44
H5'-i67

A T able of the RefraAion of the heavenly Bodies

in Altitude,
A Table of the Moon’s Parallax in Altitude, 3. 4. & 5
A Table to turn Degrees and Minutes into Time, 7.&S
and the contrary, — - -
A Table of the Longitude and Latitude of the
principal zodiacal Stars properto take theMoon’s
j

Diflance from for finding the Longitude at Sea, _

Table to find the Aberration of a zodiacal

todiacal Star
10
Longitude,
in
^
Table for chufing proper Stars for obferving ring the
lo
Moon's Diflance from. ^
A particular Table of Limits for a Aqnilai, lo
A Table for finding the Correflion of the Moon’s
Longitude or Ladtude, obtained by Proportion
fronithe Places calculated for Noon or Midnight,
A Catalogue of the right Afcenfions and Decli^
tions on
of the principal fixed Stars of the firft and
fecond Magnitude, adapted to the Year fjSy] »I 2 & Ij
with their Variations in Ten Years.
A Table of Multipliers of the Difference between
^e Moon’s Longitude computed, and that in -
ferred from Obfervation. to find the Error of the
Ship's Account in Longitude, —
A 'i'able of-the Depreflion or the Dip of the Ho -
rizon of the Sea.
Right Afcenfions and Declinations of feme of the
principal fixed Stars, deduced from Dr. Brad
ley’s Obfervations, ^ 1
Longitudes and Latitudes of Ditto.
New Tables and Rules for correcting the apparent
^ 16

Diltauce of the Moon from the Sun nr a firpH

Star on account ofRefraClion and Parallax, by
Mr. Lyons.
Two Folio Sheets, containing Tables i, a, 3 , & 4 . t7 & 18

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 —

.1 N D £ x;
Page.
t/fe of the preceding Table?, with Examples, 19 27 —
Supplemental Tables, by Mr. Lyons, —29 39 —
Explication and Ufe of the Supplemental Tables, 4^-^ -43

Inveiligation of the preceding Tables and Rules |

for finding the EiFeCt of Refraflion and Parallax -47
.

upon the Moon’s Diftance from a Star, j

An Example of the Ufe of Mr. Lyons Table IV. 7.3
for Parallax applied to another Occafion,
^
)
Problem —
Having given the Hypothenufeand One *7
Leg of a right-angled fpherical Triangle, to find
the Angle pppofite to this Leg, fuppofing the «
Triangle to be fmall,communicated by Mr. Lyons i-
Corredlion to be applied to the EiFecl of Refraction
^
and Parallax on account of the Barometer and ( 49 &
Thermometer, —— — j
A new Method of computing the EiFeCl of Refrac-
tion and Parallax upon the Moon’s Diliance from f
& 67
the Sun or a fixed Star, with the Inveiligation of t ^
the fame, by Mr. Dunthornc,
A Table of proportional Logarithms,
— — —
J
Pages
_ 40
Explication and Ufe of the Tables requifite to(be)
ufcd with the Allronomical and Nautical Ephe- he- > 129
f 135 —
meris,
Explanation and Ufe of the Table of propor
136 -
tional Logarithms, 1
InllruClions for finding the Longitude at Sea by
the Help ot the Ephemcris.
Article I. ^Concerning the InAruments and Obfer- ?
vations," - ^
j
Article II, To compute the apparent Time fromT
the obferved Altitude of the Sun or a known /
Star, and thence to find the apparent Time of^|..
^
the Obfervation of the Diftance of the Moon \
from the Sun or a Star, J
Article HI,Tort;dqce the obferved Diftance
ns 1132— 154
the Moon's Limb from a Star or from the Sun'i
Limb to the true Diftance of the Centres,
Article IV. and tail. To find the Longitude from 1
the obferved Diftance reduced, by the Help off 154 >56 —
the Ephemeris, -
Two Examples of the Calculation of the Longitude.
Example I.,

from the Son,

Example II.
From

From
—
a fuppofed Diftance of the
.
Moon

a fuppofed Diftance of the J

7

j
ufi—ira
5 59 4

' 60 i6z
Moon from a fixed Star, J
E N D of the Table of Comtekts.

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/
 ADDITION
TO
Mr. Dunthorne’s Solution of the Problem for

D the EfFedl of Refradion and Parallax.

finding

Communicated by Mr. DUNTIIORNE.

F we have ^e diflance of the Moon from the Sun, inflcad

I of a ftar (and great exaftnefs be required) Jiis parallax in

altitude, taken from the following table, muft be fubftraclcd
from his refraftion, and only the difference ufed in the room
of tlie refraSion of a liar.

A TABLE of the Sun’s Parallax in Altitude.

Altitude Paral- Altitude Paral- Altitude Paral-

of the Sun. lax. of the Sun. lax. of the Sun. lax.

0 // 0 // 0 it

O 9 30 8 60 4
s 9 •
35 7 65 4
lO 9 40 7 70 3
45 6 75 2
20 8 SO 6 80 2
25 8 55 85 I
5
30 8 60 4 90 0

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 ’1

ERRATA of* the Tables requifite to be «fed

with the Astronomical and Nautical
Ephemeris.

Page 17. Mr. Lyon’s firft 'Table for refraftion.

N° anfwcring to 5 and
j for 0069 read 0169
and
21 for 1975 read 1795
9
23 for 2711 read 2811
7 and
5 and
25 for 4106 read 4206
27 and
44 for 0927 read o() 4 i
19 ard
69 for 2542 read 2592
25 and
75 for 1864 read 1884
Page 22. line 13 and ly. for 9214 read 7764
Page 23. line 4. for 36+ it read 50+25
Page 24. line 12. for prop. log. of I5'. 32" 0.0653 prop,
log. of 15'. 29" 1.0653

. Mr. Dimtliorne’s Tables.

Page 58. againil 29® under 53' for 303,5 read 305,5
'

Page 63. in title (hor. par. 5 ) Over tlie lall column, for 61^
read 62'

In the Table of proportional logaritlims.

/ //
Log. of 29. 13 for 7996 read 7896
29." 14 for 7994 read 7894

56. 28 for 5735 read 5035

57. 30 for 4656 read 4956
Page 157. line 24 and 25. the two ar. com. fine are each put
one line too higlu

/
I

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j